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Pile Driving Analysis State of the Art

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Pile Driving Analysis State of the Art PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS STATE OF THE ART by Lee Leon Lowery, Jr. Associate Research Engineer T. J. Hirsch Research Engineer Thomas C. Edwards Assistant Research Engineer Harry M. Coyle Associate Research Engineer Charles H. Samson, Jr. Research Engineer Research Report 33-13 (Final) Research Study No .. 2-5-62-33 Piling Behavior Sponsored by The Texas Highway Department in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Bureau of Public Roads January 1969 TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Foreword The information contained herein was developed on the Research Study 2-5-62-33 entitled "Piling Beha,·ior" which is a cooperative research endeavor sponsored jointly by the Texas Highway Department and the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads, and also by the authors as evidenced by the number of publications during the past seven years of intense study and research. The broad objective of the project was to fully de,·elop the com puler solution of· the wave equation and its use for pile driving analysis, to determine values for the significant parameters involved to enable engineers to predict driving stresses in piling during driving, and to estimate the static soil resist­ ance to penel ration on piling at the time of driving from driving resistance records. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Bureau of Public Roads. ii Acknowledgments Since this report is intended to summarize the research effort ~nee gained by the authors over a seven-year period, it is impossible to r the persons, companies, and agencies without whose cooperation and support no ""state of the art" in the analysis of piling by the wave equation would exist. The greatest debt of gratitude is due Mr. E. A. L. Smith, Chief Mechanical Engi­ neer of Raymond International (now retired), who not only first proposed the method of analysis but also· maintained a continuing interest throughout the work and con­ tributed significantly to the accomplishments of the research. His advice and guid­ ance, based on his extensive field experience, and his intimate knowledge of the wave equation have proven invaluable throughout all phases of the research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance and support of Farland C. Bundy and Wayne Henneberger of the Bridge Division of the Texas Highway De­ partment, who worked closely with the authors in accomplishing several of the proj · eels. A debt of gratitude is due the Bass Bros. Concrete Company of Victoria. Ross Anglin and Son, General Contractors, and the California Company of New Orleans for their unselfish cooperation with all phases of the field work. It was indeed fortunate to have these foresighted and progressive businessmen as contractors on the various jobs. They willingly invested considerable amounts of their own time and effort to the accomplishment of the research projects. Sincere thanks and our personal appreciation are extended to the Texas Highway Department and the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Adminis­ tration, Bureau of Public Roads, whose sponsorship made all the research and studies leading to this report a reality. Several graduate students and research assistants contributed significantly to the accomplishment of this work. They were Tom P. Airhart, Gary N. Reeves, Paul C. Chan, Carl F. Raba, Gary Gibson, I. H. Sulaiman, James R. Finley, M. T. Al-Layla, and John Miller. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES _________________________________ ----------------------------------------_________ ,. LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------- ____________ vi CHAPTER INTRO DllCTl ON ________________________________ :_______________________________________ _______ 1 II PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 2.1 General ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 2.2 Smith's Numerical Solution of the Wave Equation----------------------------------------- 2 2.3 Critical Time Interval __________________________________________________________________ 4 2.4 Effect of Gravity _____ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5 III PILE DRIVING HAMMERS---------------------------------------------------------------- 6 3.1 Energy Output of Impact Hammers------------------------------------------------------ 6 3.2 Determination of Hammer Energy Output_ ________________________________________________ 6 3.3 Significance of Driving Accessories ------------------------------------------------------ 8 3.4 Explosive Pressure in Diesel Hammers -------------------------------------------- _______ 10 3.5 Effect of Ram Elasticity ____________ ------------------------------------________________ ll lV CAPBLOCKS AND CUSHION BLOCKS _________________________________ __:_ ____________________ 12 4.1 Method Used to Determine Capblock and Cushion Properties ______________________________ 12 4.2 Idealized Load-Deformation Properties ------------------------------------------___________ 14 4.. 3 Coefficient of Restitution --------------------------------------------------------------- 14 V STRESS WAVES IN PILING --------------------------------------------------------________ 15 5.1 Comparison with Laboratory Experiments -------~----------------------------------------15 5.2 Significance of Material Damping in the Pile------------------- _____________________________ 16 VI SOIL PROPERTIES _____________________________ __:_ ____________________________________________ 17 6.1 Gener~ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 6.2 Equations to Describe Soil Behavior ------------------------------------------------------17 6.3 Soil Parameters to Describe Dynamic Soil Resistance During Pile Driving --------------------18 6.4 Laboratory Tests on Sands ______________________________________________________________ 19 6.5 Static Soil Resistance After Pile Driving (Time Effect) ___________ ------------------- _____ 20 6.6 Field Test in Clay---------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 VII USE OF THE WAVE EQUATION TO PREDICT PILE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY AT TIME OF DRIVING ________________________________________________ 21 7.1 Introduction -------'------------------- ---~--------------------------------------------21 7.2 Wave Equation Method __________ ------.___: ________ --------------------___________________ 21 7.3 Comparison of Predictions with Field Tests ______________________ ------------------------24 VIII PREDICTION OF DRIVING STRESSES ______________________________________________________ 25 8.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------25 ~. 8.2 Comparison of Smith's Numerical Solution with the Classical Solution __ ----------------------25 8.3 Correlation of Smith's Solution with Field Measurements ____________________________________ 26 8.4 Effect of Hammer Type and Simulation Method------------------ ________________________ 26 8.5 Effect of Soil Resistance __________________________________________________ --------------27 8.6 Effects of Cushion Stiffness, Coefficient of Restitution, and Pile Material Damping ______________ 27 8.7 Fundamental Driving Stress ConsideratiPns __________________________________________________ 27 8.8 Summary of Fundamental Driving Stress Considerations ___________________________________ 31 IX USE OF THE \VAVE EQUATION FOH PARAJ\1ETER STUD1ES _______________________________ 32 9.1 Introduction __________________________ ------------------------------------------------32 9.2 Significant Parameters ___________ --------------------- ___ ---------------------------------32 9.3 Examples of Parameter Studies ____________________________________________________________ 32 X SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS _________________________ -----------------------------------36 : ·~~y: iv •'--=-~ APPENDIX i\ _____________________ --------------- __ _ _____ ---- ------ -- - --------- ----- ---------- 38. DEVELOPMENT OF' EQllATIONS FOR 11\IPACT STRESSES IN A LONG, SLI~NDEB, ELASTIC PILE_ ______________ -- -- - ---- ----- ------- -------------------- 38 A1 Introduction ------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ___________ 38 A2 One Dimensional Wave Equation ----------------------------------------------------------38 A3 Boundary Conditions _---------------- ------------------------------------------------- 39 A4 Solving the 'Basic Differential Equation ___________ -------------------------------------- 39 A5 Maximum Compressive Stress at the Head of the Pile _________________________ ------------- 41 A6 Length of the Stress Wave------------------------------------------------------------- 42 APPENDIX B______________________________________ _____________ ------------------------------------- 43 WAVE EQUATION COMPUTER PROGRAM UTILIZATION MANUAL_ ______________________ -:_ 43 B1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- 43 B2 Idealization of Hammers-----------------------------------------------_--------------- 43 B.3 Ram Kinetic Energies-------------~--------------------------------------- ------------44 Bl. Method of Including Coefficient of Restitution in Capblock and Cushion Springs ------------ 45 BS Idealization of Piles--------------------------------------------------------
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