TURKANA COUNTY GOVERNMENT
LODWAR MUNICIPALITY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN (IDeP)
2O18-2022
Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE ...... vii
1.0 Background Information ...... vii
1.1 Location and size ...... vii
1.2 Topography ...... 9
1.3 Climatic condition...... 9
1.4 Demographic Structure and Trends ...... 9
1.5 Settlement Patterns ...... 11
1.6 Socio- Economic Characteristics ...... 11
1.6.1 Dry Land Agriculture ...... 11
1.6.2 Livestock keeping ...... 12
1.6.3 Mining ...... 12
1.6.5 Commercial ...... 13
1.6.6 Industry and Tourism ...... 14
1.7 Policy and Legislative Framework ...... 15
1.7.1 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 ...... 15
1.7.2 County Government Act, 2012 ...... 15
1.7.3 Urban Areas Cities Act, 2012 ...... 16
1.7.4 Physical Planning Act Cap 286 ...... 16
1.8 IDeP Linkages with Other Policy Documents ...... 16
1.8.1 Linkages with the County Government Act 2012 ...... 16
1.8.2 IDeP Linkages with the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), 2012 ...... 17
1.8.3 IDeP Linkages with the Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011 ...... 17
1.8.4 Linkages with the Constitution of Kenya 2010 ...... 17
1.8.5 Linkages with the Kenya Vision 2030 and Medium Term Plans ...... 18
1.8.6 Linkages with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)...... 18
1.8.7 Linkage with MTP III and the “Big Four” agenda ...... 18
1.8.8 Urban Integrated Development Planning ...... 18
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CHAPTER TWO ...... 20
2.0 Planning and Development Principles ...... 20
2.1 Integrated Development Planning in Action...... 20
2.2 Spatial Development Framework (SDF) ...... 20
2.3 Identification of and Protection of Service Infrastructure ...... 21
2.3.1 Accessibility to Services ...... 21
2.3.2 Calibrate and align ...... 21
2.3.3 Urban Planning ...... 21
2.3.4 Development Control ...... 21
2.3.5 Urban Design ...... 23
2.3.6 Land Tenure ...... 24
2.3.7 Land Availability ...... 24
2.3.8 Urban Renewal ...... 24
2.4 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ...... 25
2.4.1 Areas of Municipal Research ...... 27
2.5 Capacity development for urban risk reduction ...... 30
2.5.1 Poverty Reduction ...... 34
2.5.2 Climate change ...... 34
2.5.3 Community-driven development ...... 34
2.5.3 Disaster risk management ...... 34
2.5.4 Education ...... 34
2.5.5 Energy ...... 35
2.6 Food Insecurity ...... 35
2.6.1 Hunger ...... 35
2.6.2 Microfinance ...... 35
2.6.3 Nutrition ...... 35
2.6.4 Landslides ...... 36
2.6.5 Transport ...... 36
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2.6.6 Voice and accountability ...... 36
2.6.7 Water and sanitation ...... 36
CHAPTER THREE ...... 39
3.0 Sectoral Situational Analysis ...... 39
3.1 Education Facilities ...... 39
3.1.1 Challenges facing the Educational Sector ...... 39
3.2 Health Facilities ...... 40
3.2.1 Challenges Facing the Healthcare Sector ...... 40
3.3 Recreational Public Facilities...... 41
3.3.1 Challenges Facing Recreation Sector ...... 41
3.4 Economic Growth & Development ...... 44
3.4.1 Sector Background ...... 44
3.4.2 Economy of the Lodwar Municipality ...... 44
3.4.3 Principal Sources of Revenue ...... 45
3.4.4 Land revenue, Market Fees and other User Charges ...... 46
3.5 Environment ...... 48
3.5.1 Background ...... 48
3.5.2 Encroachment of the Riparian ...... 49
3.5.1 Energy ...... 51
3.6 Housing ...... 52
3.6.1 Background ...... 52
3.6.2 Zoning Regulations ...... 52
3.6.3 Housing ...... 52
3.7 Transport Strategy ...... 55
3.7.1 Public Transport System ...... 55
CHAPTER FOUR ...... 57
4.0 Municipal Strategic Direction...... 57
4.1 Municipal vision Statement ...... 57
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4.2 Municipal Mission Statement ...... 58
4.4 Programmes/Projects ...... 60
CHAPTER FIVE ...... 63
5.0 Institutional Framework ...... 63
5.1 Municipal Organogram ...... 64
5.2 Staff Establishment ...... 65
5.3 Administration and Human Resource ...... 67
5.3.1 Staff Rationalization Policy ...... 67
5.3.2 Capacity Building ...... 67
5.4 County Executive ...... 67
5.4.1 Governor ...... 67
5.4.2 County Secretary ...... 67
5.4.3 County Executive Committee Member for Lands , Energy , Housing , and Urban Areas Management...... 68
5.4.4 County Public Service Board ...... 68
5.4.5 County Assembly ...... 68
5.4.6 National Government ...... 68
5.4.7 The Municipal Board ...... 69
5.4.8 Municipal Staff ...... 69
5.4.9 Stakeholders ...... 69
CHAPTER SIX ...... 70
6.0 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 70
6.1 Rationale ...... 70
6.2 Data collection, Analysis, and Reporting ...... 70
6.3 Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 70
6.4 Ex- ante Evaluation...... 71
6.5 Ongoing Evaluation ...... 71
6.6 Annual Projects / Programmes Reports ...... 71
LIST OF TABLES [Lodwar Municipality IDeP] Page v
Table 1: Table showing Lodwar’s Population by Sex and Administrative Unit, ...... 10
Table 2: Population Structure and Trends ...... 10
Table 3: Distribution of Plots and Rates Paid ...... 13
Table 4: activities for capacity development for disaster risk reduction in Lodwar Municipality ...... 32
Table 5: Showing Strategies/Action Plan ...... 43
Table 6: The Local economic strategies are highlighted below ...... 47
Table 7: showing strategies/action plans ...... 50
Table 8: Housing sector strategies ...... 53
Table 9: Housing sector strategies ...... 56
Table 10: Strategic Priorities ...... 58
Table 11: performance Indicator...... 60
Table 12: staff establishment ...... 65
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Lodwar Municipality in the context of Kenya and Turkana County...... 8
Figure 2: Lodwar Municipality ...... 9
ABBREVIATIONS Ø DRR-Disaster Risk Reduction. Ø SACCO-Savings And Credit Co-operative Ø SDF-Spatial Development Plan Ø GIS-Geographical Information System Ø NMT-Non-Motorized Transport Ø VTC-Vocational Training Centre Ø PWD-People With Disability
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background Information
1.1 Location and size
Lodwar Municipality is located within Turkana county, Turkana central sub county along the A1 road from Kitale to Lokichoggio. It is 55km west of Lake Turkana and 305 km north of Kitale and 219 km south of Lokichoggio. The Municipality has area coverage of 706km2. Geographically it lies between 02 North 36 degrees East. Historically, Lodwar which was founded in 1919 as an army base of colonial Government also served as the administrative headquarters of the former Turkana District. In 1939 it became an administrative centre for the British Colonial government to facilitate the administration of the vast remote north western Kenya region. In 1993 Lodwar was elevated to an Urban Council and thereafter to municipality status in 1997. After repeal of local authority act cap 265 and with inception of devolution, urban areas and cities act amended 2019 recommend a town qualifies to be a municipality if its population is more than 50,000 and less than 250,000. It also qualifies to be a special municipality if it is the headquarters of the county despite not meeting the population threshold. Lodwar having a population of 58,290as per the 2009 census results met all the conditions and was conferred municipal status on 22nd December 2018.
Before the devolved system of governance, the municipality was composed of six civic wards namely Borabuyong, Kawalathe, Napuu, Kenyatta, Kanamkemer and Natotol, supporting a population of 58,218 as per the census results of 2009. The municipality currently is composed of two wards namely Kanamkemer and Lodwar Township. Lodwar mainly functions as a commercial centre serving other small centers in the Northern parts of the rift valley. Commercial activities include retail and whole sale shops and hotels. It is also the headquarters of Turkana County, one of the largest counties in the country.
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Figure 1: Lodwar Municipality in the context of Kenya and Turkana County.
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Figure 2: Lodwar Municipality
1.2 Topography
As part of the Great Rift Valley, Lodwar municipality lies in a plain punctuated with hills and inselbergs in an arid and semiarid environment with scattered shrubs.
1.3 Climatic condition
The area experiences high temperatures throughout the year between 20 and 38 centigrade and receives minimal rainfall, 200mm and 500mm annually, mainly in the months of April to August. In terms of drainage the area consists mainly of seasonal laggers except River Turkwel which drains into Lake Turkana
1.4 Demographic Structure and Trends
As per the 2009 KNBS census, the Municipality population was 58,290 (28,531 males and 29,759 females). With the average growth rate of 0.6%, this population is projected to be 133,945 (65,567 males and 68,383 females) in the year 2022 which is the end of the plan period. The demographics also indicate that the number of households increased with 0.6% and recorded an average of 6
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persons per household translating to a density of 190 persons per sq. km. The demographics indicate that there are more females (51.1%) than males (48.9%) in the municipality.
Table 1: Table showing Lodwar’s Population by Sex and Administrative Unit,
Sex Administrative Units1 Total Density Males Females Lodwar Township: LodwarTownship 7 201 6 865 14 066 50 Nakwamekwi 4 965 5 320 10 285 420 Napetet 5 524 5 631 11 155 46 Sub-total 17 690 17 816 35 506 65 Kanamkemer: Kanamkemer 6 764 7 639 14 403 175 Nawoitorong 4 077 4 304 8 381 41 Sub-total 10 841 11 943 22 784 79 Overall total 28 531 29 759 58 290 70
Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2010a): 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Volume I A
Table 2: Population Structure and Trends
Census Year 2009 Projections (Year)
2018 2020 2022
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
28, 531 29, 759 58, 290 50,753 52,938 103,692 57,684 60,167 117,852 65,561 68,383 133,945
Source: KNBS 2009
1 The administrative units used here are the location and sub-location
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1.5 Settlement Patterns
Settlement patterns within the Municipality vary across due to factors such as sociocultural, topographic characteristics and economic viability of the areas. Settlements within the core-urban is characterized by nuclear settlement with linear settlements in the peri-urban mainly along major roads, ridges, rivers and low-ling eastern semi-arid parts of the Municipality.
1.6 Socio- Economic Characteristics
According to the statistics from the County department of Economic Planning, the leading sectors in terms of GDP contribution within the Municipality are, dry land Agriculture, livestock keeping, commercial, tourism, mining, capital investment, tourism, as discussed below;
1.6.1 Dry Land Agriculture Agriculture though vital for the supply of food and raw materials for agro-based industries, is not done scientifically to the maximum potential of both the larger County and the areas within the municipality. The output of agriculture but most of it is consumed locally leaving no surplus for industrial development. The welfare of the Municipality lies in having access to enough food supplies and also extra agricultural output for industrialization. It also has the potential of backward linkage to enable the supplies of inputs to the sector hence a strong industry and commercial base.
Issues currently affecting the sector within the MCL are; conflict from various players in the utilization of the farming area close to the river, the farming community has less capacity to undertake farming for commercial benefit and finally the practice of agriculture is not well planned with clear goals and objectives. The above has led to inadequate produce from farms hence less food available to the urban population, and environmental degradation.
Within the county, output is only used locally, limiting the potential contribution of agriculture to the industrial development of the town and the county through backward and forward linkage.
This can only be realized in the context of a serious agricultural Programme modeled along that of the Nile Valley on rivers Turkwell and Kerio subject to the assessment of the water flow regimes by water experts. Land is already available in plenty and is fertile.
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1.6.2 Livestock keeping At the moment the County as well as Lodwar Municipality has a comparative advantage in livestock production relative to crop farming under the current circumstances.. There are a variety of products from livestock such as; milk, beef/meat, butter, cheese, horns, bones, and hides and skins. The county exports livestock and some of the above products. This is a basis for value addition through setting up of abattoirs and leather turning industries within the Municipality.
The sector experiences some problems such as frequent drought, livestock diseases, lack of markets, poor transport system, lack of early warning systems, cultural values of the people rotating around livestock as the only form of wealth acceptable to them. These constraints have manifestations such as loss of livestock, frequent bans on livestock products and movement (quarantine) and low prices of livestock. Problems in the livestock sector generally affect the residents of Turkana County since this is the backbone of their livelihoods.
Opportunities are available particularly land and investment in fodder production, water provision, and veterinary services. This can be modeled along the Botswana system of livestock production.
1.6.3 Mining Minerals currently available within the vicinity of the Lodwar Municipality are gold, gypsum, precious stones and building materials. This sector does not contribute greatly to the economy of the Lodwar Municipality due to; inadequate geological surveys, local communities not involved in mining activities, concessions granted to external agencies and insecurity within the County.
Investment in localized public infrastructure and services, promotion of benefit sharing in mining activities and participation of the public through cooperatives or government ownership of stake in the sector can enhance the contribution of the sector to the local economy.
1.6.4 Capital Investments
Capital economic wealth arising from demand of various services spring from land prices which are always high in urban areas than rural. Plot sizes are 50 by 100 ft and cost about Kshs.300, 000 in the town centre and about Kshs. 70-200,000 away from town. The distribution of plots in the town and rates paid on the plots per month is indicated in the table below. Plots are either commercial or residential.
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Table 3: Distribution of Plots and Rates Paid
Area or Location No of Plots Type Rate in Kshs Monthly Annually in Kshs
Lodwar Market 318 Residential 800 3,052,800
Lodwar Town 801 Commercial 1,000 9,612,000
Nakwamekwi 226 Residential 800 2,169,600
Kanamkemer 680 Residential 800 6,480,000
Natotat-Akwamar 131 Residential 800 1,257,600
Total 22,572,000 Source: Lodwar Rates Register 2011
Building investments include residential both for middle and low income population, commercial buildings, and office buildings. Infrastructure investments relate to the main tarmac road from Kitale passing the town to Sudan, roads within the town that have no tarmac, electricity, airstrip, and the town water system. This form of asset value of capital investment of the town is expected to grow due to increasing urbanization and modernization of the trunk infrastructure particularly the road and railway link from Lamu to Juba through Lodwar. The capital investments mentioned above would create a better environment for attraction of business and industry in the locality.
1.6.5 Commercial The spatial configuration of commercial activities is within the town centre but showing tendencies of gravitating towards Kitale side along the highway. Commercial activities found are; basketry, hair salon, welding, woodwork, posho milling, bicycle repair, tailoring, watch repair, food selling, bike repair, scratch cards, retail mobile phone shops, kerosene retail outlets and charcoal. Transport services operated as an economic activity by motor cycles and taxis owners. This provides some employment on a small scale, but is linked to the retail shop and motor cycle repairs.
The commercial sector is affected by the bad road infrastructure which is in poor condition, weak customer base, inadequate desired products, high energy costs, lack of collateral, inadequate local capacity due to traditional customs, less attraction by professionals, inadequate and costly ICT
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services, lack of public transport and high prices of commodities due to long distances from where the products are sourced.
As a result of the above, the following is evident within the Municipality, unemployment, scarcity of products, low investments in commercial activities, and low participation of the local community in business.
The strategic placement of the Municipality on the Trans African Highway, and within the County and through improvement of localized public infrastructure and services can greatly enhance commercial investments in the town. It also stands out as a regional commercial service and industrial center for the County and Southern Sudan.
1.6.6 Industry and Tourism Industrial potential exists based on livestock and improved agriculture as already suggested and local initiatives of basket making by women.
The above sector has been hampered by lack of localized public infrastructure and services, poor linkage to the regional resource base, lack of marketing of the tourist potential, negative publicity particularly the security of the county due to cattle rustling and lack of tourist facilities and services.
This constrains have led to the manifestations such as unemployment, poverty, proliferation of informal activities, small number of visitors and low revenue base for the municipality.
In conclusion, the region has resources which have not been tapped appropriately in a planned logical sequence for the benefit of the people both in central places and dispersed settlements. Economic fortunes of central places of which Lodwar is part lie in their close linkage to their regional resource systems. The resource areas are livestock, agriculture, fishing and mining. The livestock and agriculture have require to be carefully assessed in line with the water resource systems to provide opportunities for the mentioned economic activities to provide the Municipality with the required economic means particularly food and raw materials for industry or value addition in line with Vision 2030. To attain the above there are implications of infrastructure investments at various scale levels.
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1.7 Policy and Legislative Framework Urban legislation branch provides legal and operational support for governments and cities to identify reforms and to adopt laws and legal frameworks that effectively regulate urbanization issues such as land use, urban planning, housing infrastructure, taxation or safety. Urban legislation helps promote and develop governance models that are equitable, gender responsive and socially inclusive, advocating fair land use and access to basic services and infrastructure for all.
1.7.1 The Constitution of Kenya 2010 The Constitution of Kenya is the supreme law of the country and provides the basis for planning. County Planning should take cognizance of the constitutional aspirations and principles. i. Article 60 on principles of land policy guides the formulation of land use and management policies ii. Article 66 on regulation of use of any land, interest in or right over land in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health or land use planning provides powers to the National and County governments to regulate the use of land and property through spatial planning
iii. Article 67 (h) on Monitoring and oversight Provides powers to the National Land Commission to monitor and have oversight over land use planning
Iv. Fourth Schedule, Part I (21) on general principles of Land planning and the coordination of planning by the counties
iv. Fourth schedule, part 2 (8) provides for county planning and development
1.7.2 County Government Act, 2012 (Section 102-115) - Provides principles of planning and development facilitation to guide county planning and developments
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1.7.3 Urban Areas Cities Act, 2012 Section 40 of the Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011 provides for the contents of Integrated Urban Area Development plans with the highlights that include;
i. Long term Board’s vision for the urban area ii. an assessment of the existing level of development and log of basic services required
iii. Framework for affirmative action
iv. Development priorities and objectives
v. Spatial development framework
vi. Financial plan (Medium Term Expenditure Framework) vii. Key performance indicators and targets
1.7.4 Physical Planning Act Cap 286 – provides for Matters to be considered in spatial planning, framework for development control, purpose and content of spatial plans.
1.8 IDeP Linkages with Other Policy Documents
1.8.1 Linkages with the County Government Act 2012
County Government Act 2012 stipulates the County Governments to prepare 5-year integrated County development plans, Urban Areas Plans, Spatial Plans and annual county budgets for their implementation. Under Section 102 of the Act, County planning is to provide a platform for a unified sector-wide planning, budgeting, financing programmes, implementation, and performance review. The Act mandates the County Planning Unit for coordination of the integrated development planning. In addition, the Act stipulates that county planning shall serve as a basis for engagement between government agencies and the citizenry, other stakeholders and interest groups. It provides for the integration of economic, physical, social, environmental and spatial planning. These county plans (section 107(2)) “shall be the basis for all the budgeting and planning in a County”.
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1.8.2 IDeP Linkages with the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), 2012
The PFM Act 2012 provides for effective and efficient management of public resources. Article 125 of the Act spells out the budget process for government agencies in any financial year. This is to consist of integrated development planning process, both long term and medium term planning, as well as financial and economic priorities for the agency over the medium term. Articles 126 of the Act obligates each County Government to prepare an integrated development plan that includes strategic priorities for the medium term that reflect the county government's priorities and plans, a description of how the county government is responding to changes in the financial and economic environment; and, programmes to be delivered. This Lodwar Municipality Integrated Development Plan (IDeP) is prepared in tandem with the requirements of the PFM Act 2012.
1.8.3 IDeP Linkages with the Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011
Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011) is emphatic on the need for 5-year integrated development planning and the need to align annual budgeting to the plan. These plans are separate from those of the county. In section 36(2) it states that “an integrated urban or city development plan shall bind, guide, and inform all planning for development and decision-making and ensure comprehensive inclusion of functions.”
1.8.4 Linkages with the Constitution of Kenya 2010
Schedule on 4 of the constitution on the distribution of functions has county planning and development as one of the functions that have been devolved to the counties according to the Fourth Schedule. The preparation of IDeP takes into account the provisions of the constitution where devolved units are required to plan and budget for development programs over a stipulated period. Other functions which are devolved which this IDEP intends to focus on include public amenities, fire and disaster management services, and urban infrastructure services among others.
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1.8.5 Linkages with the Kenya Vision 2030 and Medium Term Plans
The Kenya Vision 2030 is the national long-term development policy that aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by the year 2030 in a clean and secure environment. The Vision is anchored on three key pillars: economic; social; and political and is implemented through 5-year medium term plans with current being Medium term Plan III (Big 4 Agenda). The preparation this IDeP follows the MTP III with emphasis on housing, industrialization, universal health access and nutrition and food security within the Municipality.
1.8.6 Linkages with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations in 2015 and are a successor of MDGs. The SDGs cover a broad range of social and economic development issues. These include poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, environment and social justice. Lodwar Municipality aligns its projects/programmes to ensure they work towards achieving the seventeen goals.
1.8.7 Linkage with MTP III and the “Big Four” agenda
The national government’s “Big Four” agenda sets out priority programs and reforms to be implemented during the plan period (2018 – 2023). The programming of this this IDeP adopts the “Big Four” agenda as anchored in the MTP III of Kenya Vision 2030.
1.8.8 Urban Integrated Development Planning
Integrated development planning in the County takes two perspectives of county-wide 5-year Integrated Development Planning (CIDP) and urban specific Integrated Development Planning (IDeP). Urban IDeP, 10 year Sectoral Plans and Spatial Plans form the core inputs to the CIDP which is implemented through an annual Programme based budget in a 3-year fiscal framework (MTEF). The County Governments Act 2012, Section 108 (1) provides for integrated development planning for each county which shall have clear goals and objectives; an
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implementation plan with clear outcomes; provisions for M&E; and clear reporting mechanisms. Urban IDePs which favour ‘action’ and delivering infrastructural services within the urban metropolis are therefore a sound building block to the County Integrated Development Planning.
Rapid urbanization portends the challenge of infrastructure service provision in urban metropolis. Urban Integrated Development Planning provides a unified development framework that involves the full continuum of strategy analysis and planning, development of programme based budgets and ranked priorities, financing, and participatory implementation. The framework further provides for performance review through assessment of socio-economic changes in cumulative efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Planning and Development Principles
2.1 Integrated Development Planning in Action
Integrated Development Planning is a process through which an overall framework for Development is formulated. It is a super planning for an entity and aims to co-ordinate the development efforts of all divisions within the government in a coherent manner. Integrated development planning takes cognizance of the existing conditions and problems and resources available for development. The planning looks at economic and social development for the area as a whole and sets framework for how land should be used, what infrastructure and services are needed and how the environment should be protected. The plan outlines the structures that manage the planning process, how the public can participate and structures that will be created to ensure this participation, time schedule for the planning and implementation processes and the responsibilities for monitoring, evaluation and reporting.
2.2 Spatial Development Framework (SDF) With Urbanization set to continue, sprawling settlement is also inevitable. This is expected to exacerbate the threats that come with urbanization, large population, level of infrastructure service, the economic prospects and functioning of municipalities. The Municipality spatial concept aligns needs with capacity, jobs, social services and opportunity. It also recognizes the impact of population dynamics on the economic, ecological, settlements and infrastructure capacity. The Spatial Development Framework aim to align investment and settlement in a way that future expansions in economic investments and service infrastructure are guaranteed. SDF seeks to ensure that future risks are mitigated to improve the prospects of a socially, economically and environmentally sustainable future. It projects to put up a complete”, just and inclusive ecosystems, societies and economies, where all can participate without undermining the resources needed to sustain future generations. The Municipality spatial concept comes in
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three spatial strategies with their supporting policy statements and guidelines and structured along;
2.3 Identification of and Protection of Service Infrastructure Identify and protect the foundations of municipal infrastructure network that includes sewerage lines, water provision lines, energy (electricity) provision lines, dump sites, markets, cemeteries, crematoria among other service infrastructure.
2.3.1 Accessibility to Services Improve the resilience of the infrastructure systems to improve rural access to services and promote a more sustainable municipal space economy;
2.3.2 Calibrate and align Continuously update the roll on municipality development factors including Population growth, economic growth, growth potential, and unemployment. It also includes update on progress and pipeline of development projects (especially housing projects); as well as the capacity to maintain urban systems and services over the long-term to facilitate, co-ordinate and enable the appropriate allocation of resources and investment to where need can be matched with economic growth potential.
2.3.3 Urban Planning Urban planning is both a technical and political process. Its major aim is to develop and design land use and the built environment including infrastructure passing into and out of the municipality, such as transportation, communications, and energy infrastructure and distribution networks. The planning endeavors to use the technology of geographic information systems (GIS) to map the existing urban system and to project the consequences of changes.
2.3.4 Development Control Development control refers to the process of managing or regulating the carrying out of any works on land or making of any material change in the use of land or structures. It seeks to ensure that operations on land conform to spatial development plans as well as policy guidelines, regulations and standards issued by the planning authority from time to time.
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It also ensures developments comply with physical planning standards. Specifically, development control seeks to promote the achievements of the following objectives:
• To ensure orderly physical development To ensure orderly and planned building development, planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance. • To promote public participation in physical development decision-making • To ensure optimal land use • To ensure the proper execution and implementation of approved physical development plans • To protect and conserve the environment • To ensure orderly physical development
The procedure for the development control involves presenting an application for development permission by a developer to the planning authority, consideration of the application and the granting of approval, deferment or rejection of the application. The development application may be presented by a registered consultant on behalf of the developer in the prescribed manner. The planning department is understaffed with no dedicated vehicles for the department. This makes enforcement very difficult for the planners to effectively control developments. The town managements have an old van which is shared between the revenue and planning department if it’s lucky to be in good condition. The process can be reengineered through the following: • Introduce digital platforms to promote efficiency and transparency in the process
• Formulation of one stop shop technical committee for development application consideration and approval • Embrace negotiations in terms of trade offs • Introduce digital platforms to promote efficiency and transparency in the process • Preparation of spatial plans and land management regulations
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2.3.5 Urban Design Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities and towns and planning for provision of municipal services to residents and visitors. Modern urban design encourages sustainable urban planning where physical and environmental resources are properly utilized without compromising the future generation ability to do the same. A comprehensive urban design has to consider and integrate the following: • Pedestrian zones to facilitate non-motorized transport for environmental conservation and promotion of urban health. • Aesthetics • Urban structure – arrangement and relation of business and people • Accessibility through safe and easy transport • Function and fit – places support their intended use. • Character and meaning – recognizing difference between places • Continuity and change – Locating people in time and place by respecting heritage and culture • Civil society – people are free to interact a civic equal which is important to build social capital. Lodwar municipality has constructed civil work projects which cater for pedestrian through walks, urban structure where small scale traders will transact their business without interference from traffic. • A multi-disciplinary approach • Multi-Sectorial Approach • Participatory and Consultative Approach to Planning • Strategic Approach • Integrated Development Planning Approach • Collaborative Approach
However, more areas need to be covered with appropriate pavements to realize more revenue and improvement of non-motorized transport (NMT) within the town. Also proper drainage of storm water needs to be designed and constructed to cater for large volumes of storm water due to increased paved areas and roof coverings.
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2.3.6 Land Tenure Land tenure is the act, right or period of holding land. There are two types of land tenure system in Kenya: a) Freehold: Freehold gives the holder absolute ownership of the land for life. This means descendants can succeed the owner for as long as the family lineage exists. A freehold title deed generally has no restrictions as to the use or occupation. However, there are conditional freeholds, which restrict the use of the land, for instance, for agricultural purposes or ranching only. A freehold interest is also known as fee sample or absolute proprietorship. b) Leasehold: Refers to ownership of land for a period of time by paying fee or rent to the grantor. Payment of rates is made to the municipality for services rendered. Leases are granted by the Government for public land, urban areas for trust land and individuals with freeholds. The Maximum term of government leases is 99 years. Leaseholder is eligible to apply for renewal or extension of the lease.
2.3.7 Land Availability Land within the municipality (leasehold and freehold) are transferrable on mutual agreement contracts.
2.3.8 Urban Renewal Urban renewal also known as regeneration is therefore the process of clearing out blighted areas in the inner city so that an opportunity of higher class housing can be created and more. In developed countries like the United Kingdom and the United States, It’s through the Housing Act which provides legal processes and frameworks for urban renewal. The following processes are followed when an urban renewal plan is to be effected and they be: • A conditions study for data collection – In these study boundaries of the urban renewal area is established. • Creation of redevelopment plan after data analysis aims and objectives are established – the appointed members of the urban council integrated with relevant disciplines representatives. [Lodwar Municipality IDeP] Page 24
• Citizen input – A participatory approach is appropriate to ensure that the public is aware of the renewal plan.
Lodwar as an old town from the days of fort hall, has several cases of old buildings which are still standing to date. This creates impressions of old forgotten buildings with leaking roofs and ugly walls. Until recently, when the policy of painting all the business premises annually was implemented. The town authority needs to assess the plots allocation policy and enforce repossessing of undeveloped/abandoned plots/ structures within a certain definite time or capable of being ascertained. Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues into the Municipality Spatial Planning process is important in order to achieve integrated workable spatial development. The provision of mainstreaming of cross cutting issues in this guideline provides a platform for planners and other experts to put in place the minimum standards required integrating pertinent thematic issues in the planning process. It ensures priority mainstreaming needs permeate decision-making culture and practices as well as corresponding identified policies and programmers to bring about improved livelihoods, increased economic security and environmental management. These are informed by municipal realities and circumstances, and hence while some themes are applicable to all e.g. environment and climate change, risk reduction, gender youth and disability, diversity etc.
2.4 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The study of cities and urban areas has changed dramatically over time with the new frames of analysis being applied. Urban study programs expand beyond looking at the current and historical impacts of urban design to how it impacts the future interactions of the people. It looks at how to improve city development through architecture, open spaces, the interactions of people, and different types of capital that forms a community. Urban Research tests new concept’s application to the analysis of real problems. It aims to address the emerging challenges and practicalities of urbanism in the ‘newer’ generation and policy interventions. Overall, four different themes influence research in the Municipality:
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o Spatial structure: Reflects how the Municipality is physically organized.
o Processes that support spatial structure: Question on how the Municipality infrastructure service is structured and its impact on the development. The task of conducting urban research requires addressing the risk of reinforcing the primacy of structures and experiences drawn from ‘model’ Municipalities. This contribution details the methodological and conceptual sensitivity to questions of urban comparative framework and delves into spatial ontology to remedy inadequate policy frameworks. Urban Research further integrates institutional and topological dynamics of an urban area and reflects on the challenges of exploiting the economic strengths and opportunities o Normative Analysis: Construct opinions supported by facts to promote better Municipality urban planning methods. Urbanization presents unprecedented opportunities and profound challenges for Urban Boards. It significantly impacts the expectations placed on the Boards and areas they need to adapt their institutional infrastructures, pedagogical practices and ways of operating.
o Policy Implications: Urban areas are predominantly governed and serviced through policy instruments and techniques that are conducted in and through institutional bounded political units. Through research, Municipality policy- making is globalized through keeping up with the depth and scale of on-going socio-spatial transformations. It enhances inculcation of best practices in creating and sustaining reflexive, resilient diverse communities in urban contexts. It opens on the convergence of global visions and local context on resource mobilization, engagement of marginalized communities and participatory formulation of spatial and strategic actions. This lends to austerity urbanism that prevents crisis policies and imposed urban restructuring processes.
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2.4.1 Areas of Municipal Research Land use Looking at land use within metropolitan areas, the urban land use research seeks to analyses the spatial organization of activities within the urban area. In attempts to explain observed patterns of land use, intra-urban location choices of firms and households. Considering the spatial organization of activities within urban economics, it investigates the determinants of price of land and why those prices vary across space. The Urban land use also identifies land-use controls, such as zoning, and interpreting how such controls affect the urban economy. Urban sociology and Economics Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It seeks to study the structures, environmental processes, changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so provide inputs for urban planning and policy making. This research area uses statistical analysis, observation, social theory, interviews, and other methods to study a range of topics, including migration and demographic trends, economics, poverty, race relations and economic trends of the urban area. The research on urban economics involves using the tools of economics to analyses urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and municipal finances (taxation and taxation regimes). It is tied to investigating relationships between urban problems, such as poverty or crime. Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl mainly refers to the unrestricted growth in many peri-urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. Urban sprawl is associated with a number of negative environmental outcomes such as proliferation of slum dwellings within the urban areas. The research focus in this area will entail deep study in causes of the proliferation to impacts and shortcomings of existing policies in urban planning and development control. Urban Planning This research area in the Municipality include studies in area of spatial planning for the improvement of development control. Specifically, this research domain purposes to provide necessary planning data for healthy and safe living conditions, efficient transport and
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communication, adequate public facilities and aesthetic surroundings. It also includes outline communities and highways as regional planning. Urban Environment It’s projected that over the next 30 years, most of the world’s population growth will occur in cities and towns of poor countries. Rapid, unplanned and unsustainable patterns of urban development are making developing cities focal point for many emerging environment and health hazards. As urban population grow, research in the quality of urban environment will play an increasingly important role in public health with respect to issues ranging from solid waste disposal, provision of safe water and sanitation, and injury prevention, to the interface between urban poverty, environment and health. Unstable patterns of transport and urban land use are the drivers, or root cause, of a number of significant and interrelated environment and health hazards faced by urban dwellers. These health and environment linkages cut across a range of policy sector and thus are often overlooked in policy making. They must therefore, be a focus of urban research. Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl mainly refers to the unrestricted growth in many peri-urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. Urban sprawl is associated with a number of negative environmental outcomes such as proliferation of slum dwellings within the urban areas. The research focus in this area will entail deep study in causes of the proliferation to impacts and shortcomings of existing policies in urban planning and development control. Sustainable Community Livelihoods and Resilience
In order to enhance community livelihoods and resilience, major areas of focus will include; i. Housing programmer and land ownership – Issuance of title of ownership ii. Infrastructure development at the Municipal per-urban iii. Reviving VTCs to improve technical skills amongst the youth iv. Establishment of training Centre for PWDs through PPPs Risk Reduction and Management
The ever growing population in our urban centers has brought about different hindrances in our social, political and economic paths of life. Too many people in the cities have also led to a
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number of environmental risks. Some of the environmental challenges that have come up include; Waste disposal problems- Too many people concentrated in an area contribute to more waste being released back to the environment. Locations where both solid and liquid waste can be disposed end up being very limited posing huge challenge. Insufficient clean water availability- Clean water availability becomes a huge problem since there are too many people who are relying upon a water source. Increased air pollution- Modern transport systems are the biggest source of air pollution. Emergence of new factories in the urban centers can also lead to high levels of air pollution. Degradation of natural resources- Many people can be relying on a garden since it is a rare site in the urban centers. However, these people will not care about the natural resource hence it may lose its beauty in the end. High levels of energy consumption- Energy consumption for electricity, transportation, cooking and heating are much higher in the urban centers. For example, most people in the urban areas own cars that consume a lot of fuel. Increased water pollution- Buildings are constructed in the urban centers to cater housing for the increasing population in these areas. Some of them lack ways to dispose liquid waste thus channeling in to the natural water resources.
Increased loss of highly productive farmland- People in the urban centers has a high consumption of foods than in the rural areas. This results to intensive use of fertilizers in the farms so as to provide for the ever demanding population. Too many emissions alter the climate Table showing key features of urban environment Density Diversity Dynamics Livelihood options communities Space stakeholders People Infrastructure Infrastructures Space Commerce Buildings Infrastructures Industry Population Actors Population growth
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2.5 Capacity development for urban risk reduction Awareness-raising programs can be tailored to meet the needs of specific populations, risks and target groups. These approaches can be integrated into almost all existing initiatives, whenever and wherever they take place. They can build on and support existing volunteer mobilization and peer-to-peer communications. The objective of awareness-raising activities is to familiarize communities with risk and interventions required prior to, during and following disasters. In order to ensure that the capacity development for urban areas is sufficiently strong to be able to effectively engage in urban resilience building, it is important to ensure that the following elements are in place and institutionally supported: • An understanding of the complexity of urban contexts and planning processes. • The ability to identify and engage with relevant urban stakeholders. • An analysis of existing legal and policy frameworks. • Strengthened communications and documentation skills to better capture and learn from urban experiences. • Regional information sharing of lessons learned and good practices. • Training and simulation exercises appropriate for cities. • Improved risk analysis skills and capacities. • Improved human resource skills including the recruitment of educated/skilled volunteers. • Increased fundraising capabilities The first step in awareness-raising is the need to ensure broad stakeholder engagement. This is required to understand drivers of risk and existing vulnerabilities as well as to ascertain appropriate tools and processes needed for comprehensive assessment and identification of underlying causes of risk. National Societies should focus on the awareness-raising activities listed below. i. Public education and awareness activities such as campaigns and training should be undertaken to raise awareness and engage individuals and communities in urban risk reduction activities. ii. Promoting awareness of relevant rights, responsibilities and duties can be important for both improving the implementation of the existing legal and policy frameworks and for empowering communities and local actors. Urban residents that are aware of their
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local disaster risk management systems, and individual rights and responsibilities when it comes to basic services and risk reduction are likely to be more engaged and empowered to contribute to their own safety. National Societies can play an important role as a bridge between government actors and urban residents in this respect. Key messages for dissemination can be developed following an analysis of the legal framework and consultations with relevant stakeholders. iii.Effective integration of social and non-physical elements of DRR into safety regulations, building codes and land-use planning iv.Campaigns. Municipalities are well-placed and have the experience to take on large- scale urban awareness campaigns, and can leverage the power of their volunteer base to effectively disseminate information. Such campaigns enable a greater degree of familiarization on the part of urban residents and stakeholders of key issues. Given major and rapid changes in the use of technology in urban areas, it is important to use and apply different media through which NS may want to seek to raise awareness on urban risk. Different tools from radio to TV and from SMS to mobile apps and social media will enable the municipalities to reach different demographic groups. Understanding the urban complexity would help in capacity development that would emphasize on the following:
• Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative forms of transport- alternative • Forms of transport such as cycling will be a major shift to reducing air pollution. (Carpooling or Cycling) • Valuing local skills and non-market based solutions- Most technological innovations and modern solutions are short lived, difficult to maintain and costly. Cities need solutions that have adapted to local climate and handcraft skills. • Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal- Private individuals are at a greater position to provide waste disposal services because they understand the topography. They can therefore provide these services with less environmental harm.
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• Incorporate planting trees and the care of city garden spaces as a key element in urban planning. • Energy security through distributed renewable energy systems- governments should enact legislation that provides fair subsides to support the shift to renewable energy sources. • Sustainable construction processes, buildings and maintenance- Energy efficient and more flexible buildings will have long term value. A good example is installing bio digesters for liquid waste. • Embrace the culture of sustainability- Towns need to come up with projects that do not do it by chance. In many cases, there is long history of trial and error behind the ways to reduce urban challenges. Based on this continuous analysis, the cities can build projects that bring about positive transformation.
Table 4: activities for capacity development for disaster risk reduction in Lodwar Municipality
Activities Objectives Target Groups Site/venues Outcome Compliance To reduce • Staffs • Barazas Reduced and vulnerability • The • Work places vulnerability enforcement of community • Business legal • Work places owners frameworks • Business • Premises owners institution • Premises institution Planting trees To reduce • Staffs, Riparian areas Protected degradation of Youths Need for mapping riparian natural • Work places for the areas resources • Farmers suitable sites for Beatification
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• Learning planting of the institution tress mapped areas Establishment To have fully • Staffs Municipal Reduced of fledged • Volunteer headquarter response municipal fire municipal fire Central training time brigade brigade to Centre at Saved lives reduce Lodwar town and response time, properties safe lives and properties Training To improve the • Staffs Barazas Improved understanding • The Work places disaster of urban community Business owners risk reduction complexities • Work places Premises institution Improved for easier DRR • Business disaster and disaster owners preparedness preparedness • Premises institution Policy To enhance County Assembly County Assembly Controlled air Formulation manageable Executives, Executives pollution and Residents of Residents of Controlled controllable air Lodwar municipality Lodwar waste pollution and & environs Municipality and management waste environs management Innovations of To enhance • Staffs Barazas Energy new energy security • community Work places security technologies through • Work places Business owners Renewable
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for green distributed • Business Premises institution sources of economy and renewable owners energy risk energy systems • Premises resilience institution
2.5.1 Poverty Reduction Poverty is a complex problem that must be addressed at all levels of society. The Bank's poverty reduction experts work within many areas and programs to meet our goals. Here are some of the key areas we focus on.
2.5.2 Climate change Climate change is expected to hit every region worldwide the hardest. Higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent weather related disasters pose risks for agriculture, food, and water supplies. At stake are recent gains in the fight against poverty, hunger and disease, and the lives and livelihood of billions of people in developing countries.
2.5.3 Community-driven development Community-driven development programs encourage villages, urban neighborhoods, or their household groups to managing their own development resources. It is a bottoms-up approach to development that seeks to give communities and local governments control over planning and investments eventually reducing waste.
2.5.3 Disaster risk management Natural disasters push people into poverty and make the poor even poorer. After the disaster, nearly half of the population in those regions exists below the poverty line and depended on food aid. Cost-effective risk reduction programs, such as early warning systems, better building codes and emergency preparedness strategies are the best defiance against future catastrophes, and for quick recovery.
2.5.4 Education Education is a powerful driver of development and one of the strongest instruments for reducing poverty and improving health, gender equality, peace, and stability. There has been great [Lodwar Municipality IDeP] Page 34
progress in the last decade; many more children attend schools and girls’ education has improved. Even when children complete school, they often do so without acquiring basic knowledge and skills. This can perpetuate the cycle of poverty, especially when labor markets demand a more skilled and agile work force than ever before.
2.5.5 Energy Most people within the municipal live without electricity, hampering their ability to study, Become entrepreneurs, work and connect with the outside world. A big fraction of the Population uses solid fuels wood, charcoal, coal, and dung — for cooking and heating, with serious health implications, especially for women and children. So bringing environmentally sustainable energy to all is a tall order, but essential for poverty reduction and social inclusion.
2.6 Food Insecurity
2.6.1 Hunger Most people live with hunger and malnourishment because they simply cannot afford to buy enough food, cannot afford nutritious foods or cannot afford the farming supplies they need to grow enough good food of their own. Hunger can be viewed as a dimension of extreme
2.6.2 Microfinance Microfinance offers poor people access to basic financial services such as loans, savings, money transfer services and micro-insurance. People living in poverty, like everyone else, need a diverse range of financial services to run their businesses, build assets, secure smooth consumption, and manage risks. Well-managed microfinance programs can also help lift people out of poverty, for example when a borrower uses small loans to start and grow a new business.
2.6.3 Nutrition People who experience under-nutrition between conception and 24 months of age have a higher risk of lifelong physical and mental disability. They are often trapped in poverty and unable to make a full contribution to the social and economic development of their households and communities as adults. The economic costs of under nutrition, in terms of lost national productivity and economic growth, are as high as 3 percent of Gross Domestic Product in some countries.
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2.6.4 Landslides Deforestation, overgrazing and land degradation have damaged ecosystems and are exacerbating the risks of disasters such as floods or landslides. Very often, it is women who are most affected by disasters. More women than men are injured or killed during landslides and floods. They have in general less access to political and economic resources needed to protect themselves from disasters, and to deal with disaster effects. Overall, the challenges contribute to poverty
2.6.5 Transport Most poor people are the major victims of traffic accidents. More than 90 percent of traffic fatalities and accidents take place in low and middle-income people, Investments in transport infrastructure and services must take poor people and their travel patterns into account. When done right, investments in transport can stimulate economic growth and competitiveness and bring productive opportunities and jobs. Better roads and public transportation are key to breaking rural isolation and improving mobility and access to healthcare and other services. Pedestrians in developing countries,
2.6.6 Voice and accountability Enhancing government accountability through greater civic engagement and “voice” is the key to achieving sustainable poverty reduction and equitable development. The World Bank supports government reform efforts as well as the building of democratic public spheres where citizens can meet to freely discuss problems in society.
2.6.7 Water and sanitation Access to clean water and sanitation is one of the most cost-effective development interventions and critical for reducing poverty. With clean water readily available, women no longer have to spend hours every day collecting water, agricultural production can increase, and the cost of services and goods go down.
Table: poverty reduction in Lodwar municipality Activities Objectives Target Groups Site/Venues Outcomes Employment and To help Staffs Farmers training Improved self
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productivity pastoralists get The community institutes sufficiency affordable Work places Extension Improved extension Business services food security services to check owners Barazas Increased job on livestock. Premises opportunities To help institution farmers with drought resistance crops, To build opportunities for self- sufficiency Policy To mitigate County Workshops in Improved climate formulation contributing Assembly hotels change and factors to Executives Institutes e.g. Improved food implementation climate change Residents of KSG security that leads to Lodwar Consultancy food insecurity municipality (Boardroom) and and environs poverty Legislation To come up with County County assembly Reduced poverty laws Assembly (Board room) Reduced poverty and regulations Executives that would Residents of reduce poverty Lodwar municipality and environs Aid and Grants To improve The community Wards Improved living the living Business Barazas standards
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standards of the owners Towns Lodwar SACCOs Municipal Vulnerable Residents groups Empowering To enhance Women Barazas Improved women and economic Youths Work places economic youths growth and Business growth qualitatively owners Reduced poverty significant Premises poverty institution reduction
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Sectoral Situational Analysis This analysis serves as a useful tool for determining the level of provision of services .it presents the current situation.
The Social Sector
This section profiles the status of social facilities and services in the Lodwar municipality. It focuses on educational facilities, healthcare services, places of worship, police services, post offices, and social (community) halls, with an emphasis on their distribution across the Lodwar municipality.
3.1 Education Facilities This section describes the current status of educational services and facilities - kindergartens, ECD schools, primary schools, secondary schools, tertiary education, and vocational and technical training - in the Lodwar municipality. The existing categories of educational institutions in Lodwar include 26 primary schools (6 private and 20 public), and 6 secondary schools. Each of the schools has 20 acres of land. The municipality is also the home to a polytechnic, and one university campus, Turkana University College which has been allocated 100 acres of land. Most of the schools d not have basic built facilities. Of the secondary schools for example, only 2 have laboratories and only 3 have boarding facilities. However, all educational facilities have sufficient water and playgrounds. Most schools do not have enough teachers and the enrolments for most of the schools have over 40 students per class while the catchment of the institutions is from all over the country.
3.1.1 Challenges facing the Educational Sector The umbrella challenge facing the educational sector in Lodwar municipality is inadequate public education facilities (Schools, colleges, etc).This problem manifests itself through overcrowding in schools; long distances between schools; understaffing of schools; poor learning environment/facilities; high rate of school dropouts due to early marriages, poverty, etc.; poor academic performance; and increase in the number of street children.
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Based on consultations held with stakeholders, the solution to the problem of inadequate public educational facilities lies in the construction of more education facilities, employment of more teachers to attain the recommended teacher/student ratio, and improvements in the school feeding Programme.
The stakeholders pointed to a number of opportunities that could be harnessed to solve the problem. These included the availability of land on which to build more educational institutions, opportunity for expansion of existing institutions, willingness of children to attend school, and goodwill from development partners. Some of the actors who can be involved in solving the problem of inadequate educational facilities include the Kenya government, the Lodwar municipality, development partners, residents and NGOs.
3.2 Health Facilities
3.2.1 Challenges Facing the Healthcare Sector Like the educational sector, the healthcare sector in Lodwar municipality suffers from inadequate public health care facilities. This is evident through overcrowding in county referral hospital ,low doctor patient ratio, low hygiene standards (at home, in hospital etc)
The problem of inadequate public health care facilities can be addressed through building of more public healthcare facilities, improvement of the existing healthcare facilities, and employment of more doctors so as to attain the recommended doctor: patient ratio. Some of the actors (financiers) who can be involved in solving the problem of inadequate healthcare facilities include the Kenya government, county government, the Lodwar municipality, development partners, residents, and NGOs.
Healthy facility
i) County referral hospital -1
ii) Health centre 2
iii) dispensaries -3
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Problem Sub-Sector Strategy Action plans Actor /Projects
iv) private hospital -5
3.3 Recreational Public Facilities There are over 6 playgrounds in Lodwar municipality. However, despite the high demand, the municipality does not have any plans for more recreational facilities. The existing recreational facilities are used mostly for relaxing and games;
3.3.1 Challenges Facing Recreation Sector The dominant challenge is one of lack of public recreational facilities. This problem manifests itself in forms such as idleness within the town, high levels of drunkenness, and early pregnancies. The problem can be tackled by establishing public recreational facilities in schools, building a sports stadium, establishing a public library, and by encouraging formation of sporting clubs (football, netball, athletics, etc).
Opportunities that could be harnessed to solve the problem of lack of public recreational facilities in Lodwar municipality include availability of land on which to develop public recreational facilities, youth who are talented in sports, and the goodwill of stakeholders. The development of such facilities could involve actors such as the GoK, TCG, MCL, development partners, residents, and NGOs, who could mainly constitute sources of funding.
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Poor Culture and Identification County marketing Heritage and gazettement • Gazettement Government of of cultural of cultural and and Turkana prospects heritage areas preservation of National cultural sites Museum e.g.,Kenyatta of Kenya House, • Awareness creation of preservation of culture
Poor and Health Provision of County inadequate Education quality-built Provision of quality- Government of infrastructure Tourism infrastructure built infrastructure Turkana National Government Low staffing Health Improve Human County levels Education resource • Assessment of Government of management skills and Turkana i.e. Rationalize staffing needs salaries based Employment of on staff skill and services rendered Adequacy of Health Promote County courses Education quality skills • Review of Government of and lack of development in courses offered Turkana sensitization the county versus market
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on technical demands. training • Upgrade institutions facilities available for technical course training
Build new Culture and Modern County library Heritage Library • Modernization Government of of the facility Turkana incorporated National with ICT for Government access to online material
Table 5: Showing Strategies/Action Plan
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3.4 Economic Growth & Development
3.4.1 Sector Background Economic systems of spatial localities of different scales or hierarchies are key to the survival of mankind in various ways in a civilized community. It provides the mechanisms or means to individuals and groups through which people earn a living, and enhance their future economic security besides functional interaction at various scale levels. The functional interaction based on the flow of economic activities is either within spatial localities or between spatial localities. To industries and business groups, profits, growth and employment are highly appreciated while for institutions like the Lodwar Town Administration, improved incomes for its citizens, a vibrant expanding economic base is required for the Municipality to be able to get the required revenue for sustaining urban functions and creating an enabling environment for urban economic expansion.
Economic influences play a role in determining the configuration of land use activities in spatial localities. This section highlights the role of economic factors in the organization of land use activities, the provision of livelihoods both for residents and others beyond in addition to supporting the urban institutional function. This is done by flagging out the relevant policy areas of vision 2030, the macroeconomic policy framework of the Country, the regional resource base or economic base, the economic activities in municipality, employment and growth potential, challenges and implications.
3.4.2 Economy of the Lodwar Municipality Economic activities within the Municipality range from primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary economic activities practiced are agriculture, livestock keeping, fish trading and mining. The primary economic activities will however in the long term be phased out due to the expansion of the town, particularly livestock and agriculture. In addition the economic activities and wealth of the Municipality is manifested in two forms, namely, flow of daily activities and capital wealth in form of investments in buildings and infrastructure.
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3.4.3 Principal Sources of Revenue Categories of Municipal Revenue.
i) Intergovernmental Finance(Exchequer )
ii) Own Source of Revenue (Taxes,Rates,Cess,Permit Fees)
iii) Bollowing.
iv) Foreign And External Assistance (Donor Support )
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3.4.4 Land revenue, Market Fees and other User Charges Urban and cities act 2011, empowers the municipality to levy in respect of each service it provides, a user charge to raise revenue to cover the cost of providing the service (presumably with a reasonable surplus remaining to finance activities such as maintenance and capital replacement costs as are necessary to sustain provision of the service).
The users of Turkana County Government services and facilities are expected to bear the full cost of the services or facilities they use through payment of a user charges categorized as:-
• Enclosed Market fees (handcraft market
• Development approvals fees.
• Plot rent /land rates
• Business licenses
• Slaughterhouse fees
• Solid waste collection and disposal fees
• Septic exhauster services
• Motor vehicle / Motor bike parking fees
• Informal open air market
• Hawking along the roads and in public places in the town
• CESS on transportation of livestock, hides and skins and quarry stones and sand.
• Livestock market and slaughter slabs fees
• Motor vehicle parking fees
• Livestock market and slaughter slabs fees
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Table 6: The Local economic strategies are highlighted below
Problem Strategy Projects/ Action plans Actors Poor physical Improvement of the County Government infrastructure e.g. status • Improve road status of Turkana access roads, waste of physical • Regular waste disposal Private investor disposal, and infrastructure collection power • Regular cleaning of shortages open water drainage channels.
Lack of support Modernization of County Government infrastructure open-air • Construction of new of Turkana in designated Markets market shades Private investors open-air-markets • New management Development e.g. shades and measures for revenue partners sanitation facilities collection • Modernization of public toilets • Installation of air markets and where possible install backup generator.
Unfavorable Strict enforcement of County Government building plans development control • Civic education of Turkana in possession by guidelines e.g. • Development control - property owners building Strict implementation of and existing regulations development control
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business premises guidelines and enforcement to ensure compliance.
Lack of land use Development and County Government zoning plan to spur adoption of the Zoning plan of Turkana investments zoning The County plan Assembly Lack of access to Value addition County Government Markets • Caning of goat meat Of Turkana • Empower the business and farming fraternity to start or be members of cooperative societies which will help in
3.5 Environment
3.5.1 Background Despite the town’s growth and expansion, a number of environmental challenges are evident in Lodwar. With an increase in population, and the future importance Lodwar will play as a principle route between Kenya and Southern Sudan, the need to address environmental problems, and put in place measures to prevent future problems, cannot be over-emphasized. Moreover Lodwar is in a very unique and enviable geographical position in that it is located between two large rivers. The main environmental problems are:
• Encroachment of the Riparian
• Encroachment of riverine forest
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• Dust storms
• Location of airstrip
• Ponding and flooding
• Foul odour due to open defecation
• Flooding of Kawalathe River
3.5.2 Encroachment of the Riparian Several sections of both rivers have been seriously encroached. This could be caused due to low level of environmental awareness, and no enforcement.
Enshrined in Kenyan Legislation, are laws to protect the land which is immediately adjacent to all wetlands. This includes rivers, such as the Turkwel and Kawalathe River
Kawalathe River, notorious for laggers in the rainy seasons, has claimed many lives of those who use the narrow drift and also those live close to the seasonal river. The narrow drift is dangerous to the motorized and non-motorized traffic using the draft for movement purposes. This is an environmental and human problem which requires immediate and long lasting mitigation measures.
The following sector objectives were outlined to minimize environment challenges; Afforestation and promoting good farming practices
• Economic development and conservation of ecologically fragile areas • Civic education on environmental conservation and protection • Proper siting of slaughterhouses and waste collection and disposal sites • Land use planning through legislation, adjudication, and enforcement • Sustainable utilization of natural resources
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Table 7: showing strategies/action plans
Problem Strategy Action plans Actors /Projects Encroachment • Identification of • Protection of County Government into Ecologically Ecologically gorges and of Fragile areas fragile escarpments by Tukana areas and restricting WARMA designation as physical conservation areas Developments Members of the • Development of Afforestation and Public co- Tourism as Private sectors a revenue earner • Protection of to the area riparian areas • Enhancing within river environmental education.
Poor disposal of Minimize the amount County Government solid wastes of • Map and clearly of waste that is label all solid Turkana generated waste collections NEMA Introduce reuse and and disposal Business recycling programmes points. Owners/Retail • Construction of outlets Landfill Volunteers • Provide segregated waste disposal bins
Pollution Identification of the County Government
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pollutants/polluters • Development of a of and system to oversee Turkana enforce polluter pay and check NEMA principle pollution Opening Ministry of Identification of and regular Environment natural cleaning of and Natural Resources drainage channels drainage channels Private investors • Rollout the Sewerage systems and encourage homeowners to use environmentally friendly disposal methods
Lack of Involvement of County Government considerations of NEMA in • Circulation of of the environment Development application, Turkana during Approvals. • Change of NEMA development Use, Private investors approvals Subdivision, building plans to include NEMA
3.5.1 Energy Lodwar town is currently supplied by electricity from an isolated grid through a thermal power station located within the town. The power station is run by Kenya Power on behalf of Ministry of Energy. The fuel is imported through port of Mombasa and transported by road to Lodwar.
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Considering the source of fuel and the delivery costs, the cost of generating electricity in Lodwar town is considerably high and it exceeds the normal tariff of retail consumer prices. As a social responsibility to its citizens, the Government of Kenya subsidizes the cost of this generation.
The power generation and supply currently in Lodwar is therefore not a commercially viable venture but a social responsibility initiative of the Government.
3.6 Housing
3.6.1 Background The term ‘housing’ is not synonymous with a ‘house’. A ‘house’ is a single structure while ‘housing’ refers to the house with all the supports, i.e., infrastructure and other social amenities and facilities. The main consumer of urban land is residential use, typically accounting for about 60% of the total. Well planned and decent housing for the resident population is key to the socio-economic development of any urban area.
3.6.2 Zoning Regulations This is the separation of land uses in order to avoid mixed development that can course harm to human life. It is the physical division of urban community into districts or zones for the purpose of regulating the use of land and buildings, height and bulk buildings, plot coverage and density population. The main purpose of zoning is therefore to direct and regulate development or redevelopment of a town in appropriate directions and ensure proper uses of land and buildings with a view to creating a healthy, efficient and stimulating living environment. Lodwar Municipality currently does not have strict zones which development can follow. Instead there is haphazard mixed use development.
3.6.3 Housing There is a shortage of housing for all income groups in Lodwar. The Municipality has not developed any housing. The town is heavily depended on privately developed housing which caters mainly for the low to middle income groups. The county council of Lodwar manages a few residential houses which were left by NORAD, an NGO that moved out in late 1990s. These houses are mainly occupied by some of the government officers working in Lodwar. Housing in Lodwar is sparsely populated since there are no planned residential land use areas. The private
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sector plays a major role in the provision of housing in Lodwar Municipality. The quality of housing provided varies from very poor structures built out of temporary materials (mud and wattle, thatch, cow dung finish) to good quality permanent materials (concrete products-blocks, tiles, etc; Iron sheets, steel products etc). In between lies the semi-permanent structures built of a mixture of temporary and permanent materials. The problem of shortage of decent housing has been corroborated by the survey work. In addition, issues like government non intervention in the provision of housing has led to poor housing conditions in Lodwar. These issues will form the basis upon which a policy framework will be developed to address the issue of housing in Lodwar.
Table 8: Housing sector strategies
Problem Strategy Projects/ Action Actors plans Lack of zoning Zoning plan and County regulations • Finalization of Government of zoning plan and Turkana strict National enforcement of Government the same. • Regulation of rampant land subdivision • Facilitation of building approval plans and inspection • Securing public utilities from encroachment and squatters
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Underutilization of Housing development County land i.e. idle land Construction of Government of within core-urban Housing units Turkana areas Landowners Investors Public-Private Partnerships Lack of public Urban regulations County participation on awareness creation • Public awareness Government of Development of existing Turkana decisions zoning and concerning the town building regulations • Timely review of town plan and sector plans provision Construct low cost County housing Undertake suitability Government of assessment such as Turkana geological mapping National Design housing Government prototype Private Investors
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3.7 Transport Strategy
3.7.1 Public Transport System The municipality has no formal public transport system within its jurisdiction. The Municipality is characterized by presence of ”bodabodas” (uncoordinated informal public transport system by bicycles and motorcycles). Accidents are prevalent among these ‘bodabodas’, but the residents have no options for travelling. There is predominance of non-motorized transport; many residents are pedestrians even when the travel distance is long.
Absence of formal transport system has brought about many taxis operating in the Municipality as main motorized vehicular public transport mode. This has made travel expensive /costly (through taxi hire) as there is no mass public transport system. This cost is prohibitive for most of the residents who predominantly travel on foot. Travel on foot has also been made difficult due to lack of pedestrian facilities and dusty environment. There is need for:
• Turkana County Government to take its legal mandate/role in provision of public transport as an entity or through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)
• Engage public private partnership in provision of affordable public transport system
Lodwar airstrip is located within the municipality and is well utilized. one of the major planning challenge is poor state of the roads and support infrastructure. Congestion, lack of or poor state of pathways for pedestrians and cyclists, non-designated parking, inadequate terminal facilities and lack of pedestrian crossing and traffic lights are some of the other challenges identified. Additionally, encroachment to road reserve coupled with unregulated building practices impacts economic development especially potential investments the town attracts. This also makes mobility to the hinterland difficult. This section highlights the transportation strategies that serve Lodwar town and are essential in improving the living standards of the residents.
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Table 9: Housing sector strategies
PROBLEM STRATEGY PROJECTS ACTORS The poor state Identify and upgrade • Identify roads County of urban and the main road arteries and upgrade to Government of access roads to of the town bitumen Turkana the hinterland standards Roads KURA KeRRA Lack of and Designate and County the poor state upgrade Road • Clear marking of Government of of pedestrian support infrastructure zebra crossings Turkana lanes, zebra Introduction of especially near Donors crossings, non-motorized schools and CBD service lanes, transit networks • Acquire land for and fire breaks decongestion of the current bus termini • Installation of road signs at designated areas • Construct NMT networks
Encroachment Securing Public • Awareness County on road reserves Utility creation among Government of land members of the Turkana public KUR • Demarcation of road reserves and enforcement
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Municipal Strategic Direction
4.1 Municipal vision Statement A transformative and economic prosperous municipality
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4.2 Municipal Mission Statement To facilitate socio economic transformation through creation of a conducive business environment and sustainable use of resources to ensure high quality of life.
Table 10: Strategic Priorities
PRIORITY AREA STRATEGIC TARGET STATEMENT Solid and Liquid waste Efficient management and -establish and designate strategic waste management disposal of both solid and collection points. liquid waste -develop mechanism of separating plastic waste for recycling from other waste. -establish a liquid waste treatment plan Provide for a drainage system Adequately manage storm -undertake a visibility study, design to manage storm water water within the municipal and provide for an open storm water area drainage system Review of the existing Manage and control -Review of the municipal boundary Municipality integrated developments within the -prepare an integrated spatial plan for development plan to capture municipality the municipal area new development Upgrading of informal Achieve a decent livable -prepare spatial plans for all existing settlements environment with adequate informal settlements. urban infrastructure and -formulate development control bill services Undertake zoning and enforce zoning regulations Construction of bus stops and To achieve an organized -identify and demarcate the specific car parks system of transport areas
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-design and undertake construction Institutionalize Establish municipality Establish Municipality Offices, management of infrastructure Furniture and Equipments) Municipality
Delineate and provide for Identify and protect/zone all -Design and maintain all public spaces recreational areas open spaces and -Beautification of all public spaces recreational areas within municipality.
Housing Provide for affordable -Identify and set aside land for housing construction of housing units -undertake research on cheaper building technologies -undertake renovation of existing housing unit. -mapping of existing houses
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4.4 Programmes/Projects Table 11: performance Indicator
Programme/Sub Key Output Baseline Key Performance Planned Target Budget Programme Indicator Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Development Orderly and No baseline data A register with 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 90M Control organized number of development developments within the planning area per year. Development of Easy management No land -GIS Lab in place. 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 60M Turkana County of land information information system -Land information Land Information within the county in place yet system data base System. Preparation of Development Plans for 9 towns -approved spatial 30% 40% 50% 80% 100% 1.2B Spatial Plans. control tool already prepared. plans Lodwar Municipality Plan need to be revised Storm water Management of No proper storm -percentage of 10% 15% 25% 30% 20% Drainage System storm water within water drainage in storm drainage
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the urban area place. system completed
Upgrading of Better livable 5 informal Approved spatial 1 1 1 1 1 30M informal environment with settlements. plan that will guide settlements adequate urban the upgrading infrastructure
Programme/Sub Key Output Baseline Key Performance Planned Target Budget Programme Indicator Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Housing Affordable and No baseline date on Percentage of 10% 20% 40% 20% 10% 2B decent housing existing housing units units for the constructed and county staff completed per year. Waste Clean urban Solid dumpsite in -BQs and designs 10% 20% 40% 20% 10% 300M management( environment with place within the for the dumpsite Construction of a reduction in municipal area -percentage of solid and liquid diseases associated works completed dumpsites) with poor hygiene. for the dumpsites
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Construction of a Effective -Land identified and -percentage of 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100M fire station and management of fire engine truck construction for the purchase of fire fire outbreaks procured fire station. engine Upgrading of Urban Better access and -Major roads for Percentage of roads 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 1.5B access roads mobility within the upgrading identified upgraded urban area and mapped Kenya Urban Better No baseline data Level of services 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Support management of provided Programme urban areas and (K.U.S.P.) towns Establishment of Effective service No baseline data No of urban boards 1 1 1 1 1 150M Urban Institution delivery and established Systems management of Urban Areas. Installation of street Better security and 100 street light No. of street lights 100 150 150 200 200 550M light for major extended business installed installed per year urban centres. hours
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Institutional Framework The function of the Municipality is well stipulated in the County Governments Act, 2012 and Urban Areas and Cities (Amendment) Act 2019. The institutional framework provides a link with the County Government and national government relevant departments in the implementation of Municipal functions as contained in the Integrated Development Plan
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.
5.1 Municipal Organogram
COUNTY EXECUTIVE
BOARD MEMBERS
MUNICIPAL MANAGER
DIRECTOR FINANCE AND DIRECTOR PLANNING DIRECTOR MUNICIPAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION AND DIRECTOR TRADE AND INVESTIMENT PUBLIC HEALLTH REVENUE DEVELOPMENT/CONTROL LIVESTOCK POLLUTION CONTROL M.E MUNICIPAL MARKETING DIRECTOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT WATER SERVICES HR ENGENEERING MARKET LINKAGES ENVIRONMENT AUDIT, ENFORCEMENT URBAN PLANNING FISHERIES-PARKING SOCIAL SERVICES SURVEY
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5.2 Staff Establishment Table 12: staff establishment
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S/No Position Number Remark
1. Municipal Manager 1 Acting
2. Principle Administrative 1 Seconded Officer
3. Social Officer 1 Seconded
4. Public Health Officer 1 Seconded
5. Environment Officer 1 Seconded
6. Urban Planner 1 Seconded
7. Municipal 1 Seconded
Engineer
8. Finance 1 Seconded
9. Revenue Officer 1 Seconded
10. Procurement Officer 1 Seconded
11. Monitoring And Evaluation 1 Seconded Officer
Total No Of Staff 10
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5.3 Administration and Human Resource
5.3.1 Staff Rationalization Policy
Staff rationalization policy dictates that the Municipality shall employ and retain only employees who are qualified and productive. The optimum number and cadre of employees shall be determined by the Municipal Board in consultation with the County Public Service Board.
5.3.2 Capacity Building The Municipal will set aside funds for staff training and development. The Municipality needs to develop a training policy for the staff in effort to improve management capacity.
5.4 County Executive
5.4.1 Governor
The Governor is the chief executive of the county and will provide overall leadership in the county’s economic, social and political governance and development; provide leadership to the county executive committee and administration based on the county policies and plans; promote democracy, good governance, unity and cohesion; promote peace and order; promote the competitiveness of the county; is accountable for the management and use of the county resources while promoting and facilitating citizen participation in the development of policies and plans, and delivery of services.
5.4.2 County Secretary
The County Secretary is the head of the county public service; responsible for arranging the business, and keeping the minutes of the county executive committee subject to the directions of the executive committee; convey the decisions of the county executive committee to the appropriate persons or authorities and perform any other functions as directed by the county executive committee.
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5.4.3 County Executive Committee Member for Lands , Energy , Housing , and Urban Areas Management
The County Executive Committee member for Lands , Energy , Housing , and Urban Areas Management is appointed by the Governor and approved by the County Assembly. The CEC is a member of the board of the Municipality with the responsibility of supervising the administration and delivery of services in the municipality.
5.4.4 County Public Service Board
The County Public Service Board on behalf of the County government is charged with establishing and abolishing offices in the County public service and appointing persons to hold or act in offices of the County public service. The Board also confirms appointments, exercise disciplinary control over, and remove, persons holding or acting in those offices, facilitate the development of coherent Integrated human resource planning and budgeting for personnel emoluments and advise the human resource management and development.
5.4.5 County Assembly
The County Assembly is the legislative arm of the County government. It is composed of the Members of County Assembly (MCAs) both elected and nominated, the Speaker and the Clerk as an ex Official. The function of the County Assembly includes: Vetting and approving nominees for appointment to County public offices; Approving the budget and expenditure of the County government in accordance with Article 207 of the Constitution, and the legislation contemplated in Article 220 (2) of the Constitution, guided by Articles 201 and 203 of the Constitution; approve the borrowing by the County government in accordance with Article 212 of the Constitution; Approve County development planning; and perform any other role as may be set out under the Constitution or legislation.
5.4.6 National Government
The National Government Coordination Act, 2013, provides for the County government in collaboration with the national government shall work together to synergize efforts to achieve its vision and implement development priorities.
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5.4.7 The Municipal Board
The Municipal Board comprises of nine members appointed by the Governor with the approval of the County Assembly as per section 14 of the Urban Areas and Cities (Amendment) Act 2019 . The Board Members are charged with running the affairs of the Municipality.
5.4.8 Municipal Staff
Municipal staff are civil servants, seconded from various departments within the county. The Civil Servants work under the Municipal Board in different departments within the Municipality and implement the Municipal Integrated Development Plan (IDeP), County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP), The Municipal Urban Area Investment Plan and other development policies and plans.
5.4.9 Stakeholders
Partnership engagements is key in identifying existing gaps and achieving the overall Socio - economic development of the resident population . The Public Benefit organizations both development and implementing partners are important in contributing towards setting of development objectives, implementation of activities / programmes, Monitoring and Evaluation measures. Stakeholders working with the Municipality include: County and National governments and Agencies, World Bank, GIZ, WFP, FAO , USAID, Business community, Equity and KCB Banks ( private sector) etc .
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CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Monitoring and Evaluation
6.1 Rationale
Monitoring and evaluation of the IDeP seek to achieve the following. Monitoring and Evaluation will form the basis of implementing programmes and project activities:
a) Facilitate Informed Decision-making: This will provide valuable insights into how the programmes are being implemented, the extent to which it is serving the intended beneficiaries, its strengths and weaknesses, its cost – effectiveness and potentially productive directions for the future.
b) Assess Value for Money: This will entail measuring and judging the impact of the programmes in relation to the planned outputs, outcomes and impacts.
c) Accountability: Programmes’ planning accountability will entail an effort to meet the diverse information interests and expectations of all those who have a stake in the Sector – the citizens. d) Learning Process: This will seek to maximize on citizens’ participation. This evaluation will be a community centered assessment of the extent of citizens’ participation, and what is the effect of the programme on the citizens. .
6.2 Data collection, Analysis, and Reporting
Data collection and analysis will be guided by programmes . The Municipal annual work plans will be the basis for outlining the achievements challenges and way forward.
6.3 Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation
Before inception of any project, a baseline survey will be done to enable evidence based planning. Project proposals and plans for the projects identified will, against activities, clearly indicate the hierarchy of results from objectives, activities, outcomes, inputs, objectively verifiable indicators, and means of verification to key assumptions of the project.
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6.4 Ex- ante Evaluation.
At the beginning of every project, an evaluation will be done to assess whether the objectives are clear to justify the use of funds in the prioritized projects . Monitoring and Evaluation Personnel in collaboration and consultation with other project coordinating team within the Municipality will undertake baseline surveys and feasibility studies, and findings documented to justify projects.
6.5 Ongoing Evaluation
The Economist will be responsible for monitoring and evaluation, and will be mandated with continuous compiling and reporting on the performance of all the Municipality projects to assess the Programme / project relevance or if there are changes that will influence its relevance.
6.6 Annual Projects / Programmes Reports
The outcomes of all projects implemented within a financial year will be compiled as Municipality annual projects/programmes report. The annual reports will among other issues document the resource use and value for money, impacts to the beneficiaries, challenges experienced and lessons to be instituted during the subsequent project implementations.
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