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Experimental Study of the Bio-Additives in Biodiesel Fuel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine

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Experimental Study of the Bio-Additives in Biodiesel Fuel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE BIO-ADDITIVES IN BIODIESEL FUEL ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE. SYAHRUNNIZA BIN ABD HADI A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master Degree of Mechanical Engineering with Honors Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia JULY 2015 v ABSTRACT Among the alternative fuels the Bio diesel is one the most common and familiar to all. It’s biodegradable, environment friendly as well as suitable source, to meet the future energy crises. The main concern of this experimental analysis is to reach a tentative goal, how this fuel can be utilised with maximum effective way. To find this ,an experiment data analysis of different parameter such as break power, break mean effective pressure consumption, emission characteristic (NOx, HC,CO. etc.), is done through bio diesel fuel and also compared with ordinary diesel which is also known as standard diesel. Despite years of improvement attempts, the key issue in using bio based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. Thus, the improvement of emission exhausted from diesel engines fuelled by biodiesel is urgently required to meet the future stringent emission regulations. This investigation is carried out through 20 HP eddy current dynamometer and load cell arrangement which is controlled by a DYNOMAXtm software computer in case of finding the break power and BMEP respectively. And the emission characteristics are observed using Airrex HG-540 exhaust analysers finally the result is compared with diesel engine which is run by standard diesel. Di Methyl Poly siloxane (DMPS) additive and D20 palm oil methyl formula was used in this studies. The final result implied that the bio diesel with some additives with (CP10+DMPS Power) and (JC15+ DMPS) shows best performance and reduce the exhaust emission including CO. Thus the decision may be taken, 10% - 15% blended bio diesel with DMPS additive as a best alternative fuel considering all the view aspects and alternatives. vi ABSTRAK Dikalangan bahan api alternative, Bio Diesel adalah merupakan paling banyak yang digunakan . Ianya adalah bahan mudah diproses-balikkan dan mesra alam serta sumber asli yang terbaik bagi menangani krisis tenaga pada masa kini. Punca permasalahan utama di dalam analisa eksperimen ini adalah untuk menemui matlamat tentative utama iaitu mencapai keberkesanan penggunaan maksimum yang tebaik. Oleh yang demikian, data eksperimen menganalisa parameter seperti Kuasa brek, Penggunaan tekanan effektif secara min, karakter pencemaran (NOx, HC,CO. dan lain-lain.) dilakukan dengan Bio Diesel dan juga dibeza-tarakan dengan bahan Diesel yang asal, yang dikenali sebagai Standar Diesel. Walaupun pelbagai percubaan penambahbaikan, kunci utama isu di dalam penggunaan Bio Diesel adalah keseimbangan penyahoksida, titik stoichiometric, kandungan bahanapi Bio, anti-penyahoksida gred bahanapi dan keperluan oksigen yang berbeza dengan bahanapi gas diesel. Dengan demikian pengujian pencemaran ekzos engine diesel yang menggunakan bahanapi Bio diesel perlu ditambah baik menepati keperluan Peraturan Pencemaran yang ketat di masa hadapan. Penyiasatan didalam eksperimen ini dikawalkan menggunakan 20 HP “eddy current dynamometer” dan pengatur sel beban dengan perisian computer DYNOMAXtm untuk mencapai data tekanan brek dan BMEP secara teratur dan berpatutan. Pencemaran pula dibuat pemerhatian menggunakan ‘Airrex HG-540 exhaust analysers. Keputusan data-data tersebut digunakan selanjutnya untuk perbandingan dengan perlaksanaan Standard Diesel dimasukkan kedalam enjin Diesel Bahan api campuran atau aditip Di Methyl Poly siloxane (DMPS) dan ‘D20 palm oil methyl formula’ telah digunakan di dalam eksperimen ini Keputusannya menunjukan Bahan aditip atau campuran kedalam Bio Diesel jenis (B10+DMPS Power) dan (JC15+ DMPS) memberikan prestasi yang agak baik dan pencemaran yang lebih baik terutama CO. Dengan demikian pencampuran melebihi 10% - 15% Bio Diesel dijangka memberikan alternatif terbaik didalam pertimbangan semua aspek dan alternatif vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xv LIST OF SYMBOLS xx LIST OF APPENDICES xxii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 The advantages of BDF with Bio-additive 2 1.1.2 The disadvantages of BDF with Bio-additive 2 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objective 4 . 1.4 Scope of Study 4 1.5 Rationale and Significance 5 viii CHAPTER 2 LITERATURES REVIEW 7 2.1 Introduction of Bio additives or Fuel additives 7 2.2 Categories and Type of Bio-additives. 7 2.2.1 Oxygenates compound in Bio-additives 8 2.2.2 Influences of Anti-oxidants in Bio-additives 8 2.2.3 Anti-knock agents in Bio-additives 8 2.2.4 Fuel Dyes for colouring in Bio-additives 9 2.2.5 Metal deactivator effects in Bio-additive 9 2.2.6 Corrosion Inhibitor effects in Bio-additives 9 2.2.7 Others categories in Bio-additives 11 2.3 Trend in fuel additive research patent filing 13 2.4 Bio-additives productions. 15 2.4.1 Refinery additization 16 2.4.2 Distribution system additization 17 2.4.3 Aftermarket additives 17 2.5 Diesel fuel specification Part 2 : Euro 4M review. 18 2.6 Overview of Bio additives used in the study 20 2.6.1 DPMS Power, Silicon based Bio-additives 20 2.6.2 D20 Booster, Palm oil based Bio-additives 21 2.7 Biodiesel Fuel (BDF) 22 2.8 Institutional and policy of biodiesel trend in M’sia 25 2.9 Overview on CPO biodiesel and its properties 31 2.10 Overview on JCO biodiesel and its properties 36 ix 2.11 Overview on WCO biodiesel and its properties 40 2.12 CPO with Bio-additives performance in diesel 44 Engine. 2.13 JCO with Bio-additives performance in diesel 49 Engine 2.14 WCO with Bio-additives performance in diesel 50 Engine 2.15 CPO with Bio-additives emissions in diesel 51 2.16 JCO with Bio-additives emissions in diesel 55 Engine 2.17 WCO with Bio-additives emissions in diesel 56 Engine 2.18 Combustion characteristic of BDF with Bio-additives 57 In PV Diagram 2.19 Combustion characteristic of BDF with Bio-additives 58 In Pressure vs Crank Angle (CA) 2.20 Combustion characteristic of BDF with Bio-additives 59 Heat release rate vs Crank Angle (CA) 2.21 Understanding fundamental in combustion char. 60 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 BDF blending process 71 x 3.3 Experimental approach 72 3.4 Emission gas analyser 71 3.5 Bio additive used in this study 75 3.6 Experimental Procedure. 77 3.7 Ignition Delay period 80 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis for Diesel Engine Performance by BDF 83 Blending Ratios 4.2.1 0% load condition in low speed 83 4.2.2 0% load condition in high speed 84 4.2.3 50% load condition in low speed 85 4.2.4 50% load condition in high speed 86 4.2.5 90% load condition in low speed 87 4.2.6 90% load condition in high speed 88 4.2.7 Summary 89 4.3 Analysis for Diesel Engine Emissions by BDF 90 Blending Ratios 4.3.1 0% load condition in low speed 90 4.3.2 0% load condition in high speed 91 4.3.3 50% load condition in low speed 92 4.3.4 50% load condition in high speed 93 4.3.5 90% load condition in low speed 94 xi 4.3.6 90% load condition in high speed 95 4.2.7 Summary 96 4.4 Analysis for Diesel Engine Combustion char. 97 By BDF blending ratio 4.4.1 P-V Diagram load condition 97 4.4.2 Cylinder Pressure Vs Crank Angle load 98 4.4.3 Heat Release Rate (HRR) and Cumulative 99 4..5 Comparative studies for added Bio Additive with 101 BDF (CP20) in Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions with Different Engine Speed 4.5.1 Performance and emission at 0% Load 102 4.5.2 Performance and emission at 0% Load 103 4.5.3 Performance and emission at 0% Load 103 4.5.4 Summary 104 4.6 Comparative studies for added Bio Additive with 105 BDF (CP20) in Diesel Engine Combustion Characteristic by Different Engine Speed. 4.6.1 P-V Diagram load condition 106 4.6.2 Cylinder Pressure Vs Crank Angle load 107 4.6.3 Heat Release Rate (HRR) and Cumulative 108 Heat Release (CHR) load condition 105 4.7 Analysis for Diesel Engine Performance and 111 Emission by Different Engine Speed 4.7.1 CPO blends condition 111 xii 4.7.2 JCO blends condition 113 4.7.3 WCO blends condition 115 4.7.4 Summary 117 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 118 5.1 Conclusion 118 5.2 Recommendation 120 REFERENCES 122 APPENDIX 125 VITA xxii LIST OF APPENDICES A PSM 1 Gantt chart 125 B PSM 2 Gantt chart 126 C1 Sirim test report for Bio additive DMPS power 127 C2 Sirim test report for Bio additive DMPS power 128 (Corrosion carbon residue) C3 Sirim test report for Bio additive DMPS power 129 (Fuel Consumption test, Power test and exhaust emission test) xx LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ASTM - American society of Testing and Material B10 - 10% biodiesel blend with 90% diesel content B15 - 15% biodiesel blend with 85% diesel content B20 - 20% biodiesel blend with 80% diesel content B30 - 30% biodiesel blend with 70% diesel content B5 - 5% biodiesel blend with 95% diesel content BDF - Bio Diesel Fuel BMEP - Brake mean effective pressure BSFC - Brake specific fuel consumption BTE - Brake thermal efficiency CEN - European Committee for Standardizations CI - Compression Ignition CO - Carbon monoxide CO2 - Carbon dioxide CPO - Crude palm oil FAME - Fatty acid methyl ester HC - Hydro carbon J10 - 10% Jatropha biodiesel oil blends with 90% diesel J15 - 15% Jatropha biodiesel
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