(Meningitis a Vaccine) in a Controlled Temperature Chain (CTC) During Campaigns
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Achieving Immunization Targets with the Comprehensive Effective Vaccine Management (EVM) Framework
WHO/UNICEF JOINT STATEMENT Achieving immunization targets with the comprehensive effective vaccine management (EVM) framework WHO and UNICEF joint statement on the comprehensive EVM framework and the vital role of immunization supply chains in achieving targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP). The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United can more effectively catalyse immunization supply chain Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) are intensifying and improvements in countries. coordinating efforts to catalyse immunization supply chain To that end, this joint statement: improvements and performance in countries through the comprehensive EVM framework – a four-step strategy for 1. Reiterates the vital role of immunization supply chains in continuous immunization supply chain improvement, quality achieving vaccination coverage and equity targets set by management, optimization and innovation. the GVAP; 2. Summarizes the evidence indicating that vaccines are The comprehensive EVM framework builds on the success of not always available when needed; that weak cold chain the EVM initiative launched in 2010 to help countries evaluate systems are putting vaccines at risk and delaying new the performance of their immunization supply chains, and vaccine introduction; and that vaccines are wasted as a benchmark this performance against best-practice standards. result of poor supply chain management; In five years, the EVM initiative has helped to uncover 3. Describes the comprehensive EVM framework and how important shortcomings in the -
Guidance on Developing a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan
Guidance on developing a national deployment and vaccination plan for COVID-19 vaccines INTERIM GUIDANCE 16 NOVEMBER 2020 Guidance on developing a national deployment and vaccination plan for COVID-19 vaccines INTERIM GUIDANCE 16 NOVEMBER 2020 WHO/2019-nCoV/Vaccine_deployment/2020.1 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/) Suggested citation. Guidance on developing a national deployment and vaccination plan for COVID-19 vaccines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (WHO/2019-nCoV/Vaccine_deployment/2020.1). -
Chain of Cold Food
Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation Opinion Open Access Chain of cold food Volume 4 Issue 3 - 2017 Opinion Carla Pagano The cold chain is the system formed by each of the steps that Engineer in food, Argentina constitute the process of refrigeration or freezing necessary for the perishable or frozen food to reach the consumer safely. It includes a Correspondence: Carla Pagano, Engineer in food, Avenida whole set of elements and activities necessary to guarantee the quality Escalada 1817, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Tel 0111561270830, Email and safety of a food, from its origin to its consumption. It is called “string” because it is composed of different stages or links. If any Received: March 16, 2017 | Published: March 23, 2017 of the points in the cold chain were compromised, all of it would be affected, damaging the quality and safety of the product. On the one hand it facilitates the microbial development of both altering microorganisms and disease-causing pathogens, and the alteration of the food by degrading enzymatic reactions. Cold on microorganisms When the temperature is reduced, so does the rate of development of the vast majority of microorganisms, preventing a population increase (a group of microorganisms, the psychrophilic, which develop at low temperatures). The cold acts on the metabolism of microorganisms slowing (cooling) to stop (freezing), but does not eliminate them (although it can be seen some microbial mortality, the cold is not hygienizing, as it is the intense heat). Between -4ºC and -7ºC the growth of pathogenic microorganisms during transport, which takes place between the different stages: at the is inhibited. -
Meningococcal a Conjugate Vaccine Into the Routine Immunization Programme
GUIDE TO INTRODUCING MENINGOCOCCAL A CONJUGATE VACCINE INTO THE ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME GUIDE TO INTRODUCING MENINGOCOCCAL A CONJUGATE VACCINE INTO THE ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME This publication was jointly developed by the WHO Regional Office for Africa and WHO headquarters. Guide to introducing meningococcal A conjugate vaccine into the routine immunization programme ISBN 978-92-4-151686-0 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Guide to introducing meningococcal A conjugate vaccine into the routine immunization programme. -
Cold Chain 101 Cold Chain 101
Cold Chain 101 Cold Chain 101 Even some railroads are providing temperature- “Logistics providers are aware of the controlled shipping, with the ability to plug in reefers. increasing need for controlling temperatures in multiple ranges, and are Temperature Monitoring building out their facilities accordingly.” Even with these advances, temperature controlled products still need to be monitored. The reason is What is Cold Chain? simple. Equipment, no matter how new, sometimes Whether a product is sitting in a warehouse or being fails. Accidents happen. shipped across the country or across the globe, if temperature matters, that product is part of the cold Human error also is a factor. New logistics personnel, chain. Until recently, the term “cold chain” referred impressed with the thermal sensitivity of vaccines and only to products that needed to be cooled. Now it has the potentially deadly repercussions of temperature expanded to also include products that must be kept at excursions, have placed packages in coolers until room temperature. More recently, as products that must refrigerated carriers arrived for pickup. Some of those be protected from the cold enter the mix, “cold chain” is shipments actually froze, causing the very damage morphing to “controlled temperature.” handlers tried to prevent. Other times, truckers actually disconnected cargo refrigeration equipment to conserve fuel. Seafood and pharmaceuticals are two obvious examples of products needing cold chain handling, but the type of During transshipment, when cargo containers are products requiring controlled temperatures is expanding offloaded from ships and transferred to other vessels, dramatically. Chemical products (like paints and coatings), reefers may not be plugged in to shore power sometimes use temperature controlled shipping to prevent Likewise, once loaded, they may not be plugged back them from separating so they will maintain consistency and, into the ship’s power. -
Impacts of Vaccine Cold Chain Logistics on Vaccine Epidemiology
IMPACTS OF VACCINE COLD CHAIN LOGISTICS ON VACCINE EPIDEMIOLOGY by Tina-Marie Assi BS, McGill University, 2007 MPH, University of Pittsburgh, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Graduate School of Public Health in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH This dissertation was presented by Tina-Marie Assi It was defended on June 30, 2011 and approved by Shawn T. Brown, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Biostatistics Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Bryan A. Norman, PhD Associate Professor Department of Industrial Engineering Swanson School of Engineering University of Pittsburgh Jayant Rajgopal, PhD Associate Professor Department of Industrial Engineering Swanson School of Engineering University of Pittsburgh Stephen R. Wisniewski, PhD Professor Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Bruce Y. Lee, MD, MBA Assistant Professor Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biomedical Informatics School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Tina-Marie Assi 2011 iii Bruce Y. Lee, MD, MBA IMPACTS OF VACCINE COLD CHAIN LOGISTICS ON VACCINE EPIDEMIOLOGY Tina-Marie Assi, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2011 The performance of vaccine logistics systems (i.e., the steps in a supply chain necessary to get vaccines from manufacturers to patients) can impact whether vaccines are delivered at the right time, place and in the right condition for patients during immunization sessions. Immunization coverage in a population depends on a well-functioning vaccine supply chain. If target populations are not immunized before exposure, they are left unprotected against vaccine preventable diseases (VPD’s) and can contribute to infectious disease transmission in their communities. -
The Meningitis Vaccine Project: Frequently Asked Questions
The Meningitis Vaccine Project Frequently asked questions June 2011 The disease What is meningococcal disease? Meningococcal disease is an infection of the meninges, the thin lining that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. It is usually caused by a virus or bacterium (meningococcus). It is transmitted through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions. Bacterial meningitis, such as meningococcal disease, can be very serious because it evolves rapidly and can kill in a few hours. Even with appropriate treatment, around 10 percent of patients die, and up to 20 percent of survivors have serious permanent health problems as a result of the disease (deafness, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, or mental retardation). What is the extent of meningococcal meningitis in Africa? Sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing explosive and repeated meningococcal epidemics for more than a hundred years. Group A meningococcus is the main cause of meningitis epidemics and accounts for an estimated 80 to 85 percent of all cases. These deadly epidemics occur at intervals of 8–10 years in the 25 countries of the "meningitis belt," a strip of land that extends from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east. Around 450 million people in this area are at risk of disease. More than one million cases of meningitis have been reported in Africa since 1988. In 1996–1997, one of the largest epidemic waves ever recorded in history swept across Africa, causing more than 250,000 cases and 25,000 deaths. The vaccine What is the expected public health impact of this new vaccine? If introduced in all 25 countries of the African meningitis belt, this vaccine is expected to eliminate the primary cause of epidemic meningitis, group A meningococcus, from the entire region, with an estimated 1 million cases of disease prevented and 150 000 young lives saved by 2020. -
Meningococcal a Conjugate Vaccine Roll-Out in the African Meningitis Belt
Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine roll-out in the African meningitis belt Summary update prepared by the Meningitis Vaccine Project & partners SAGE, October 2014 Background Over the last century sub-Saharan Africa has been plagued by repeated epidemics of meningococcal meningitis. Almost all of the major outbreaks have been caused by group A Neisseria meningitidis . Reactive immunizations with polysaccharide vaccines have been used for the last 30 years but have not succeeded in controlling the problem. After the disastrous 1996–1997 epidemic with more than 250,000 cases and 25,000 deaths, there arose renewed interest in developing a preventive strategy based on new meningococcal conjugate vaccines. In June 2001, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided core funding for the establishment of the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), a partnership between PATH and the World Health Organization (WHO), with the goal of eliminating epidemic meningitis as a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa through the development, testing, licensure, and widespread introduction of meningococcal conjugate vaccines. A monovalent group A meningococcal (MenA) conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, a registered trademark of the Serum Institute of India, was developed through the MVP. The vaccine was licensed, for use in individuals aged 1 to 29 years, in 2009 and prequalified by WHO in 2010. Comprehensive mass immunization campaigns of 1- to 29-year olds with a single dose of MenAfriVac have been a cornerstone of the MenA conjugate vaccine introduction plan. This strategy aims to strongly and immediately protect individuals directly and reduce bacterial carriage and transmission, and thereby rapidly reduce overall disease-related morbidity and mortality rates within the community. -
Vaccines: Harnessing Science to Drive Innovation for Patients
VACCINES: HARNESSING SCIENCE TO DRIVE INNOVATION FOR PATIENTS BOLDLY INTRODUCTION Advances in science and technology are driving increases in survival and improved quality of life for people around the world. Vaccines represent some of the most impactful public health advances, helping to prevent the spread of many infectious diseases and, in many parts of the world, eliminating some of the most devastating conditions. Examples of vaccine successes are numerous and significant: • Smallpox, at one point one of the deadliest diseases in existence, has been eradicated around the world as a result of vaccination.1 • Following the introduction of the first polio vaccine in 1955, the crippling infectious disease has been eliminated in the United States (U.S.) and by 2015 just 74 cases of the disease were reported around the world.2 3 • The recent introduction of the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine has changed the trajectory of cervical cancer, by preventing infection of the HPV strains most likely to cause cancers.4 • A new wave of therapeutic vaccines has the potential to treat diseases, including many cancers.5 As our understanding of the science grows, uncovering the complex biological drivers of many diseases, and regulatory requirements expand, the research and development (R&D) process to develop medicines also grows more challenging. Innovative biopharmaceutical companies are working with stakeholders from across the research and development ecosystem to develop new ways of preventing and treating illnesses, with vaccines at the forefront. As of October 2017, there are more than 260 vaccines in development by biopharmaceutical companies for the treatment or prevention of disease. -
Immunization Strategies: Eradicating Meningitis in Sub-Saharan Africa
CIGI JUNIOR FELLOWS POLICY BRIEF NO. 1 AUGUST 2012 IMMUNIZATION KEY POINTS STRATEGIES: • Meningitis epidemics are highly concentrated in a 25-country area ERADICATING of Sub-Saharan Africa known as the “meningitis belt” and result in MENINGITIS IN SUB- an average of approximately 5,000 confirmed deaths in the region each SAHARAN AFRICA year. SARAH CRUICKSHANK AND SAMANTHA GRILLS • A new, low-cost vaccine called MenAfriVac™, developed by an innovative international health alliance INTRODUCTION to specifically target the source of these epidemics, has been shown to Meningitis epidemics are a major concern in the 25-country area from be highly effective, with no new cases of meningitis reported in those who Senegal to Ethiopia known as the “meningitis belt.” A communicable have received one dose of the vaccine. disease, meningitis affects large portions of the population, causes high • As the MenAfriVac™ vaccination rates of death and disability, and worsens the plight of families and campaign expands, three strategies are recommended that will bring the communities in a region marked by extreme poverty. MenAfriVac™ vaccine to hard-to-reach populations is the least expensive and longest lasting meningitis vaccine created and ensure that its full potential to date, and is the best medicinal tool currently available to the global is achieved. By employing these strategies and adapting them to health community to combat this serious disease. Developed through local conditions, the MenAfriVac™ a partnership between the Programme for Appropriate Technology in campaign will have the greatest chance of eliminating meningitis epidemics in Health (PATH), an international non-governmental organization, and Sub-Saharan Africa. -
A Study of Waste in the Cold Food Chain and Opportunities for Improvements
A study of waste in the cold food chain and opportunities for improvement Prepared for: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment and Refrigerants Australia Phone Web +61 3 9592 9111 www.expertgroup.com.au Table of Contents 1 Executive summary ........................................................................................................... 5 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6 3 Scope of this study ............................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Refrigerated cold food chain .............................................................................................................................. 8 4 Food sector profiles ........................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Fruit and vegetable sector ............................................................................................................................. 9 4.1.1 Supply chain profile ...................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.2 Role of the cold food chain ......................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Meat sector .................................................................................................................................................... -
Unprecedented Famine Risk Threatens 2.5 Million Children
Quarterly Activity Report May 15, 2017 Unprecedented Famine Risk Threatens 2.5 Million Children Amina, with her daughter, holds up her empty cooking pot inside their makeshift home near the town of Ainabo, Somalia. © UNICEF/UN056039/HOLT ime is running out for at least 2.5 million children who million people at risk in the hardest hit regions, the magnitude are at imminent risk of death this year from severe acute and urgency of the situation is overwhelming. By accelerating T malnutrition in 13 countries spanning Africa and the funds through its Bridge Fund, UNICEF USA is doing everything Middle East. Conflict and displacement in these countries, in its power to save children’s lives. As Leila Pakkala, UNICEF exacerbated by drought and water scarcity, have resulted in what Regional Director for Eastern and Southern Africa, said during the United Nations is saying is the largest humanitarian crisis a recent visit to the UNICEF USA offices, “In a time of famine, since the Second World War. Famine has been declared in South impact does not come gradually. It is sudden. If we respond right Sudan and could ensue in Nigeria, Somalia and Yemen. With 80 now, for every dollar received, we’re able to save a child’s life.” Sustained conflict across multiple countries, Unprecedented Humanitarian Crisis which has forced millions of children and families from their homes, has caused Looms Across 13 Countries massive social and economic disruption. It has also resulted in grave violations of children’s rights. In Northeast Nigeria, children who have fled Boko Haram’s attempts to conscript them as child soldiers or kidnap them as child “brides” are now at risk of starvation.