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Maliarpha Separatella Ragonot (Pyralidae, Phycitinae) Sur Riz Irrigué En Côte D'ivoire Centrale (Kotiessou) : Données

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Maliarpha Separatella Ragonot (Pyralidae, Phycitinae) Sur Riz Irrigué En Côte D'ivoire Centrale (Kotiessou) : Données MALIARPHA SEPARA T-ELLA RAGONOT (P YRA LIDAE, PNYCUINAEJ SUR RIZ 1RRIGUÊ EN COTE D’IVOIRE CEIYTRALE André PûLLET Pour tout renseignement, abonnement aux revues périodiques, achat d’ouvrages et de cartes, ou demande de catalogue, s’adresser au : SERVICE DES PUBLICATIONS DE L’0.R.S.T.O.M. 70-74, route d’Aulnay - 93140 &C)NDY (France) Les paiements sont ti effectuer par virement postal au nom de Service cies Publicahms ORSTOM, CCP, 22.27’2~21 Y PARIS; (a defaut par chèque bancaire barré ZI ce môme IibeM). TRAVAUX ET DOC’UMENTS DE L’O.R.S.T.0.M. No 140 MLIARPHA SEPARATELLA RAGONOT (PYRALIDAE, PHYCITINAE) SUR RLZ IRRIGUE EN CÔTE D’IVOIRE CENTRALE (KOTIESSOV) Données biologiques et mécanismef régulateurs des populations naturelles André POLLET O.R.S.T.O.M. - Paris - 1981 Cet ouvrage a fait l’objet d’une Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, soutenue le 17 dkembre 198 1 à l’Univer& de Paris VI. (< La loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, aux termes des alinéas 2 et 3 de l’article 41, d’une part, « que les ((copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées G à une utilisation collective)) et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but « d’exemple et d’illustration, ((toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle, faite sans le (< consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayant cause, est illicite)) (alinéa Ier de l’article 40). N Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit, constituerait donc une s contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal». I .S.B.N. : 2-7099-0623-6 @ ORSTOM Paris 1981 Résumé- Abstract- In middle Ivory Coast, Maliarpha separatella (Pyralidae, Phycitinae) is generally the most im- portant rice stem borer, especially in lowland cultivations. Maliarpha usually accounts for about 95 % of the whole borer populations and SOcari reach 75 % of the stems infestation. Insect populations have been studied for five years (from 1975 to 1979) in a middle Ivory Coast rice field which was run the whole year round. Such a practice allows heavy insect populations and easier pest studies. Maliarpha generally cornes on (and in) rice only at the end of the tillering stage. Then our studies about insect populations usually start just at this time of the rice phenology. During the last part of the cycle, samplings of rice hills are done regularly twice a week. Al1 stems are dissected and dispat- ched according to damage and insect instars. At the same time, eggs of Maliarpha are also searched on rice leaves. 14 rice cycles have been studied in such a way from 1975 to 1979 included. SO, we got lots of data on borers and on their natural enemies too : one egg parasite (Scelionidae), one egg-larva para- site (Phanerotomawamwrei, Chelonipae), 2 larva parasites (Rhaconotus niger and Bracon sp, Braconi- dae) and at least a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (C.P.V.). Population balances have been set up for each rice cycle through a kind of life table method ; SOthe first step consists of a11the eggs found on 100 m2 of rice field during the whole cultivation and the last one consists of a11the living adults. Moreover, the various regulation factors act between both of them. Data are studied through the « key factor B method of VARLEY (1963). The most impor- tant « k factors » for insect regulations are : - factor no kl : egg reduction owing to unhatching - factor k”1 : egg reduction through parasitism -. factor k”‘I : Young larvae reduction before entering the rice stem - factor k3 : reduction of larvae owing to the C.P.V. - factor k4 : pupa mduction, probably through the C.P.V. too. The microclimate of rice fields is described by means of eight main parameters which are computed at each period of the rice phenology : before the flowering stage, the total cycle, at the last 60,45, 30 and 1.5days before the effective harvest. Data, daily means or cumulative ones deal with tem- peratures, relative humidities, evaporation rates (Piche), rainfalls and insolation (Campbell). Then the correlations between the microchmatic parameters and the principal (( k factors » are studied precisely through the processes of the multivariable analysis. SO the microclimate always exerts an influence on the insect populations and the more complicated the field structure becomes, the higher the cor-relation levels are. For instance, one or two parameters are sufficient to explain the k fac- tor variations during the tillering stage, broadly speaking ; when rice is growing, the best explanations by means of such statistical ways must use two, three or more parameters into the correlation matrix. The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis (C.P.V.) could be the most important factor for the insect re- guiation. Infected larvae cari be easily recognized through their small size, loss of appetite, loss of acti- vity and sometimes, for the oldest ones, through an alteration of the colour of their teguments. At the late period of infection, large amounts of polyhedra appear in the mid-gut, then in the faeces. This disease also reduces the insect resistance to unfavourable factors such as some microclimatic parameters, poor rice growing and other ones. As a matter of fact, the smallest variations of these ones are much ampli- fied by the C.P.V. on the insect populations. I From this study, it is also concluded that Maliarpha is not a true limiting factor for the rice production in spite of the occasional presence of very high populations of larvae inside the rice stems. 5 Sommaire P~W~: l-o.5ll70N D!l kY?o&w _____-----_----- ------ . page 9 lNi73UkWON . paye 15 ...... pape 19 ...... pc!g.e19 . page 28 . page .49 2.2. Le4 pafl2eA e.2 -le4 OeqA 2.3. L~A ..!owe~ 2.4. Les + 6 ...... ptqe 92 C#e/ 77x 4, : Clewc7iF~SAT/ONS---=--====-=---=--======-~===-== lx LA V~ROSL D-i &L34aEs . ...... pqe 95 ...... PQBe 95 CflAW ?RE 5. : =_======_I===================~========~===~~=tiYl&l/QIIE LX RffiU~TIOIys DES yoyLIw~O.1c, IfVcTsTR/yrr(i . pqe 115 7 c. CMonA . page 152 Pré a mb u 1 e -POSITION DU PROBLE!ME ET JUSTIFICATIFS DE L%TlJDE 10 11 12 13 14 15 INTRODUCTION - 16 17 19 - Chapitre 1 - GENERALITES ET MILIEUX ETUDIES A - LEMILIEUETUDIE 1 - LECHOIXDUMILIEU~TUDll-? 20 21 2 - CARACTËRI§TIQUESDUMILIEU CARTE GENERALE .Ua) [1D Sovonrr à m phraQmitcidesSta~f,- e Sovanar à --Loudotlo orundinacea st- CU.$. &HI+@. El Lml*fe IclYo”e‘- 1orPts tropicolcs hum. 0 Fo&ls fmpicoles humides MOS~iQUE FORET-SAVANE (lb) De ~TU&- è%de&oILt&~bm.&z&zmedece6&&wxn&wtehpan rWV/ARD i/970), UUON fDJfl963, 1970 et 19741, G/LLoN fY.Ml971 e.z 1973jt G/LWN d GIUCM 11965, l967a e.t 196761, iBX0lW.B tl9691, FULU (1972, 1973, 1974 & 19771, e.t bien d’&. L+#UE 11967 et 1973) a pltéwrr;té les ttu~euc & h &,t)%mu% P-P-=- a!e -~v~.Ilne~bib~de6fnavauxneaLCs&a è2é +i.fe pan ULLON 1D. Il19741 e 24 2.2. îl5-- w#Mt 2.5 Humidités relatives journalières I - moyennes mensuelles i l 1 J~Flulnl~lJ~Jlnlslol~I~ JIFiulAlMlJIJlAlSlOlNlO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1976 1977 1978 Evupamiion PICHE mensuelle I Pluviométries wwelles -(mm1 “Qua,,titb de vent* pass& en 24 heure 1 - moyenne* mensueks ~Hisiogrommel I I r-l--- 1100 1000 \ 900 \ \ 800 \ \ 700 140 \ 120 ‘\I b 600 100 60 60 40 20 1978 1 I I 35 - Témpémtures journolik!s (CO) 34 - - moyennesmensuelles 33 - 32 - M- 30 - 29 - 2.9 - 27 - 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 - 21 - 20 -. 19 - I - I 1 I JIFlMlAlMlJIJlAlSlolNiD JIF(MlAlMlJIJlAtSlOlNlD JIF M ~3 M J J nls~olulo 1976 1977 l97a 26 27 28 B - LA PLANTE ET SA CULTURE I - CARACTËRISTIQUESDE LA PLANTE 29 semis f lo-a~o I - germination et levée : sorties simultanées du coléoptile, du coleorhyse, puis stade plant& croissances sirnultanrks des deux éléments. - émissions successivesdes différentes talles, selon le processus du tallage d’une stade Mage fjw-jog* I graminée (le nombre définitif de Mes est une caractéristique variétale) - apparition des formations initiales de la panicule (noeud paniculaire), puis stade initiation paniculaire puis élongations successivesdes divers entre-nceud de la hase vers le sommet de montaison. fjo4&. I la.plante. - sortie de la panicule, après élongation du dernier entre-noeud situé immédia- stade épiaison puis floraison tement en dessous de son insertion. fb?nv, a&J - ouverture des épillets, sortie des étamines et fécondation des ovules ; ce stade, très fugace, correspond à l’anthèse et s’achève par la fermeture des épillets. - modifications physiologiques progressives de I’ovule fécondé conduisant peu stade maturation des i ( i%%& 1 à peu vers le grain mûr. reco1te 2 - LES FAÇONSCULTURALES 31 32 33 3 - LA PHÉNOLOGIEDU CHAMP 34 35 -Chapitre 2- MATERIELS ET METHODES A - INFRASTRUCTURE lbzkté de mebwte de& c. depé c, 31 C - METHODOLOGIE DES PRELÈVEMENTS 1 - GÉNERILITÉS 38 czufahe &Vi. 3 - SUI~SDESPONTES 39 3 - SUIVISDES POPULATIONS D’INSECTES DES TIGES 40 D- TECHNZQUESVlROLOCIQUES 1 - OBSERVATIONSDES DEUX .??LliMENTS FIGURES DE LA VIROSE 1.1, fi3 ,%??YWlU OU COI-PS Dr~hUUSION ----_--~_I_~= ---- 42 1.2. L&T i%UKU.Bp--_p--I----- V/I&%3 OU VIR/ONS 2 - SZPARATIONET PURLFICATIONDES CONSTITUANTS DU VIRUS 43 44 45 46 47 E - ANALYSE DES RESULTATS 49 -Chapitre 3 - MALIARPHA SEPARATELLA ET SON COMPLEXE PARASITAIRE A- MALIARPHA SEPARATELLA (PYRALIDAE, PHYCTINAE) 1 - POSITION SYSll@A TIQUE 50 2 - DECRIPTIONDES STADES DE DÉVELOPPEMENT 51 §2 /àbh 3.j: uonneed d’ét!eva$.e ~O&!IL &A .ponfeA d+wAée4 AWc Af.tbm aGQ+- 53 54 l-zefukde de dEs+Lzo’l ctL2z.b cdame fd /bonne .irq!Sieun.e indude e.f bonne 0.225 A' = 627 f 0.20- 0.401 0.275 x * 0.304 I n = 0.040 0.425 /9/ f 0.40 - 0.65 I z-;g z; o:ns 307 0.625 a7 0.675 245 N = /954 344 x = 0.791 f 0.65 -O.qO I 377 b =O*c67 %J3 MS N--j%72 x 5 /.04q / 0.90 - /,a3 I b=O.Q67 6O j.225 N = 1210 /.a5 :g x4/.296 ptlf.de/.anmL j.325 /64 A=u.077 j.375 /02 j.425 65 3 /3 /2 / ,625 /-a675 iii /.725 / j_ -l 56 57 d’uamacddeJà 58 59 60 3 - DONN~ESI?~~~~LOGIQ~E~ 61 Cheminement des m du premier stade larvaire (Ll.) Sur la feuille Les LI.
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