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Rice-Feeding Insects and Selected Natural Enemies in West Africa Biology, Ecology, Identification

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Rice-Feeding Insects and Selected Natural Enemies in West Africa Biology, Ecology, Identification Rice-Feeding Insects and Selected Natural Enemies in West Africa Biology, ecology, identification E.A. Heinrichs and Alberto T. Barrion Illustrated by Cris dela Cruz and Jessamyn R. Adorada Edited by G.P. Hettel 2004 i The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the Africa Rice Center (WARDA, the acronym for West Africa Rice Development Association) are two of fifteen Future Harvest research centers funded by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is cosponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), the United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Environment Programme. Its membership comprises donor countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. IRRI, the world’s leading international rice research and training center, was established in 1960. Located in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, with offices in 11 other Asian countries, IRRI focuses on improving the well-being of present and future generations of rice farmers and consumers in developing countries, particularly those with low incomes. It is dedicated to helping farmers produce more food on limited land using less water, less labor, and fewer chemical inputs, without harming the environment. WARDA, established in 1971, with headquarters in Côte d’Ivoire and three regional research stations, is an autonomous intergovernment research association of African member states. Its mission is to contribute to food security and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), through research, partnerships, capacity strengthening, and policy support on rice-based systems, and in ways that promote sustainable agricultural developement based on environmentally sound management of natural resources. WARDA hosts the African Rice Initiative (ARI), the Regional Rice Research and Development Network for West and Central Africa (ROCARIZ), and the Inland Valley Consortium (IVC). Responsibility for this publication rests entirely with IRRI and WARDA. The designations employed in the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IRRI and WARDA concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Copyright International Rice Research Institute and Africa Rice Center 2004 IRRI–The International Rice Research Institute Mailing address: DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines Phone: +63 (2) 580-5600, 845-0563, 844-3351 to 53 Fax: +63 (2) 580-5699, 891-1292, 845-0606 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.irri.org Courier address: Suite 1009, Condominium Center 6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines Phone: +63 (2) 891-1236, 891-1174 WARDA–The Africa Rice Center Mailing address: 01 B.P. 4029, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire Phone: +225 22 41 06 06 Fax: +225 22 41 18 07 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.warda.org Suggested citation: Heinrichs EA, Barrion AT. 2004. Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: biology, ecology, identification. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute and Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire): WARDA–The Africa Rice Center. 243 p. Cover design: Juan Lazaro IV Page makeup and composition: George R. Reyes Figures 1–82: Emmanuel Panisales Copy editing and index: Tess Rola ISBN 971-22-0190-2 ii Contents FOREWORD v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1 RICE IN A FRICA 1 RICE-FEEDING INSECTS 5 CLIMATIC ZONES AND RICE ECOSYSTEMS AS HABITATS 5 CONSTRAINTS TO RICE PRODUCTION 6 SPECIES IN W EST A FRICA 8 DIRECT DAMAGE 8 ROLE IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION 16 BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF RICE-FEEDING INSECTS 19 ROOT FEEDERS 20 Mole crickets, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois; Orthoptera: 20 Gryllotalpidae Root aphids, Tetraneura nigriabdominalis (Sasaki); Hemiptera 21 (suborder Homoptera): Aphididae Termites, Macrotermes, Microtermes, and Trinervitermes spp.; 22 Isoptera: Termitidae Black beetles, Heteronychus mosambicus Peringuey (= H. oryzae Britton); 24 Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae Rice water weevils, Afroryzophilus djibai Lyal; Coleoptera: Curculionidae 25 STEM BORERS 25 Stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis longicornis Macquart; Diptera: Diopsidae 27 Stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis apicalis Dalman; Diptera: Diopsidae 32 Stem borer, Pachylophus beckeri Curran; Diptera: Chloropidae 34 African striped rice borer, Chilo zacconius Bleszynski; 34 Lepidoptera: Pyralidae African white borer, Maliarpha separatella Ragonot; 39 Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Scirpophaga spp.; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae 43 African pink borers, Sesamia calamistis Hampson and S. nonagrioides 45 botanephaga Tams and Bowden; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae AFRICAN RICE GALL MIDGE 47 Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae LEAFHOPPERS AND PLANTHOPPERS 52 Green leafhoppers, Nephotettix afer Ghauri and Nephotettix 53 modulatus Melichar; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae White rice leafhoppers, Cofana spectra (Distant) and 54 C. unimaculata (Signoret); Hemiptera: Cicadellidae White-winged planthopper, Nisia nervosa (Motschulsky); 57 Hemiptera: Meenoplidae Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata maeander Fennah; Hemiptera: 57 Delphacidae iii Rice delphacid, Tagosodes cubanus (Crawford); Hemiptera: 58 Delphacidae Spittlebugs, Locris maculata maculata Fabricius and L. rubra 59 Fabricius; Hemiptera: Cercopidae FOLIAGE FEEDERS 61 Rice caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis (Guenée); Lepidoptera: 61 Pyralidae Rice leaffolders, Marasmia trapezalis (Guenée); Lepidoptera: 63 Pyralidae Green-horned caterpillar, Melanitis leda ismene Cramer; 64 Lepidoptera: Satyridae African rice hispids; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae 64 Flea beetles, Chaetocnema spp.; Coleoptera: 66 Chrysomelidae Ladybird beetle, Chnootriba similis (Mulsant); Coleoptera: 68 Coccinellidae Leaf miner, Cerodontha orbitona (Spencer); Diptera: Agromyzidae 69 Rice whorl maggot, Hydrellia prosternalis Deeming; Diptera: Ephydridae 70 Rice grasshoppers 71 Short-horned grasshoppers, Hieroglyphus daganensis; Orthoptera: Acrididae 71 Short-horned grasshoppers, Oxya spp.; Orthoptera: Acrididae 71 Meadow grasshoppers, Conocephalus spp.; Orthoptera: 72 Tettigoniidae Variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.); Orthoptera: 74 Pyrgomorphidae Whitefly, Aleurocybotus indicus David and Subramaniam; 76 Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Spider mites, Oligonychus pratensis Banks, O. senegalensis Gutierrez 77 and Etienne, Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre; Acari: Tetranychidae INSECTS THAT ATTACK PANICLES 78 Earwigs, Diaperasticus erythrocephalus (Olivier); Dermaptera: Forficulidae 78 Blister beetles; Coleoptera: Meloidae 79 Panicle thrips, Haplothrips spp.; Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae 80 Stink bugs, Aspavia spp.; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae 80 Green stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.); Hemiptera: Pentatomidae 82 Alydid bugs, Stenocoris spp., Mirperus spp. 82 and Riptortus; Hemiptera: Alydidae Cotton stainers, Dysdercus spp.; Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae 84 NATURAL ENEMIES OF WEST AFRICAN RICE-FEEDING INSECTS 85 INVENTORY OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF W EST AFRICAN RICE-FEEDING INSECTS 86 Predators 86 Parasitoids 94 AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED 99 WEST AFRICAN RICE INSECTS AND SPIDERS SECTION I: ORDERS BASED ON ADULTS 100 SECTION II: INSECTS 101 SECTION III: SPIDERS 192 REFERENCES 223 SUBJECT INDEX FOR THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY AND NATURAL ENEMIES SECTIONS 239 iv Foreword Rice, the daily food of nearly half the world’s pest pressure. To develop effective pest management population, is the foundation of national stability and strategies, it is essential to properly identify and to economic growth in many developing countries. It is understand the biology and ecology of insect pests and the source of one quarter of global food energy and— the arthropods that help regulate their populations. for the world’s poor—the largest food source. It is also This book provides the first comprehensive the single largest use of land for producing food and taxonomic keys of the West African rice-feeding insect the biggest employer and income generator for rural species and their natural enemies. It describes their people in the developing world. Rice production has presence and abundance in the different climatic zones been described as the single most important economic (humid tropical zone, the Guinea savanna, and the activity on Earth. Because rice occupies approximately Sudanian savanna) and rice ecosystems (upland, rainfed 9% of the planet’s arable land, it is also a key area of lowland [inland swamps], irrigated lowland, deepwater/ concern—and of opportunity—in environmental floating, and mangrove swamps) in West Africa. For protection. each species, the authors provide available information Rice cultivation is the dominant land use in Asia, on geographical distribution, description and biology, but it is now playing an increasingly important role in habitat preference, and plant damage and ecology. Africa as well. In West and Central Africa—the most This book effectively utilizes the unique knowledge impoverished regions on earth according to the Food and expertise of two sister institutes—WARDA—the and Agriculture Organization (FAO)—rice is grown Africa Rice Center and the International Rice Research under subsistence conditions by about 20 million Institute (IRRI). The biology and ecology section is smallholder farmers who are shackled to slash-and-burn based on studies conducted at WARDA and articles farming and who lack rice varieties that are
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