Anthropogenic Influence and Conservation Status of Autochthonous Fauna from

Trajce Talevski, Hydrobiological Institute, Naum Ohridski, 50, 6000 Ohrid, R.Macedonia, email: [email protected] Dragana Milosevic, Department of biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica. Montenegro email: [email protected] Aleksandra Talevska, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Institute for biology, University St. Kiril and Metodij, Skopje, R.Macedonia email: [email protected]

Abstract Lake Ohrid is transboundary lake between R.Macedonia and R.Albania. It is the deepest lake of the Balkan, with a maximum depth of 297 and a mean depth of 155 m. Lake Ohrid is special as such, by far the most spectacular quality is its impressive endemism from cyprinid and salmonid fish. This paper is result of long-term researches of ichthyofauna from Lake Ohrid. The materials for researches were collected by day and nighttime’s experimental fishing with various fishing gill net. Conservation status of autochthonous fish fauna from Lake Ohrid was determinate according to IUCN (2001) and Kotellat and Freyhof (2007).

Key words: anthropogenic influence, autochthonous fish fauna, conservation status, Lake Ohrid

Intoduction

IUCN Red List of Threatened (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1948, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and species. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species. The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction. IUCN Red List is widely considered to be the most objective and authoritative system for classifying species in terms of the risk of extinction. The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated every 5 years if possible, or at least every ten years. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Specialist Groups, which are Red List Authorities responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area. Species are classified in groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. • Extinct (EX) - No individuals remaining. • Extinct in the Wild (EW) - Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range. • Critically Endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. • Endangered (EN) - High risk of extinction in the wild. • Vulnerable (VU) - High risk of endangerment in the wild. • Near Threatened (NT) - Likely to become endangered in the near future. • Least Concern (LC) - Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. • Data Deficient (DD) - Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction. • Not Evaluated (NE) - Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. Changes in numbers of species in the threatened categories (CR, EN, VU) from 1996 to 2009 is given in Tab.1.

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Table 1: Changes in numbers of species in the threatened categories (CR, EN, VU) from 1996 to 2009 (only for the major taxonomic groups on the Red List) 1996/98 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 Critically Endangered (CR) 157 156 157 162 171 253 254 289 306 Endangered (EN) 134 144 143 144 160 237 254 269 298 Vulnerable (VU) 443 452 442 444 470 681 693 717 810

In Macedonia in the IUCN Red List are included species from fauna and flora: Mammals - 5, Birds - 10, Reptiles – 2, Amphibians – 0, Fishes – 14, Molluscs – 0, Other Inverts – 5, and Plants 0. 5, respectively the number of total threatened species in Macedonia is 36. Investigated area Transboundary Lake Ohrid is considered to be the oldest continuously existing lake in Europe with an age of likely three to five million years. Located in a tectonic graben, the lake is amongst the few worldwide lakes existing since the Tertiary. Another peculiarity of Lake Ohrid is its extraordinary high degree of endemism, including more endemic species. Taken its size into account, Lake Ohrid has the highest degree of endemism worldwide. Therefore, Lake Ohrid is one of the very few lakes in the world representing a hot spot of evolution and a potential evolutionary reservoir enabling the survival of relict species. The proposed continuous existence since the Tertiary makes Lake Ohrid an excellent archive of long and short term environmental changes in the central northern Mediterranean region. It is the largest and deepest lake in the group and in the Aegean lake zone representing refugium for numerous species whose close relatives on Balkan Peninsula and wider in southeast part of Europe can be found only on fossil forms (Stankovic, 1960). Lake Ohrid (Fig. 1.) is located in the Sara-Pindus caustic massif. It fulfill the deepest part oh Ohrid valley (40,54' - 41,10'N and 20,38'-20,49'E) in the southwest part of Republic of Macedonia, sharing its southwestern basin with Republic of Albania. At sea level of 693.75 m it has a surface area of 358 square kilometers of which 240 belong to Republic of Macedonia and 118 to Republic of Albania. Maximal length of Lake Ohrid is 30.48 km, maximal width 15 km and means width of 11.79 km. Maximal depth is 289 m, mean depth of 164 m, volume of 58.64 cubic kilometers and retention time of about 83.6 years. Lake Ohrid is an oligotrophic, cold oligomictic, calcareous, graben, marl lake, mostly fed with spring water. The lake is supplied with water from a number of springs. The most important ones are those near the monastery of St. Naum, the well known Biljanini Izvori R.Macedonia (Biljana Springs). Considerable amount of this spring water (over 56%) originate from neighboring Lake Prespa, located on about 150 m higher sea level, and separated from Lake Ohrid by carstic massif of Galicica mountain. There are 40 tributaries (23 on Albanian and 17 in Macedonia side) flowing in to Lake Ohrid of which most are torrents and are flowing temporally The water Lake Ohrid flows out of the Lake through the river Crn Drim. Lake Ohrid belong to lakes that had been researched (more or less continuously) since the end of the 19 th century. Great number of these researches is for the systematic of enormous relict and endemic species which inhabiting Lake Ohrid. Most of the researches done later have confirmed the relictness, endemicity and sublacustrine speciation of this in most cases, unique ancient lake and its living world. Material And Methods The materials for researches were collected by day and nighttime’s experimental fishing with various fishing gill R.Albania net. Conservation status of autochthonous fish fauna from Lake Ohrid was determinate according to IUCN (2001) and Kotellat & Freyhof (2007). Figure 1. Map of Lake Ohrid

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Results And Disscusion

The researches of fish populations from Lake Ohrid were started in beginning of XIX centaury. Attention of world scientists in this time interest the speciality of plant and animal world from Lake Ohrid. Many Balkan and world scientists (Heckel & Kner, 1858), Kottelat &Freyhof (2007), Stanković (1960), Spirkovski and all. (2009), Talevska &Talevski (2008). Talevska and all. (2009), Talevski (1996,2001,2004,2008), Talevski and all. (2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d, 2009e,), Talevski & and Talevska,(2008), Tocko (1959,1982a, 1982b), Vladlkov & Petit (1930,1930 a), Vuković & Ivanović (1971) researched the biodiversity and the systematic belonging of ichthyopopulation in Lake Ohrid. Such researches were performed continuously from this time until now. The biodiversity of ichthyofauna from Lake Ohrid and its catchement area is present in Tab. 2. Fish fauna from Lake Ohrid is represented by twenty native species: ohridanus (Karaman, 1928), Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758),Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892), Barbus rebeli Köller, 1925, Chondrostoma ohridanus Karaman, 1924, Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928, Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924, Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Pelasgus minutus Karaman, 1924, Phoxinus limaireul Schinz, 1840, ohridanus (Karaman, 1924), aphelios, Kottelat,1997, Karaman, 1928, Salmo letnica Karaman, 1924, Poljakov, Filip & Basho 1958, Steindachner 1892, knezevici Bianco & Kottelat, 2005 and Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837. Because of human negative impact in the past period in Lake Ohrid great number of fish species are introduced. They are: Alosa falax La Capede, 1803, Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782, Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859, Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792, Pseudorasbora parva Temmini & Schlegel, 1846 and Rhodeus amarus Bloch, 1782 (Tab. 2.).

Table 2. List of native and introduced fish from Lake Ohrid and its catchement area Lake Ohrid Fish species native introduced 1. Alburnoides ohridanus (Karaman, 1928) + 2. Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858) + 3. Alosa falax La Capede, 1803 + 4. Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) + 5. Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892) + 6. Barbus rebeli Köller, 1925 + 7. Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782 + 8. Chondrostoma ohridanus Karaman, 1924 + 9. Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928 + 10. Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758 + 11. Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859 + 12. Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924 + 13. Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758 + 14. Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792 + 15. Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858) + 16. Pelasgus minutus Karaman, 1924 + 17. Phoxinus limaireul Schinz, 1840 + 18. Pseudorasbora parva Temmini &Schlegel, 1846 + 19. Rhodeus amarus (Bloch, 1782) + 20. Rutilus ohridanus (Karaman, 1924) + 21. , Kottelat,1997 + 22. Salmo balcanicus Karaman, 1928 + 23. Salmo letnica Karaman, 1924 + 24. Salmo lumi Poljakov, Filip&&Basho 1958 + 25. Salmo ohridanus Steindachner 1892 + 26. Scardinius knezevici (Bianco & Kottelat, 2005) + 27. Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837 + Total 20 7

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According to Kotellat and Freyhof (2007) in Lake Ohrid (Tab. 3.) considerate of the IUCN Red list Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) is critically endangered (CR) species. Salmo aphelios, Kottelat,1997 is potential endangered (EN) species.

Table 3. Conservation status of native fish from Lake Ohrid and its catchement area according to Kottelat & Freyhof (2007) Fish species 1. Alburnoides ohridanus (Karaman, 1928) VU 2. Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858) LC 3. Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) CR 4. Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892) LC 5. Barbus rebeli Köller, 1925 LC 6. Chondrostoma ohridanus Karaman, 1924 LC 7. Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928 LC 8. Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758 VU 9. Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924 VU 10. Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858) LC 11. Pelasgus minutus Karaman, 1924 DD 12. Phoxinus limaireul Schinz, 1840 LC 13. Rutilus ohridanus (or karamani) (Karaman, 1924) LC 14. Salmo aphelios, Kottelat,1997 EN 15. Salmo balcanicus Karaman, 1928 DD 16. Salmo letnica Karaman, 1924 DD 17. Salmo lumi Poljakov, Filip&&Basho 1958 DD 18. Salmo ohridanus Steindachner 1892 VU 19. Scardinius knezevici (Bianco & Kottelat, 2005) VU 20. Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837 LC

Alburnoides ohridanus (Karaman, 1928), Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924, Salmo ohridanus Steindachner 1892 and Scardinius knezevici (Bianco & Kottelat, 2005) are vulnerable (VU) species (Tab. 3.) . Eudontomyzon stankokaramani, Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892), Barbus rebeli Köller, 1926, Chondrostoma ohridanus Karaman, 1924, Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928, Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Phoxinus limaireul Schinz, 1840, Rutilus karamani (Karaman, 1924), and Rutilus ohridanus (Karaman, 1924) and Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837 are least concern (LC) species (Tab. 3.).

CR 5% Pelasgus minutus Karaman, 1924, EN 5% Salmo balcanicus Karaman, 1928, Salmo letnica Karaman, 1924 and DD 20% Salmo lumi Poljakov, Filip&&Basho 1958 are data deficient (DD) species. The percentage participation (Fig. 2.) VU 25% of the native Ohrid fish fauna in the groups of the IUCN according to Kottelat & Freyhof 2007 is: with 5% participate fish species in the group Critically Endangered species (CR), LC 45% also with 5% participate fish in the group Endangered species (EN), with 25% participate species in the group Vulnerable species (VU), with 45% participate species in the group least Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Least Concern Data Deficient concern (LC) and with 20% participate species in the group data Figure 2. Conservation status of native fish of Lake Ohrid and deficient (DD). its catchement area according to Kottelat & Freyhof (2007)

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The changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of fish populations, and anthropogenic impact on the Lake caused significant changes in the habitats of fish and their spawning grounds. In this paper is given a Proposal for the Conservation status of native fish of Lake Ohrid and its catchement area represented in Tab. 4. According to last knowledges, our Proposal for Conservation status of native fish of Lake Ohrid and its catchement area is following: Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) is Critically Endangered species (CR): faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future (Tab. 4). Salmo aphelios, Kottelat, 1997, Salmo balcanicus Karaman, 1928, Salmo letnica Karaman, 1924, Salmo lumi Poljakov, Filip & Basho 1958, Salmo ohridanus Steindachner 1892 are Endangered species (EN): faces a high risk of extinction in the near future (Tab. 4). Barbus rebeli Köller, 1925 Pelasgus minutus Karaman, 1924, Phoxinus limaireul Schinz, 1840, and Scardinius knezevici (Bianco & Kottelat, 2005) are Vulnerable species (VU): faces a considerable risk of extinction in the medium term (Tab. 4). In the categoria Lower Risk species (LR) was a catch-all category which includes common species as well as those for which there may be conservation concern, but which do not warrant a higher category (Tab. 4).

Table 4. Conservation status of native fish of Lake Ohrid and its catchement area (our Proposal) 1 Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) CR 2 Salmo aphelios, Kottelat,1997 EN 3 Salmo balcanicus Karaman, 1928 EN 4 Salmo letnica Karaman, 1924 EN 5 Salmo lumi Poljakov, Filip&&Basho 1958 EN 6 Salmo ohridanus Steindachner 1892 EN 7 Barbus rebeli Köller, 1925 VU 8 Pelasgus minutus Karaman, 1924 VU 9 Phoxinus limaireul Schinz, 1840 VU 10 Scardinius knezevici (Bianco & Kottelat, 2005) VU 11 Alburnoides ohridanus (Karaman, 1928) LR/cd 12 Chondrostoma ohridanus Karaman, 1924 LR/nt 13 Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928 LR/nt 14 Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758 LR/nt 15 Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858) LR/nt 16 Rutilus ohridanus (Karaman, 1924) LR/nt 17 Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858) LR/lc 18 Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892) LR/lc 19 Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924 LR/lc 20 Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837 LR/lc

This category was removed in the IUCN 3.x criteria, promoting its subcategories to full categories are including Alburnoides ohridanus (Karaman, 1928), Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928, Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Rutilus ohridanus (or karamani) (Karaman, 1924) Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892), Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924 and Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837. Accordimg to conservation status of the rest of native fish species in Lake Ohrid and its catchement area is: Alburnoides ohridanus (Karaman, 1928) belong to LR/cd, Chondrostoma ohridanus Karaman, 1924, Cobitis ohridana Karaman, 1928, Cyprinis carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Pachychilon pictum (Heckel et Kner, 1858) and Rutilus ohridanus (Karaman, 1924)) belong to LR/nt., Alburnus scoranza (Heckel et Kner, 1858), Barbatula sturanyi (Steindachner, 1892), Gobio ohridanus, Karaman, 1924 and Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837 belong to LR/lc (Tab. 4).

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CR According to the our Proposal, 5% LR/ lc percentage participation of the native 20% fish fauna at groups of IUCN is: the EN group Critically Endangered species 25% participate with 5%, the group Endangered species participate with 25%, Vulnerable species participate LR/nt with 20%, Lower Risk/cd species 25% participate with 5%, Lower Risk/nt species participate with 25% and VU Lower Risk/lc species participate 20% with 20% (Fig.3). LR/cd 5% CR Endangered Vulnerable Lower Risk/ cd Lower Risk/ nt Lower Risk/ lc Figure 3. Conservation status of native fish of Lake Ohrid and its catchement area

Conclusions • In Lake Ohrid fish fauna is represented by twenty native fish species and seven introduced fish species. • The Conservation status of the native fish fauna of the Lake Ohrid and its catchement area in this moment according to Kottelat & Freyhof (2007) are classified in three groups: Critically Endangered species (CR) - 1 species, (5%) Endangered species (EN) - 1 species (25%), Vulnerable species (VU) -5 species (20%), least concern species (LC) - 9 species (45%) and in data deficient species (DD) - 4 species (20%). • Our Proposal for the Conservation status of native fish of Lake Ohrid and its catchement area is twenty native (autochthonic) fish species of the Lake Ohrid. They are classified in six groups: Critically Endangered species (CR) - 1 species (5%), Endangered species (EN) - 5 species (25%), Vulnerable species (VU) - 4 species (20%), Lower Risk species (LR) LR/cd - 1 species (5%), Lower Risk species (LR) (LR/nt) - 5 species (25%) and Lower Risk species (LR) (LR/lc) - 4 species (20%).

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