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Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology

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Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology The Tell Gomel archaeological survey. Preliminary results of the 2015-2016 campaigns FRANCESCA SIMI University of Oxford Abstract This paper presents the methodology, goals and preliminary results of the Tell Gomel Archaeological Survey. The project has its origins in the wider ‘Land of inevehN Archaeological Project’ (LoNAP) which has been con- ducted since 2012 by the University of Udine in the northern Region of Iraqi Kurdistan. The area examined by the project is the heart of the Navkur Plain, an alluvial plain that covers the eastern hinterland of the Assyr- ian capital of Nineveh. The focus of settlement throughout the entire Navkur Plain was the ites of Tell Gomel, where a preliminary survey documented the existence of a settlement sequence ranging from the Chalcolithic to the Ottoman period. Due to its large size and position in the centre of the plain, Gomel must have played an important role in this region, presumably as its political and economic centre. The area around Gomel is also of great interest because of its position in the heart of the Navkur Plain, a trade route hub from the Late Chalco- lithic onwards, and the main focus of settlement for a much wider region. The project therefore aims to inves- tigate the archaeological landscapes of this crucial and still unknown area. Keywords Iraqi Kurdistan, Upper Mesopotamia, Landscape Archaeology, Intensive Survey West & East 279 Monografie, 4 Francesca Simi 1. Introduction large parts of the governorates of Ninawa and Duhok and aims at understanding the transformation of the This paper aims at illustrating the activities and the cultural and natural landscapes of a key region of preliminary results of an intensive survey carried out Northern Mesopotamia located in the hinterland of in the Navkur Plain during summer 2015 and 2016.1 the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. 2 The Tell Gomel Archaeological Survey is part of The LoNAP is itself one of four internation- the wider ‘Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project’ al archaeological projects that focus on the area of (LoNAP) which has been conducted since 2012 by north-eastern Iraqi Kurdistan, called the Assyrian the University of Udine under the direction of Prof. Landscape Research Group (ALRG, fig. 1). 3 Morandi Bonacossi in the northern part of the au- Due to the vast size of the region the research- tonomous region of Kurdistan, Iraq. The LoNAP in- ers decided to adopt a strategy based on a combi- vestigates an area of 3000 km2 in a region embracing nation of motor-vehicle and pedestrian field survey Figure 1 Location of the various projects working in Northern Iraqi Kurdistan, namely, the Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey (directed by Jason Ur), the Upper Greater Zab Reconnaissance Project (directed by Rafał Koliński), and the Eastern H abur Archaeological Survey (directed by Peter Pfälzner) 2 1 This article is an outcome of the PRIN 2015 project For a preliminary overview see: Morandi Bonacossi “Archaeological Landscapes of Ancient Iraq from Prehistory 2012-2013, 2016; Morandi Bonacossi, Iamoni 2015. to the Islamic period: formation, transformation, protection, 3 For the preliminary reports of the other ALRG projects and management” funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, see: Pfälzner, Sconzo 2015, 2016; Pfälzner et Al. 2016; University and Research (Grant no. 20154X49JT). Koliński 2016a, 2018; Ur et Al. 2013. West & East 280 Monografie, 4 The Tell Gomel archaeological survey. Preliminary results of the 2015-2016 campaigns of sites previously identified as possible settlements atic and intensive survey system that follows a tradi-y through remote-sensing analysis. Therefore, until tion well established in the Mediterranean and Near the summer of 2015 no small-scale intensive survey Eastern landscape archaeology. It aims at testing the had been carried out in the Navkur Plain, although accuracy and the advantages of the system to an area a large number of sites were identified by the exten- already investigated with an extensive strategy. sive survey.4 The intensive field survey is crucial in order to -es The area examined by the Tell Gomel Archaeolog- tablish the presence of possible sites not recognized ical Survey (henceforth TGAS) is located in the the through the remote sensing analysis, or the exten- heart of the Navkur Plain (fig. 2), and extends south sive survey, and to explore ancient land-use, in par- of the Erbil-Duhok road, between the Jebel Maqloub ticular, with the field scatters recording. and the Bardarash region to the south and the Riv- Furthermore, we were interested in understand- er Al-Khazir to the east. The limits of the survey area ing whether the intensification of the survey might have been (arbitrarily) defined as a square centred on confirm, or perhaps deny, the diachronic patterns of Gomel, measuring 10 km on each side and covering settlement already obtained by the more extensive a total area of 100 km2. The TGAS applies a system- investigation. Figure 2 The Tell Gomel Archaeological Survey location within the LoNAP licensed area 4 For an extensive discussion of the survey methodolo- gy and preliminary results see Morandi Bonacossi, Iamoni 2015. West & East 281 Monografie, 4 Francesca Simi Figure 3 The archaeological site of Gomel 2. Gomel and its region high productivity agriculture. It is therefore not sur- prising that the largest archaeological site in the en- The Navkur is a 30-kilometre wide and roughly tri- tire region is situated in this plain. angular plain in front of the Zagros foothills, it is This is the site of Gir-e Gomel (in local Kurd- crossed by the River Al-Khazir, a major tributary ish) or Tell Gomel (in Arabic),9 located on the River of the Greater Zab, and the minor Nardush and Gomel near the modern town of Kalakchi. Gomel Gomel rivers that join the Al-Khazir at the south- possibly corresponds with the Assyrian Gammagara ern end of the Navkur Plain. Numerous wadis and mentioned in the Jerwan B Inscription of Sennach- ephemeral water streams feed the main watercours- erib. 10 Furthermore, Sir Aurel Stein in his Limes es, however the plain is not only extremely rich in Report (1938-1939, published in 1985) proposed surface waters but also in ground waters thanks to that the battle of Gaugamela took place in the plain many springs, sustained by the aquifers located in surrounding Gomel, where in 331 BC Alexander the Zagros Range. 5 the Great defeated Darius III, thus definitively con- The plain it is also characterised by deep and quering the Achaemenid Empire. 11 fertile agricultural soils, mainly “Brown Soils The site features an elevated upper town (about (Deep Phase)” developed on alluvial sediments.6 40 m above the surrounding plain) that dominates Mean annual rainfall in this area is around 643 an extensive lower town (fig. 3). Due to its large size mm per year, 7 this means that today the region is and position in the centre of the plain, Gomel must located north of the so called “zone of uncertain- have played an important role in this region – pre- ty” and is part of the stable rain-fed zone of Upper sumably as its political and economic centre. Mesopotamia. 8 The preliminary survey of the Gomel archaeo- The abundancy of available water and the pres- logical site conducted by LoNAP in 2012 was able ence of deep fertile soils offer ideal conditions for to recognize the existence of a continuous settle- ment sequence ranging from the Chalcolithic to 5 For a first geoarchaeological assessment of the Navkur the Ottoman period (c. 5000 BC-early twentieth Plain see Morandi Bonacossi 2018. 6 Buring 1960. 9 7 The rainfall data are acquired from the climatic records Site n. 52 in Salman 1970, 280; 1976, Map 128. of the meteorological station of Bardarash and they are freely 10 Reade, Anderson 2013, 74; Fales, Del Fabbro accessible at www.Climate-Data.org. 2014. 8 Wilkinson 2004: 14; Wilkinson et Al. 2014. 11 See Stein, Kennedy and Gregory 1985. West & East 282 Monografie, 4 The Tell Gomel archaeological survey. Preliminary results of the 2015-2016 campaigns century AD). However, the site could have possi- identified sites using a strategy of complete cover- bly been occupied already in the Ubaid period since age throughout collection areas (ca 1 ha) selected Frankfort published an Ubaid stamp seal found at according to the site topography. 18 The corners and Gomel in the ’30s, now preserved in the Oriental the significant points on the boundaries of each unit Institute Museum of Chicago. 12 were visibly marked and their positions recorded via It is now widely recognized that no ancient GPS; only the diagnostic sherds were collected. site, especially an “urban” site, can be really un- Concerning the off-site,19 the methodology derstood without considering its hinterland, 13 for used consists of fieldwalking through long tran- this reason the TGAS was conceived as an inten- sects. These transects were covered by four sur- sive reconnaissance with a special interest in off- veyors positioned at a distance of 25 m from each site investigation. other. While walking along these predetermined transects, team members counted the number of pottery sherds visible on the surface with a tally 3. The fieldwork methodology counter and collected diagnostic artefacts.20 Eve- ry hundred metres the team stopped, and the data The fieldwork was preceded by the analysis and -in and ground observations were recorded in a stand- terpretation of the available cartographic material ard form. Due to the variable visibility conditions, and the satellite and aerial images. 14 The images that due mainly to different landuse, 10 × 10 m collec- until now have produced the most information are tion units were positioned along the transects at a the declassified CORONA satellite images, but the hundred metre intervals.
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