' ^'•' .'': mMMMMMM^M^-.:^':^' ;'''}',l.;0^l!v."';'.V:'i.\~':;' ' ASIA LIBRARY ANNEX 2 ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924071128841 ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 071 28 841 ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY BY T. A.^GOPINATHA RAO. M.A. SUPERINTENDENT OF ARCHEOLOGY, TRAVANCORE STATE. Vol. II—Part I. THE LAW PRINTING HOUSE MOUNT ROAD :: :: MADRAS 1916 All Rights Reserved. KC- /\t^iS33 PRINTED AT THE LAW PRINTING HOUSE, MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS. DEDICATED WITH KIND PERMISSION To HIS HIGHNESS SIR RAMAVARMA. Sri Padmanabhadasa, Vanchipala, Kulasekhara Kiritapati, Manney Sultan Maharaja Raja Ramaraja Bahadur, Shatnsher Jang, G.C.S.I., G.C.I. E., MAHARAJA OF TRAVANCORE, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, Fellow of the Geographical Society, London, Fellow of the Madras University, Officer de L' Instruction Publique. By HIS HIGHNESSS HUMBLE SERVANT THE AUTHOR. PEEFACE. In bringing out the Second Volume of the Elements of Hindu Iconography, the author earnestly trusts that it will meet with the same favourable reception that was uniformly accorded to the first volume both by savants and the Press, for which he begs to take this opportunity of ten- dering his heart-felt thanks. No pains have of course been spared to make the present publication as informing and interesting as is possible in the case of the abstruse subject of Iconography. Though the illustrations appearing in the present volume are by no means inadequate for the main purpose of the work, yet they are not so full and exhaustive as in the first, and a word of explana- tion in that connection may not be out of place. To the great regret of the author, the liberal pecuniary help offered for the preparation and publication of the first volume has been, owing to the somewhat straitened finances of the Travancore State at present, withheld from him on the present vn HINDU ICONOGRAPHY. occasion and he has, in consequence, not been able to embody as many illustrations as he had intended personally to gather for the purpose from various parts of India with a view to present to the public a series representative of the varied sculpture of the different parts of this country. But the Travancore Durbar have, in gracious consideration of the trouble and labour involved in the prepara- tion of the present volume, been pleased to permit its publication by the author himself, for which he begs to offer his respectful and grateful thanks to the Dewan, Mr. Dewan Bahadur M. Krishna Nair, b.a., b.l. Mention may here be made of a few points worthy of notice in the book. In the Introduction is given a collective description of all the peculiari- ties of ohe tenets and observances of some of the Saiva sects of which the general public has hitherto been practically ignorant, and of certain other cults ftat have died out without a trace. The nature of Lihga worship has been ex- amined critically in the light of original texts gathered from such important sources as the Saivagamas, Saiva philosophical treatises, Puranas and Itihasas, and with reference to the extant sculpture of all ages of this symbol of worship, and the matter has been thoroughly discussed and, what viii PREFACE. the author ventures to claim to be, an impartial conclusion arrived at. In the body of the book, several matters, which will be seen to be quite new even to the informed Hindu, have been dealt with ; to cite an instance, everybody knows that Siva begged for food with the broken skull of Brahma as an expiation for the sin of having cut ofi one of Brahma's heads, but it is doubtful if it is known why this curious sort of penance should have been resorted to by Siva to get rid of His sin. Again, it has been found possible with the help of the knowledge derived from a close study of the bulk of the science of Ndiya-^astra together with commentaries thereon to elaborate and treat fully the manifold dances of Siva, though only eight or nine modes are described in the S,gamic and other works. The reader will, it is hoped, come across many other instances of fresh information being furnished on matters that have remained more or less obscure hitherto. The author cannot be too thankful to the Proprietors of the Law Printing House for the extraordinary care and trouble they have bestowed upon the printing and general get up of the books and for their readiness in coming forward and generously offering their timely help but for which the volume could not have been brought out. The II HINDU ICONOGEAPHY. author cannot also omit to express his sense of gratitude to Dr. A. K. Anandakumaraswami, M.A., D. Sc, for the ready and willing permission granted to him for reproducing the valuable article on the dance of Siva, contributed some time ago to the Siddhanta-Dlpika by the learned Doctor. He has also very great pleasure in recording here his high appreciation of the help cheerfully rendered by his Pandit Mr. V. Srinivasa Sastri, Smritivisarada, but for whose untiring industry and intelligent collaboration this work could not have been brought to a successful completion so soon. Messrs. Long- hurst, Stoney, Kay and Beardsell, have been so very kind as to assist the author with photographs of images in their respective collections and to accord their gracious permission to reproduce them : to these gentlemen, the author offers his grateful thanks. For reasons which need not be explained here, it was not possible for the author personally to super- vise the printing of the work throughout so as to ensure the presentation of an absolutely correct text ; he had therefore to entrust the task to the printers themselves. In spite of the care and trouble ungrudgingly bestowed by them in the midst of their multifarious duties, a number of errors have unavoidably crept in. Though such of PEEPAOE. them as have been subsequently noticed are noted in the errata list, it is likely many more have escaped detection, for which the author craves the indulgence of his readers. Madras, January 1916. THE AUTHOE. XI CONTENTS. Pages. Preface vii —xi A General Introduction on Saivaism, 1—71 I. LiNGAS 73—102 II. lingodbhavamurti, chandra ^bkharamurti, pl^upatamubti and Eaudra-Pa^upatamurti 103—126 III. SUKHASANAMURTI, UMASAEITAMURTI SOMASKANDAMURTI AND XIMAMAHE^ varamurti ... 127-141 IV. Samharamurtis :— 143—202 (i) Kamantakamurtji 147—149 (ii) Gajasura-samharamnrM 149—156 (iii) Kalarimurtii 156—164 (iv) Tripurantakamurti 164—171 (v) Sarabbesamurti 171—174 (vi) Brabma-sirasohhedakam ur ti = Bhairava 174—182 (a) Bhairava 177 (6) Vatuka-Bhairava 177—179 (c) Svamakarsbaiia Bhairava 179 (d) Sixty-four Bhairavaa 180—182 (vii) Virabhadramurti 183—188 (viii) Jalandhara-vadha-miirti 188-191 (ix) Mallari-Sivamurti 191—192 (x) Andbakasuravadhamiirti 192—194 Xlll HINDU ICONOGRAPHY. Pages. CONTENTS. Pages. (iii) Mahesamurti ... ... 379—386 (iv) Skadala Eudras ... ... 386—892 (v) Vidyeavaras... ... ... 392—403 (vi) Murtyashtaka ... ... 403—407 (vii) Local legends and images based upon Mahatmyas ... ... 407-411 XI. SUBRAHMAHYA ... ... 413—451 XII. NandikI^vaea ... ... 453—460 XIII. Chandb^vaea ... ... ... 461—469 XIV. Bhaktas ... ... ... 471—481 XV. Abya ... ... ... 483—492 XVI. KSHETRAPALA ... ... ... 493—498 XVII. Bbahma ... ... ... 499—512 XVIII. DiKPALAKAS ... ... ... 513—538 XIX. A^viNiDBVATAS ... ... 539—545 XX. Demi-gods ... ... ... 547—570 (i) Vasus ... ... ... 550—553 (ii) Nagadava and the Nagas ... 554— 558 (iii) Sadhyas ... ... ... 558—559 (iv) Asuras ... ... ... 559—561 (v) Apsaraaas ... ... ... 561—562 (yi) Pisaehas ... ... ... 562 (vii) Vetalas ... ... ... 562 (viii) Pitris ... ... ... 562—564 (ix) Rishis ... ... ... 564—567 (x) Gandharvas ... ... 568—569 (xi) Marut-ganas ... ... 569—570 Appendix A. ... ... ... 571—578 B. ... ... ... 1-279 , Index ... ... ... ... 1—37 XV LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS. PLATE TO FACE PAQB I—Three different views of the Bhita Linga (A.S.U.P.) ... 65 II—front, side and back views and the section of the Gudimallam Linga ... 66 III—Bust of the image of Siva on the Gudimallam Linga ... 66 Details of ornaments in the Gudimallam Sculpture. IV—Fig. 1, The head-gear of the Apasmara- purusha ... 67 IV—Fig. 2, The kuridala in the ear of Siva ... 67 IV—Fig. 3, The ornamental band on the upper arm of the same ... 67 IV—Fig. 4, The details of the bracelets of the same ... 67 IV—Fig. 5, The details of the jatamaknta of the same ... 67 IV— Fig. 6, The details of the hara on the neck of the same ... 67 IV—Fig. 7, Do. of the Apasmara-purusha. 67 V—Fig. 1, The Chennittalai Linga ... 69 V—Fig. 2, The Parasu in the left hand of the image of Siva in the Gudi- mallam Linga ... 69 V—Fig. 3, The kamandalu in the same ... 69 * T.S.A. Trivandram Sobool of Aits ; A.S.M. Aichseologioal Survey of Madias ; A,S. My, Aiobasologioal Survey of Mysore ; A.S. Bo. Arohsao- logioal Survey of Bombay ; A.S. I. Arobaeologioal Survey of India ; I.M, India Muaeum and A.S.U.F. Arcbseologioal Survey of United Provinces. Tbe pbotogiapbs and drawings wbiob are not followed by any of the abbreviations given above belong to tbe author's oolleotion, zvii III HINDU ICONOGEAPHY. PLATE TO PACE PAGE V—Fig. 4, The ram held in the right hand of the same ... 69 VI—The Adhya, Anadhya, Suradhya and Sarvasama lingas ... 93 VII—Fig. 1, The Trairasika Linga ... 95 VII—Fig.