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Structures Section SECTION 700 -- STRUCTURES SECTION 701 -- DRIVEN PILING 701.01 Description. This work shall consist of furnishing and driving foundation piles of the type and dimensions designated including cutting off or building up foundation piles when required. Piling shall conform to and be installed at the location, tip elevation, penetration, or bearing in accordance with 105.03. MATERIALS 10 701.02 Materials. Materials shall be in accordance with the following: Epoxy Coating for Piles.............................................915.01(d) Reinforcing Steel......................................................910.01 Steel Encased Concrete Piles.......................................915.01 Steel H Piles............................................................915.02 Structural Concrete...................................................702 Timber Piling, Treated ..............................................911.02(c) Timber Piling, Untreated ...........................................911.01(e) 20 Reinforcing steel within steel shell piles and in the reinforced concrete pile encasement shall not be epoxy coated. Powdered epoxy resin shall be used to coat the epoxy coated portion of the steel shell encased concrete piles. The Contractor may furnish and drive thicker walled steel shells than specified. 701.03 Handling of Epoxy Coated Piles. Piles shall be shipped using dunnage and padding shall be used with chains or steel bands. 30 Damage to epoxy coated piles shall be repaired in accordance with 915.01(d). Epoxy coated piles will be rejected if the total area of repair to the coating exceeds 2% of the total coated surface area. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 701.04 Equipment for Driving Piles. (a) Approval of Pile Driving Equipment. All pile driving equipment 40 furnished by the Contractor shall be in working condition and subject to approval. All pile driving equipment shall be sized such that the piles can be driven with reasonable effort to the ordered lengths without damage. The pile driving equipment shall not be used until approval is received in writing. The Contractor shall submit to the Geotechnical Engineer, Materials and Tests Division, with a copy to the Engineer, a 431 completed Pile and Driving Equipment Data Form at least 15 calendar days prior to driving piles. The form will be included in the Proposal book. Pile driving equipment will be subject to satisfactory performance during production. The Engineer will use the information provided by the Contractor to run the 50 wave equation analysis or the alternate method, from which the acceptance of the pile driving equipment will be founded. Approval criteria of pile driving systems will consist of both the required number of hammer blows per meter (foot) and the pile stresses at the required pile capacity. The required number of hammer blows indicated by the wave equation at the ultimate pile load shall be less than 600 blows per meter (180 blows per foot) for the pile driving equipment to be acceptable. 1. Wave Equation Analysis Method. For the pile driving equipment to be acceptable, the driving stresses predicted by the wave equation analysis shall not exceed the values where pile damage impends. These limiting values may be calculated as 60 follows: a. The maximum allowable compressive and tensile stress for steel piles = 0.9Fy. b. The maximum allowable compressive stress for prestressed concrete piles = 0.85fc' - effective prestress. c. The maximum allowable tensile stress, MPa (psi), for prestressed concrete piles = 0.25 /fc'+ effective prestress, where fc' is 70 expressed in MPa (3/fc'+ effective prestress, where fc' is expressed in psi). d. The effective prestress may be obtained from the approved shop drawings. The Contractor will be notified of the acceptance of the proposed pile driving system within 15 calendar days of the receipt of the Pile and Driving Equipment Data Form. If the wave equation analysis shows that either pile damage or inability to reasonably drive a pile with respect to allowable blow counts will result from the 80 proposed equipment, the Contractor shall modify or replace the proposed equipment until subsequent wave equation analyses indicate the piles can be reasonably driven to the desired ultimate capacity, without damage. The Engineer will notify the Contractor of the acceptance of the revised driving system within seven calendar days of receipt of a revised data form. No variation in the pile driving system will be permitted without written approval, with the exception of increasing concrete pile cushion thickness to control driving stresses. Changes in the driving system will only be considered after the Contractor has submitted the necessary information for a revised wave equation 90 analysis. The Contractor will be notified of the acceptance of the pile driving system changes within three work days of the receipt of the requested change. 432 2. Alternate Method. If the alternate method is used, the energy of the pile driving equipment shall be rated by the manufacturer at or above the appropriate minimum manufacturer's rated hammer energy for the corresponding ultimate pile capacity as shown in the table below. The ultimate pile capacity as shown on the plans is equal to the design load times the factor of safety. ALTERNATE METHOD 100 MINIMUM PILE HAMMER REQUIREMENTS Minimum Manufacturer's Rated Ultimate Pile Capacity, Hammer Energy, Kilonewtons (Kips) Joules (Foot-pounds) 450 and under (100 and under) 9 830 (7,250) 451 to 800 (101 to 180) 12 200 (9,000) 801 to 1330 (181 to 300) 20 340 (15,000) 1331 and over (301 and over) wave equation required 110 The Contractor shall use the approved system and no variations in the driving system will be permitted without the Engineer's approval. All changes in the pile driving system will only be considered after the Contractor has submitted a new Pile and Driving Equipment Data Form. The Contractor will be notified of the acceptance of the proposed change in driving equipment within three work days of receipt of the data form. If the Engineer determines the Contractor's hammer is not functioning properly and is unable to drive the pile to the required depth, the hammer shall be removed from service. 120 (b) Pile Hammers. Concrete piles of 500 mm (20 in.) diameter or width and larger shall be driven by means of air, steam, diesel, or hydraulic hammers, unless otherwise approved. Steel piles shall be driven with air, steam, diesel, or hydraulic hammers. Gravity hammers shall only be used if specifically permitted in the contract or approved in writing. 1. Gravity Hammers. When gravity hammers are permitted, the ram shall have a mass (weight) of between 1360 and 1590 kg (3,000 and 3,500 lbs). The height of drop shall not exceed 4.5 m (15 ft). The mass (weight) of gravity hammers shall not be less than the combined mass (weight) of the drive head and pile. All gravity 130 hammers shall be equipped with hammer guides to ensure concentric impact on the drive head. 2. Steam and Air Hammers. The plant and equipment furnished for steam and air hammers shall have sufficient capacity to maintain, under working conditions, the volume and pressure specified by the manufacturer of the hammer. The plant and equipment shall be equipped with accurate chamber pressure gauges which are accessible to the Engineer. When wave equation analysis is not used for 433 pre-approval, the weight of the striking parts of air and steam hammers shall not be less than one third the weight of the drive head and pile being driven. The striking parts 140 shall not weigh less than 1250 kg (2,750 lbs). 3. Diesel Hammers. Open-end or single acting diesel hammers shall be equipped with a device such as rings on the ram, a scale, or a jump stick, extending above the ram cylinder, to permit the Engineer to visually determine hammer stroke at all times during pile driving operations. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer a chart from the hammer manufacturer equating stroke, blows per minute, and potential energy for the open-end diesel hammer. Closed-end double acting diesel hammers shall be equipped with a bounce chamber pressure gauge, in working order, mounted near ground level so as to be read by the Engineer. 150 The Contractor shall provide the Engineer a chart equating bounce chamber pressure to either equivalent energy or stroke for the closed-end diesel hammer to be used. This calibration to actual hammer performance shall be performed within 90 days before the beginning of the work. 4. Pile Driving Aids. Pile driving aids such as jets, followers, and prebored holes shall not be used unless specified. If specified, pile driving aids shall be used for installing production piles only after the pile tip elevation for safe support of the pile load is established by means of load testing or test piles conventionally driven. 160 The Contractor shall perform all extra load tests or extra work required to drive test piles as determined by the Engineer. (c) Pile Driving Appurtenance. 1. Hammer Cushion. All impact pile driving equipment, except gravity hammers, shall be equipped with a suitable thickness of hammer cushion material to prevent damage to the hammer or pile and to ensure uniform driving behavior. Hammer cushions shall be made of durable, manufactured materials, provided in accordance with the hammer manufacturer's guidelines. All wood, wire rope, and 170 asbestos hammer cushions will not be permitted. A striker plate as recommended by the hammer manufacturer shall be placed on the hammer cushion to ensure uniform compression of the cushion material. The condition of the hammer cushion shall be checked with the Engineer at the beginning of pile driving and after each 100 h of pile driving. A hammer cushion whose thickness has been reduced to less than 75% of the original thickness shall be replaced. 2. Pile Drive Head. Piles driven with impact hammers shall have an adequate drive head to distribute the hammer blow to the pile head, be axially aligned with the hammer and the pile, be guided by the leads, and not be free-swinging.
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