DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Health Criteria 163 CHLOROFORM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Health Criteria 163 CHLOROFORM Environmental Health Criteria 163 CHLOROFORM Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Chloroform (EHC 163, 1994) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 163 CHLOROFORM This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. First draft prepared by Dr. J. de Fouw National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1994 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Chloroform. Page 1 of 119 Chloroform (EHC 163, 1994) (Environmental health criteria ; 163) 1.Chloroform - adverse effects I.Series ISBN 92 4 157163 2 (NLM Classification: QV 81) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1994 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR CHLOROFORM 1. SUMMARY 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1. Identity 2.2. Physical and chemical properties 2.3. Conversion factors 2.4. Analytical methods 2.4.1. Sampling and analysis in air 2.4.1.1 Direct measurement 2.4.1.2 Adsorption-liquid desorption 2.4.1.3 Adsorption-thermal desorption 2.4.1.4 Cold trap-heating 2.4.2. Sampling and analysis in water 2.4.3. Sampling and analysis in biological samples 2.4.3.1 Blood and tissues 2.4.3.2 Urine 2.4.3.3 Fish 2.4.4. Sampling and analysis in soil gas 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE Page 2 of 119 Chloroform (EHC 163, 1994) 3.1. Natural occurrence 3.2. Anthropogenic sources 3.2.1. Production 3.2.1.1 Direct production levels and processes 3.2.1.2 Indirect production 3.2.1.3 Emissions from direct production and use 3.2.1.4 Emissions from indirect production 3.2.2. Uses 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1. Transport and distribution between media 4.1.1. Transport 4.1.2. Distribution 4.1.3. Removal from the atmosphere 4.2. Biotic degradation 4.3. Bioaccumulation 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1. Environmental levels 5.1.1. Ambient air 5.1.2. Indoor air 5.1.3. Water 5.1.3.1 Sea water 5.1.3.2 Rivers and lakes 5.1.3.3 Rain water 5.1.3.4 Waste water 5.1.3.5 Ground water 5.1.3.6 Drinking-water 5.1.4. Soil 5.1.5. Foodstuffs 5.2. General population exposure 5.2.1. Outdoor air 5.2.2. Indoor air 5.2.3. Drinking-water 5.2.4. Foodstuffs 5.3. Occupational exposure during manufacture, formulation or use 6. KINETICS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS 6.1. Pharmacokinetics 6.1.1. Absorption 6.1.1.1 Oral 6.1.1.2 Dermal 6.1.1.3 Inhalation 6.1.2. Distribution 6.1.3. Elimination and fate 6.1.4. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling for chloroform 6.2. Biotransformation and covalent binding of metabolites 6.3. Human studies 6.3.1. Uptake 6.3.1.1 Oral 6.3.1.2 Dermal 6.3.1.3 Inhalation 6.3.2. Distribution 6.3.3. Elimination 6.3.4. Biotransformation 7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS Page 3 of 119 Chloroform (EHC 163, 1994) 7.1. Single exposure 7.1.1. Lethality 7.1.2. Non-lethal effects 7.1.2.1 Oral exposure 7.1.2.2 Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal exposure 7.1.2.3 Inhalation exposure 7.1.2.4 Dermal exposure 7.2. Short-term exposure 7.2.1. Oral exposure 7.2.1.1 Mice 7.2.1.2 Rats 7.2.2. Inhalation exposure 7.3. Long-term exposure 7.4. Skin and eye irritation 7.5. Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 7.5.1. Reproduction 7.5.2. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity 7.5.2.1 Oral exposure 7.5.2.2 Inhalation exposure 7.6. Mutagenicity and related end-points 7.7. Carcinogenicity 7.7.1. Mice 7.7.2. Rats 7.7.3. Dogs 7.7.4. Studies on initiating-promoting activity 7.7.4.1 Mice 7.7.4.2 Rats 7.8. In vitro studies 7.9. Factors modifying toxicity; toxicity of metabolites 8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 8.1. Acute non-lethal effects 8.2. Epidemiology 8.2.1. Occupational exposure 8.2.2. General exposure 8.3. Abuse and addiction 9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD 9.1. Freshwater organisms 9.1.1. Short-term toxicity 9.1.2. Long-term toxicity 9.2. Marine organisms 10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT 10.1. Evaluation of human health risks 10.1.1. Exposure 10.1.2. Health effects 10.1.3. Approaches to risk assessment 10.1.3.1 Non-neoplastic effects 10.1.3.2 Neoplastic effects 10.2. Evaluation of effects in the environment 11. FURTHER RESEARCH 12. PREVIOUS EVALUATION BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES Page 4 of 119 Chloroform (EHC 163, 1994) REFERENCES RESUME RESUMEN WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR CHLOROFORM Members Dr M.W. Anders, Department of Pharmacology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA Dr D.Anderson, British Industrial Biological Research Association (BIBRA) Toxicology International, Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom Dr R.J. Bull, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Pullman, Washington, USA Dr C.D. Carrington, Food and Drug Administration, Washington DC, USA Dr M. Crookes, Environment Section, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, United Kingdom Dr E. Elovaara, Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Helsinki, Finland Dr J. de Fouw, Toxicology Advisory Centre, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (Rapporteur) Dr M.E. Meek, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada (Chairperson) Dr R. Pegram, Environmental Toxicology Division, Health Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Dr S.A. Soliman, Department of Pesticide Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University-Al-Qasseem, Bureidah, Saudi Arabia (Vice-Chairman) Dr L. Vittozzi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Laboratorio di Tossicologia, Comparata ed Ecotossicologia, Rome, Italy (Vice-Chairman) Dr P.P. Yao, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China Representatives of other Organizations Dr B. Butterworth, International Life Sciences Institute, Risk Science Institute, Washington DC, USA Secretariat Dr B.H. Chen, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (Secretary) Dr P.G. Jenkins, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Page 5 of 119 Chloroform (EHC 163, 1994) Dr C. Partensky, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria monographs as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication. In the interest of all users of the Environmental Health Criteria monographs, readers are kindly requested to communicate any errors that may have occurred to the Director of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda. * * * A detailed data profile and a legal file can be obtained from the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, Case postale 356, 1219 Châtelaine, Geneva, Switzerland (Telephone No. 9799111). * * * This publication was made possible by grant number 5 U01 ES02617-15 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, USA, and by financial support from the European Commission. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR CHLOROFORM A WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Chloroform met in Geneva from 15 to 19 November 1993.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Van Der Waals Density Functional Study of Chloroform and Other Trihalomethanes on Graphene Joel Åkesson, Oskar Sundborg, Olof Wahlström, and Elsebeth Schröder
    A van der Waals density functional study of chloroform and other trihalomethanes on graphene Joel Åkesson, Oskar Sundborg, Olof Wahlström, and Elsebeth Schröder Citation: J. Chem. Phys. 137, 174702 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.4764356 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4764356 View Table of Contents: http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/JCPSA6/v137/i17 Published by the American Institute of Physics. Additional information on J. Chem. Phys. Journal Homepage: http://jcp.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://jcp.aip.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://jcp.aip.org/features/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://jcp.aip.org/authors THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 137, 174702 (2012) A van der Waals density functional study of chloroform and other trihalomethanes on graphene Joel Åkesson,1 Oskar Sundborg,1 Olof Wahlström,1 and Elsebeth Schröder2,a) 1Hulebäcksgymnasiet, Idrottsvägen 2, SE-435 80 Mölnlycke, Sweden 2Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden (Received 25 July 2012; accepted 14 October 2012; published online 1 November 2012) A computational study of chloroform (CHCl3) and other trihalomethanes (THMs) adsorbed on graphene is presented. The study uses the van der Waals density functional method to obtain ad- sorption energies and adsorption structures for these molecules of environmental concern. In this study, chloroform is found to adsorb with the H atom pointing away from graphene, with adsorption energy 357 meV (34.4 kJ/mol). For the other THMs studied the calculated adsorption energy values vary from 206 meV (19.9 kJ/mol) for fluoroform (CHF3) to 404 meV (39.0 kJ/mol) for bromoform (CHBr3).
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology : a Guidebook
    USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A Guidebook USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A GUIDEBOOK 2005 Edition The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PANAMA ALBANIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ALGERIA HAITI PERU ANGOLA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HONDURAS POLAND ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR AUSTRIA INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BOLIVIA ITALY SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA JAPAN BRAZIL JORDAN SINGAPORE BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SLOVENIA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CANADA KUWAIT SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LATVIA SUDAN CHAD LEBANON SWEDEN CHILE LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO ERITREA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FINLAND NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGER VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA GHANA PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Trihalomethane Concentrations by Using Chloramines As a Disinfectant
    REDUCING TRIHALOMETHANE CONCENTRATIONS BY USING CHLORAMINES AS A DISINFECTANT by Elizabeth Anne Farren A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering by ___________________________________ April 2003 APPROVED: ___________________________________ Dr. Jeanine D. Plummer, Major Advisor ____________________________________ Dr. Frederick L. Hart, Head of Department Abstract Disinfectants such as chlorine are used in drinking water treatment to protect the public health from pathogenic microorganisms. However, disinfectants also react with humic material present in raw water sources and produce by-products, such as trihalomethanes. Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) include four compounds: chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform. TTHMs are carcinogenic and have been found to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has set the maximum contaminant limit for TTHMs at 80 µg/L. Additional regulations require reliable drinking water disinfection for resistant pathogens and treatment plants must simultaneously control TTHMs and achieve proper disinfection. Research has shown that THM formation depends on several factors. THM concentrations increase with increasing residence time, increased temperature and increased pH. The disinfectant type and concentration is also significant: THM concentrations can be minimized by using lower disinfectant doses or alternative disinfectants to chlorine such as chloramines. Chloramines are formed by the addition of both chlorine and ammonia. The Worcester Water Filtration Plant in Holden, MA currently uses both ozone and chlorine for primary disinfection. Chlorine is also used for secondary disinfection. This study analyzed the effect of using chloramines versus free chlorine on TTHM production at the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Drinking Water Quality Report 1
    2015 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report 1 Quality • Value • Reliability • Customer Service 2015 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report 2 2015 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report TABLE OF CONTENTS A Message from the Director 2 Our Water Supply 3 A Message from the Director Our Water Treatment Process 4 Diversifying Our Water Supply 5 I am very pleased to share with you the 2015 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report WHY is Pure Water San Diego Being Implemented 5 that shows the high quality of your drinking water. WHAT is Pure Water San Diego 5 In fact, San Diego Public Utilities department is working to ensure that all our HOW does Pure Water Program Work 5 customers have safe, reliable and high-quality water for years to come. That’s why we WHERE is the Pure Water Program 6 are implementing the Pure Water program which will deliver 30 million gallons per WHEN will the New Facility be Built 6 day by 2021 and a total of 1/3 of our City’s drinking water supply by 2035. WHAT are The Steps 6 Follow Us 6 I want to thank you for your efforts to help the City reduce water usage and meet the Recycled Water Program 7 State mandated water use reductions in 2015. We at the Public Utilities department Groundwater 7 are committed to the efficient use of the water that we deliver. Rainwater Harvesting 7 The City is investing in the infrastructure that delivers your water. Many miles of cast Ocean Desalination 7 iron pipe were installed early in the 20th Century and are past their recommended Emergency Storage Project 8 service life - increasing the risk of main breaks and water loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes Affecting the Trihalomethane Concentrations
    Processes Affecting the Trihalomethane Concentrations Associated with the Third Injection, Storage, and Recovery Test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999 U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4062 Prepared in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency Processes Affecting the Trihalomethane Concentrations Associated with the Third Injection, Storage, and Recovery Test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999 By Miranda S. Fram1, Brian A. Bergamaschi1, Kelly D. Goodwin2, Roger Fujii1, and Jordan F. Clark3 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4062 Prepared in cooperation with the LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS and the ANTELOPE VALLEY–EAST KERN WATER AGENCY 7212-58 1U.S. Geological Survey, Placer Hall, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, California 95819-6129 2Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149 3University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Geological Sciences Webb Hall, Santa Barbara, California 92106 Sacramento, California 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey Placer Hall–
    [Show full text]
  • Relation of Trihalomethane-Formation Potential to Water-Quality and Physical Characteristics of Small Water-Supply Lakes, Eastern Kansas
    RELATION OF TRIHALOMETHANE-FORMATION POTENTIAL TO WATER-QUALITY AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL WATER-SUPPLY LAKES, EASTERN KANSAS By Larry M. Pope, Joseph A. Arruda, and Carla Hyde Fromm U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4161 Prepared in cooperation with the KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Lawrence, Kansas 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report write to: can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey District Chief Books and Open-File Reports U.S. Geological Survey Box 25425, Bldg. 810 1950 Constant Avenue - Campus West Denver Federal Center Lawrence, Kansas 66046 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1 Description of study area and selected water-supply lakes ................................. 3 Sample collection and analysis ........................................................ 5 Sampling frequency and procedures .............................................. 5 Trihalomethane-formation potential test .......................................... 9 Formation reactions ....................................................... 9 Description and procedures ................................................ 9 Analytical results and statistical analysis of data ....................................... 11 Relation
    [Show full text]
  • Disinfection By-Product Formation of UV Treated Swimming Pool Water
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 27, 2021 Disinfection by-product formation of UV treated swimming pool water Spiliotopoulou, Aikaterini; Hansen, Kamilla Marie Speht; Andersen, Henrik Rasmus Published in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Swimming Pool & Spa Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Spiliotopoulou, A., Hansen, K. M. S., & Andersen, H. R. (2015). Disinfection by-product formation of UV treated swimming pool water. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Swimming Pool & Spa General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Disinfection by-product formation of UV treated swimming pool water Aikaterini Spiliotopoulou*, Kamilla M. S. Hansen**, Henrik R. Andersen** *Water ApS, Farum Gydevej 64, 3520 Farum, Denmark (E-mail: [email protected]) **Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs.
    [Show full text]
  • Trihalomethane (THM) Fact Sheet
    Trihalomethane (THM) fact sheet Chlorination above 80 ppb. THMs do not pose a high health risk com- has made the U. S. pared to waterborne diseases, but they are among impor- water supply safe tant water quality issues faced by public water supply sys- from illness pro- tems. duced by bacteria, The Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality viruses, and para- (DEQ) is working to help towns that exceed the EPA sites. Fortunately, standard for THMs. There are several ways to reduce chlorine disinfection has almost completely eliminated THMs in drinking water including changing the disinfection risks of deadly waterborne diseases such as typhoid fever, process or filtration. Every solution does involve some cholera, and dysentery. However, the chlorination pro- cost and time to implement. Typically DEQ enters into a cess has also produced byproducts. These disinfection Consent Order with the community that lays out activi- byproducts include a group of chemicals known as ties and timelines for lowering the THM levels. The com- Trihalomethanes (THMs). THMs include four chemicals: munity must continue to sample for THMs while the chloroform, bromodichloromethane, problem is being corrected. dribromochloromethane, and bromoform. The U.S. Envi- Citizens have the right to know about the quality of ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) has mandated public their drinking water. They should be aware of problems water systems check for THMs on a regular basis and that that may cause a concern for an immediate health prob- the level of THMs in the water should be less than 80 lem, such as fecal bacteria, and also of those problems parts per billion (ppb).
    [Show full text]
  • Trihalomethanes in Drinking-Water
    WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/64 English only Trihalomethanes in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality WHO information products on water, sanitation, hygiene and health can be freely downloaded at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ © World Health Organization 2005 This document may be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated in part or in whole but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. Inquiries should be addressed to: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Preface One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the responsibility “to propose ..
    [Show full text]
  • Column Studies of Anaerobic Carbon Tetrachloride Biotransformation with Hanford Aquifer Material
    Column Studies of Anaerobic Carbon Tetrachloride Biotransformation with Hanford Aquifer Material by Michael R. Niemet and Lewis Semprini Abstract Continuous-flow and batch experiments were conducted using a column reactor system containing Hanford Aquifer material in order to assess the potential of in situ bioremediation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) at the Hanford site in south- central Washington state. Benzoate and acetate were evaluated as primary substrates both in the presence and absence of nitrate as a potential electron acceptor. Each of the four resulting test conditions was first run under continuous-flow mode until a pseudo–steady state was achieved and then switched to batch mode. The longer residence time of the batch portion of the test resulted in more complete transformations and helped elucidate zones of variable activity within the column. Reductions in CT concentration and chloroform (CF) production were observed in all test conditions. Benzoate generally supported faster and more complete CT transformations than acetate, even though substrate use and denitrification was more rapid for acetate. Sulfate was present in all cases; yet, sulfate reduction was never observed, even during extended absences of nitrate and nitrite. CT transformation was most rapid near the point of injection, with rates decreasing toward the effluent end of the column. These results indicate that the microbial population at Hanford is capable of transforming CT in the subsurface. However, methods to control the production of CF may be necessary before this technology can be successfully implemented in the field. Introduction EPA. Although CT is classed as a dense nonaqueous phase The Hanford Nuclear Reservation located in south- liquid, its aqueous solubility of ~800 mg/L (Montgomery central Washington state has been a defense materials pro- 1991) greatly exceeds the 5 lg/L federally allowable level duction complex since 1943.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Baseline Water Quality of Minnesota’S Principal Aquifers - Region 1, Northeastern Minnesota
    Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Baseline Water Quality of Minnesota’s Principal Aquifers - Region 1, Northeastern Minnesota February, 1999 Published by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Environmental Outcomes Division Environmental Monitoring and Analysis Section Ground Water and Toxics Monitoring Unit 520 Lafayette Road St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-4194 (651) 296-6300 or (800) 657-3864 Prepared by Ground Water Monitoring and Assessment Program (GWMAP) This material may be made available in other formats, such as Braille, large type or audio, upon request. TDD users call (651) 282-5332 Printed with soy-based inks in recycled paper containing at least 10 percent fibers from paper recycled by consumers. Baseline Water Quality of Minnesota’s Principal Aquifers-Region 1, Northeastern Minnesota January 1999 Foreword Ground Water Monitoring and Assessment Program (GWMAP) staff believe the enclosed report represents a comprehensive study of water quality in the principal aquifers of MPCA Region 1 in northeastern Minnesota. Information in this report, when used in conjunction with Baseline Water Quality of Minnesota’s Principal Aquifers (MPCA, 1998a), can be used by water resource managers to identify baseline or background water quality conditions in areas or aquifers of concern, prioritize ground water problems, and assist in site decision-making, provided the limitations and assumptions outlined in the document are understood. Although data have been carefully analyzed, compiled, and reviewed independently, mistakes are inevitable with a data set this large. If mistakes are found in this report, please forward them to GWMAP staff. Errata sheets will be prepared as needed. The report is divided into four parts. Part I briefly summarizes sample design and collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Trihalomethanes in Drinking-Water
    WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/64 English only Trihalomethanes in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality ______________________________ “Brominated trihalomethanes” and “Total trihalomethanes” originally published in Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1996; “Chloroform” originally published in Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Addendum to Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998. © World Health Organization 2004 Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale of for non- commercial distribution - should be addressed to Publications (Fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damage incurred as a results of its use. Preface One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the responsibility “to propose ..
    [Show full text]