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Working Papers Integration Policies, Practices and Experiences Iraq Working Papers Global Migration: Consequences and Responses Paper 2020/64, August 2020 Integration Policies, Practices and Experiences Iraq Country Report William Kh.Warda & Hamed Shihad Almaffraji Hammurabi Human Rights Organization © Hammurabi Human Rights Organization This research was conducted under the Horizon 2020 project ‘RESPOND Multilevel Governance of Migration and Beyond’ (770564). This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Commission. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the RESPOND Project consortium and authors can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Any inquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: [email protected] This document is available for download at https://www.respondmigration.com Horizon 2020 RESPOND: Multilevel Governance of Migration and Beyond (770564) 2 Contents List of tables ........................................................................................................................ 4 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 6 RESPOND project ............................................................................................................... 7 Executive summary ............................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 9 3. Integration Policy: Legal and Policy Framework ....................................................... 13 3.1. Historic Development .......................................................................................... 13 3.1.1. Changes in Integration Policies Since 2011................................................. 13 3.1.2. Governance of Integration Policies .............................................................. 14 3.2. Legal Framework ................................................................................................. 16 4. Labour Market and Employment ................................................................................ 20 4.1. Employment at Regulatory Level ........................................................................ 20 4.2. Labour Market Challenges and the Informal Labour Market .............................. 21 4.3. Actors in the Labour Market ................................................................................ 22 4.4. Access to Labour Market: Experiences of Asylum Seekers and Refugees ....... 22 5. Education.................................................................................................................... 26 5.1. Formal Education, Policies and Implementation ................................................ 26 5.2. Adult Education and Progression to the Universities.......................................... 28 5.3. Role of the Non-State Actors In Education ......................................................... 30 5.4. Education Challenges, Vulnerable Groups, Children and Others ...................... 31 5.5. Education Experiences Among Asylum Seekers and Refugees ........................ 32 6. Housing and Spatial Integration ................................................................................. 36 6.1. Housing Policies for Asylum Seekers and Refugees ......................................... 36 6.2. The Implementation of Housing Policies............................................................. 38 6.3. Experiences of Asylum and Refugees with Housing and Spatial Integration .... 41 7. Psychosocial Health, Medical Care and Role of Religion ......................................... 44 7.1. The Regulatory Level and the Infrastructure of Medical Services and Psychosocial Health ............................................................................................ 44 7.2. Access to Health Care Provisions ....................................................................... 46 7.3. Vulnerable Groups and Access to Health Care .................................................. 46 7.4. The Role of Religion, Faith and Social Relations in Psychosocial Health ......... 48 7.5. Experiences of Asylum Seekers and Refugees with Access to Medical and Psychosocial Healthcare ..................................................................................... 48 8. Citizenship, Belonging and Civic Participation .......................................................... 52 8.1. Citizenship rights ................................................................................................. 52 8.2. Civic Participation ................................................................................................ 52 8.3. Belonging, Social Transformations and Host Community .................................. 53 8.4. Adaptation of Asylum Seekers and Refugees to the Host Community .............. 55 9. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 62 10. Policy Recommendations ........................................................................................ 64 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 66 References ........................................................................................................................ 68 3 List of tables Table 1. Number of Syrian refugees entered Iraq according the years and their percentages in the camps. p.18 Table 2. Schools number by refugee camps in Iraq, 2018. p.29 Table 3. Shows the distribution of students in the universities of the Kurdistan region of Iraq within the (DAFI) program. p.33 Table 4. Shows number of Syrian refugees in Iraq according to province. p.40 Table 5. The proportions of Syrian refugees by gender and province. p.40-41 Table 6. The number of Syrian refugees living in camps by governorate. p.41 Table 7. Details and locations of refugee camps in Iraq and by governorates. p.41-42 Table 8. The actual interviews for Syrian refugees. p.70 Table 9. The actual interviews for IDPs. p.71 4 List of abbreviations ACTED: Agency for Technical Company and Development. CSI: Christian Solidarity International. DAAD: German Academic Exchange Service: The DAAD is the world's largest funding organisation for the international exchange of students and researchers. DAFI: UNHCR's higher education scholarship programme, DAFI (Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative), for integration and enabling refugees. GOI: Government of Iraq. HHRO: Hammurabi Human Rights Organization. IDPs: Internally Displaced Persons. ILO: International Labour Organization. IOM: International Organization for Migration. IRC: The International rescue committee. JCCC: The Joint Crisis Coordination Centre (JCCC) of the Ministry of Interior of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. KRG: Kurdistan Regional Government. KRI: Kurdistan Region of Iraq. MERI: The Middle East Research Institute. MOLSA: The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. MOMD: Ministry of Migration and Displacement. MSF: Medecins Sans Frontieres. NCR: The comitie National de Secours et d’Alimentation (National committee for Relif). NRC: The Norwegian Refugee Council. PAPC: Protection and Reintegration Centre. PCMOI: Permenant Committee for Refugee Affairs of Minisry of Interior. SOS: Societe de Secours D'urgence . SPARK: Student promoting Awareness of Research Knowledge. UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. UNICEF: The United Nations Children's Fund UNRWA: The United Nations Relief and works Agency for Palestine Refugees. WFP: World Food Program. WHO: World Health Organization. 5 Acknowledgements On behalf of the Iraqi research team, formed by the Hammurabi Human Rights Organization (HHRO) that worked collectively and tirelessly to accomplish this research, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Iraqi experts who provided advice and assistance in obtaining the required information, especially the experts of Ministry of Migrations and Displacement. We would also like to express our thanks to Dr. (Mohamed Turki Al-Obaidi), director of the Human Rights Department at the Iraqi Ministry of Justice for reviewing this report and making valuable comments on it, and adding information related to legislations, laws and governmental policies and international standers on human rights in relation to refugees. The proof read of the report has been carried out by a volunteer who opted to remain anonymous, so I thank her very much for her efforts and initiative. Many thanks also to Mohammed Esam,Taha Salam and Nawfal Raid for trancribing the interviews. Here, we should not forget to thank all the interviewees who share their feelings and thoughts about integration in Iraq. In conclusion, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to Mr. Soner Barthoma, project coordinator for RESPOND, for his guidance and following up the work during the reporting period. Special thanks to Dr. Naures Atto (University of Cambridge) and Dr. Onver A. Cetrez (Uppsala University), the leaders of work package #5 (WP5), for their valuable
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