DOCSLIB.ORG

Sabai Grass Fibre: an Insight Into Thermal Stability, Chemical Constitution and Morphology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sabai Grass Fibre: an Insight Into Thermal Stability, Chemical Constitution and Morphology International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Sabai Grass Fibre: An Insight into Thermal Stability, Chemical Constitution and Morphology 1Sanjay Sahu, 2AsimanandaKhandual & 3Lingaraj Behera 1Clearity Specialties LLP, Thane, Mumbai, India 2Fashion & Apparel Technology, College of Engineering & Technology (CET), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 3Dept. of Chemistry, North Orissa University, Baripada Email: [email protected] [Received: 20th Nov.2016; Revised:28th Nov.2016; century, natural fibres have been displaced in our Accepted:30th Nov.2016] clothing, house hold furnishings, industries and agriculture by man-made fibres with names like Abstract— Many natural materials and processes acrylic, nylon, polyester and polypropylene. The and the natural fibres are being explored to be added success of Synthetics is mainly due to cost and up in the main stream application as we are more customised applications. After World war II, the concerned today to ecology, sustainability, and building up of synthetic fibre significantly healthy social responsibility. Apart from eastern decreased the use of natural fibre. With continuous India, in regions of various asian countries, Sabai increase in petrochemical prices and environmental grass (Eulaliopsis binate), has a prominent role to considerations, there is a revival of natural fibre play. They have cellulose contents close to 45%; which is larger than sisal and palm and the uses in textile, building, plastics and automotive fundamental characteristic of this fiber is good industries. This interest is reinforced by the comparatively, and the lignin content is close to development of agro-industrial market and local 18.5%. Conventionally, the fundamental research on productions. this fibre and its processing route has not been developed completely as it is dominantly used to make I.1. Natural fibres and future (1) paper, conserve soil, fabricate hand knitting. In this investigation, we preferred the chemical constitution a) Responsible Choice:Natural fibres are of major of sabai grass with other natural cellulosic fibres, economic importance to many developing studied its morphology in scanning electron countries. It is vital to the livelihoods and food microscopy and analysed their thermal stability by simultaneous thermal Analyses for fundamental security of millions of small scale farmers and understanding. processors. By choosing natural fibres, we boost the sectors contribution to economic growth and help Index Terms— Eulaliopsis binate, sabai grass, rural fight hunger and rural poverty. fibres, DTA, TGA, STA b) Healthy choice: Natural fibres provide natural I. INTRODUCTION ventilation. Cotton is felt comfortable on a hot day. Wool acts as insulators against both cold and heat. Textiles have been a fundamental part of human life Coconut fibres have natural resistance to fungus and since the dawn of civilisation. Natural fibres are mites. Hemp fibre has antibacterial property and greatly elongated substances produced by plants linen is the most hygienic textile for hospital bed and animals and have been available to society since sheets. antiquity. The natural fibres form fabrics, ropes and twines that have been fundamental to the society. c) Sustainable choice: The green concept is based Relentless completion from synthetics and current on energy efficiency, renewable feed stocks in global economic down turn impact the livelihoods polymer products, reduction in carbon emissions of millions of people who depend on natural fibre and recyclable materials. Natural fibres are not only production and processing. Over the past half _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ISSN (Print):2347-7601, ISSN (Online): 2347-761X, Vol-4, Iss-4, 2016 1 International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ important to producers and industry, but also to of goods such as ropes, mats, carpets, sofa sets, wall consumers and environment. hangings and other sophisticated fashionable articles. Being a renewable, sustainable fibre, this d) High-tech choice: Natural fibres have good golden grass fibre possesses a tremendous potential mechanical strength, low weight and low cost. in uplifting the economic status of society in general Natural fibres may be reinforced with thermoplastic and that of Mayurbhanj district in particular. It panel for high tech application. seems to be quite promising both for apparel and technical textiles such as composites, geotechnical e) Fashionable choice: Natural fibres are at the heart textiles. of an eco-fashion. Garments that are made from natural fibres are sustainable at every stage of their I.3. Morphology of Sabai grass Fibre life cycle. All lignocellulosic materials are composed of I.2. Sabai Grass fibre and its importance : Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which are closely associated with each other at plant level. Sabai grass (Eulaliapsis binata), a perennial plant, Eulaliposis binata is an excellent natural cellulose belonging to the family Poaceae, is grown in many material, noted for its long fibres that have good asian countries like China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, strength and toughness. Table -1 shows the Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and morphological characteristics of Sabai grass. Philippines. Socio-Economic development involves an increase in the material well being of the society. Table-1 Morphological characteristics of Sabai grass and bamboo fibre It is a perennial grass of poaceae family, one of the best fibre grass plants for its high fibre quality and Particulars Sabai production (2). This fibre based on plants or Grass vegetable origin that ensures easy planting, good Colour Brownish perennial growth, wide adaptability, stress yellow resistance, well-developed root system and dense Density (g/cm3) ---- populating propensity. In fact, sabai grass is a Fibre length( L ) in mm 2.4 suitable species for soil and water conservation and Fibre width (D) in µm 9.90 wasteland construction. (3,4) In addition, their good Lumen width (d) in µm 5.75 flexibility and strength, high leaf fibre content (> Cell wall thickness (w) in µm 2.11 55%), low lignin content (< 14%), excellent average Flexibility Co-efficient (d/D x100) 57.67 fibre length (20 mm), enables it as one of the best Slenderness ratio L/D 266 raw material among fibre grass plants for paper Rigidity Coefficient 2w/D 0./42 industry and as rayon and woven materials (2,5–7). Wall fraction (2w/D) x 100 42 Their large-scale cultivation in barren hills and Runkel ratio 2w/d 0.73 slopes have already been practised and proved to (8, 9) The average fibre length of sabai grass is 2.4 mm have fast ecological benefits . These grass compared to those of 17 mm of bamboo. Therefore, family characteristics resembles as a relative of all the mechanical properties of Sabai grass are cereal crops, with high frequency of autonomous (10) (5,11) better than that of bamboo. Based on morphological apospory and wildly seen in in China , India characteristics, the sabai grass is quite comparable and countries in southeast asia with different (12,13) and even better in some characteristics than that of ecological habitats . Sabai grass is also bamboo fibre. Microscopic examination revels that popularly used as construction material for thatches, sabai grass fibres are long, thin, slender and taper walls, roofs and ropes, filler material in plastics and (14,15) off to pointed ends with some parenchymatous in mud matrix cells. The epidermal cells of Sabai grass can be Mayurbhanj is one of the richest districts in Odisha dissolved to some extent with alkali. so far as forest and mineral wealth are concerned. The unique morphological characteristics of Sabai grass Industry plays a predominant role in openness in anatomical features along with low shaping the economic status of rural people in the lignin content makes it desirable for pulp-making district. The industry is associated with various easily at milder cooking and ease of bleaching. The activities of raising production of grass, processing _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ISSN (Print):2347-7601, ISSN (Online): 2347-761X, Vol-4, Iss-4, 2016 2 International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ fibre cross sectional images (19) clearly indicate dilute acid hydrolysis has hardly any effect on their dimensions for water drainage characteristics cellulose degradation. ensuring them not to require extensive refining to develop fibrillation, hydration and inter- fibre In this present investigation, we analysed the sabai bonding; a big advantage for special quality grade grass morphology through SEM along with thermal paper. analysis to relate its chemical constitution response towards thermal stability(23) II. EXPERIMENTAL The Sabai grass samples were scoured by 2% NaOH and then bleached with H2O2. The samples were washed and dried at 105 O c for 1 hour and then analysed by Scanning Electron microscope, EVO 18 of Carl Zeiss. Then the thermal analysis was carried out by simultaneous thermal analyser (STA) Figure 1. Cross sectional image of Sabai grass fibre of Perkin Elmer which is useful for characterizing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improved Conservation Plant Materials Released by NRCS and Cooperators Through December 2014
    Natural Resources Conservation Service Improved Conservation Plant Materials Released by Plant Materials Program NRCS and Cooperators through December 2014 Page intentionally left blank. Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Program Improved Conservation Plant Materials Released by NRCS and Cooperators Through December 2014 Norman A. Berg Plant Materials Center 8791 Beaver Dam Road Building 509, BARC-East Beltsville, Maryland 20705 U.S.A. Phone: (301) 504-8175 prepared by: Julie A. DePue Data Manager/Secretary [email protected] John M. Englert Plant Materials Program Leader [email protected] January 2015 Visit our Website: http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics Page Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Types of Plant Materials Releases ........................................................................................................................2 Sources of Plant Materials ....................................................................................................................................3 NRCS Conservation Plants Released in 2013 and 2014 .......................................................................................4 Complete Listing of Conservation Plants Released through December 2014 ......................................................6 Grasses ......................................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of China 22: 592. 2006. 193. EULALIOPSIS Honda, Bot. Mag
    Flora of China 22: 592. 2006. 193. EULALIOPSIS Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38: 56. 1924. 拟金茅属 ni jin mao shu Chen Shouliang (陈守良); Sylvia M. Phillips Pollinidium Stapf ex Haines. Perennial. Leaf blades narrow; ligule a long-ciliate rim. Inflorescences terminal and axillary from upper leaf sheaths, composed of a few subdigitate racemes; racemes conspicuously hairy, fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelets of a pair similar, both fertile; rachis internodes and pedicels flat, ciliate. Spikelets elliptic-oblong, lightly laterally compressed below middle, flat above; callus densely bearded; glumes villous below middle; lower glume papery, convex, 5–9-veined, veins prominent, apex shortly 2–3-toothed; upper glume 3–9-veined, apex acute or 2-toothed, with or without an awn-point; lower floret male or sterile, lemma and palea well developed, hyaline; upper lemma lanceolate-oblong, hyaline, entire or minutely 2-toothed, awned; awn weakly geniculate; upper pa- lea broadly ovate, glabrous or apex long ciliate. Stamens 3. Two species: Afghanistan and India to China and Philippines; one species in China. 1. Eulaliopsis binata (Retzius) C. E. Hubbard, Hooker’s Icon. with hairs to 2 mm. Racemes 2–4, 2–5 cm, softly golden- Pl. 33: t. 3262, p. 6. 1935. villous; rachis internodes 2–2.5 mm, golden-villous on one or both margins, sometimes thinly. Spikelets 3.8–6 mm, yellow- 拟金茅 ni jin mao ish; callus hairs up to 3/4 spikelet length; lower glume villous Andropogon binatus Retzius, Observ. Bot. 5: 21. 1789; A. along lower margins and in tufts on back; upper glume slightly involutus Steudel; A.
    [Show full text]
  • (Eulaliopsis Binata) Transcriptome
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Genomics 102 (2013) 57–62 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Genomics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ygeno Sequencing, de novo assembly, annotation and SSR and SNP detection of sabaigrass (Eulaliopsis binata) transcriptome Dian Zou a, Xinbo Chen a,b,⁎, Dongsheng Zou a,⁎⁎ a College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China b Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China article info abstract Article history: Eulaliopsis binata is one of the best fiber grass plants for its high fiber quality and production. Large scale Received 26 December 2012 trancriptome sequencing of E. binata was first performed using mixed leaf samples of 20 wild clusters. A Accepted 23 February 2013 total of 26,438,832 clean reads were generated and were assembled into 59,134 isogenes with an average Available online 15 April 2013 length of 845 bp. BLAST against the NCBI non-redundant protein, KEGG and GO databases has classified these isogenes into functional categories for understanding gene functions and regulation pathways. Only Keywords: 15.0% of the assembled isogenes were similar to known proteins and 24.4% has no hits in the nr protein data- Eulaliopsis binata Transcriptome sequencing base. The total isogenes and 5306 highly expressed isogenes were performed by BLASTx with the MAIZEWALL, Annotation the cell wall navigator and the PlantTFDB databases. A total of 6681 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and Fiber 147,177 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the isogenes and 5723 pairs of SSR primers Cell wall were designed.
    [Show full text]
  • (Poaceae: Panicoideae) in Thailand
    Systematics of Arundinelleae and Andropogoneae, subtribes Chionachninae, Dimeriinae and Germainiinae (Poaceae: Panicoideae) in Thailand Thesis submitted to the University of Dublin, Trinity College for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) by Atchara Teerawatananon 2009 Research conducted under the supervision of Dr. Trevor R. Hodkinson School of Natural Sciences Department of Botany Trinity College University of Dublin, Ireland I Declaration I hereby declare that the contents of this thesis are entirely my own work (except where otherwise stated) and that it has not been previously submitted as an exercise for a degree to this or any other university. I agree that library of the University of Dublin, Trinity College may lend or copy this thesis subject to the source being acknowledged. _______________________ Atchara Teerawatananon II Abstract This thesis has provided a comprehensive taxonomic account of tribe Arundinelleae, and subtribes Chionachninae, Dimeriinae and Germainiinae of the tribe Andropogoneae in Thailand. Complete floristic treatments of these taxa have been completed for the Flora of Thailand project. Keys to genera and species, species descriptions, synonyms, typifications, illustrations, distribution maps and lists of specimens examined, are also presented. Fourteen species and three genera of tribe Arundinelleae, three species and two genera of subtribe Chionachninae, seven species of subtribe Dimeriinae, and twelve species and two genera of Germainiinae, were recorded in Thailand, of which Garnotia ciliata and Jansenella griffithiana were recorded for the first time for Thailand. Three endemic grasses, Arundinella kerrii, A. kokutensis and Dimeria kerrii were described as new species to science. Phylogenetic relationships among major subfamilies in Poaceae and among major tribes within Panicoideae were evaluated using parsimony analysis of plastid DNA regions, trnL-F and atpB- rbcL, and a nuclear ribosomal DNA region, ITS.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasses and Grasslands
    Grasses and Grasslands – Sensitization on the • Characteristics • Identification • Ecology • Utilisation Of Grasses by MANOJ CHANDRAN IFS Chief Conservator of Forests Govt. of Uttarakhand Grasses and Grasslands • Grass – A member of Family Poaceae • Cyperaceae- Sedges • Juncaceae - Rushes • Grassland – A vegetation community predominated by herbs and other grass or grass like plants including undergrowth trees. Temperate and Tropical Grasslands • Prairies • Pampas • Steppes • Veldt • Savanna Major Grassland types (old classification) • Dabadghao & Shankarnarayan (1973) – Sehima – Dichanthium type – Dichanthium - Cenchrus – Lasiurus type – Phragmites – Saccharum – Imperata type – Themeda – Arundinella type – Cymbopogon – Pennisetum type – Danthonia – Poa type Revised Grassland Types of India (2015) 1. Coastal Grasslands 2. Riverine Alluvial Grasslands 3. Montane Grasslands 4. Sub-Himalayan Tall Grasslands of Terai region 5. Tropical Savannas 6. Wet Grasslands Grassland types of India 1- Coastal grasslands – Sea beaches (mainland and islands) – Salt marshes – Mangrove grasslands Sea beach grasslands, Spinifex littoreus Salt marsh grasslands, Rann of Kutch 2. Riverine Alluvial grasslands Corbett NP, Katerniaghat WLS 3. Montane grasslands – Himalayan subtropical grasslands – Himalayan temperate grasslands – Alpine meadows – Trans-himalayan Steppes – Grasslands of North East Hills – Grasslands of Central Highlands – Western Ghats • Plateaus of North WG, Shola grasslands and South WG – Eastern ghats – Montane Bamboo brakes Alpine meadows, Kedarnath Alpine meadows Mamla/Ficchi – Danthonia cachemyriana Cordyceps sinensis – Yar-tsa Gam-bu Annual Migration Montane grasslands of NE Hills, Dzukou valley Montane bamboo brakes of Dzukou valley, Nagaland Shola Grasslands, South Western Ghats Pine forest grasslands, Uttarakhand Central Highlands, Pachmarhi, MP Trans-Himalayan Steppes Grazing in trans-Himalayan steppe Tibetan steppe, Mansarovar Tibetan steppe 4. Sub-himalayan Tall Grasslands of Terai Region 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal Biodiversity Strategy
    NEPAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY His Majesty’s Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Supported by Global Environment Facility and UNDP 2002 : 2002, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, HMG, Nepal ISBN: 99933- xxx xxx Published by: His Majesty’s Government of Nepal Citation: HMGN/MFSC. 2002. Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, xxx pages Cover Photo: R.P. Chaudhary and King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation Back Photo: Nepal Tourism Board Acknowledgements The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) is an important output of the Biodiversity Conservation Project of the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC) of His Majesty’s Government of Nepal. The Biodiversity Conservation Project is supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The preparation of the NBS is based on the substantial efforts of and assistance from numerous scientists, policy-makers and organisations who generously shared their data and expertise. The document represents the culmination of hard work by a broad range of government sectors, non- government organisations, and individual stakeholders. The MFSC would like to express sincere thanks to all those who contributed to this effort. The MFSC particularly recognises the fundamental contribution of Resources Nepal, under the leadership of Dr. P.B. Yonzon, for the extensive collection of data from various sources for the preparation of the first draft. The formulation of the strategy has been through several progressive drafts and rounds of consultations by representatives from Government, community-based organisations, NGOs, INGOs and donors. For the production of the second draft, the MFSC acknowledges the following: Prof. Ram P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biosystematic Study of the Genus Imperata (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) Mark Lauren Gabel Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1982 A biosystematic study of the genus Imperata (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) Mark Lauren Gabel Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Gabel, Mark Lauren, "A biosystematic study of the genus Imperata (Gramineae: Andropogoneae) " (1982). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7499. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7499 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting througli an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed.
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted 28 May, 2010
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(14), pp. 1349-1358, 18 July, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR10.006 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Taxonomic utilization of anatomical characters in tribe Andropogoneae (Poaceae) based on transverse sections of leaves Farooq Ahmad1, Mir Ajab Khan1, Mushtaq Ahmad1, Muhammad Zafar1* and Ameer Khan2 1Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Accepted 28 May, 2010 In the present investigations, 13 species of grasses belonging to 10 genera of tribe Andropogoneae (Poaceae) were collected from salt range area of Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to identify and differentiate the grasses on the basis of leaf anatomical characters, at the specific and generic level within the tribe. Variations are observed in different characters of T.S. of leaf (presence and absence of sclerenchyma girders or strands, ribs, furrows and prickles adaxially and abaxially in different species), which are valuable in taxonomy and identification and differentiation of grasses of tribe Andropogoneae. The studies showed that Dicanthium foveolatum and Saccharum spontaneum are differentiated by anchor shaped abaxial and anchor shaped sclerenchyma girders, while the presence of large air spaces in the mesophyll of S. spontaneum and Vetiveria zizanoides makes them distinct from other species of the tribe. Bulliform cells in irregular and fan shaped groups and radial arrangement of chlorenchyma cells around the vascular bundles is the characteristic of all the species of the tribe, showing panicoid type of leaf with kranz type of anatomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Landscapes of Nepal
    Conservation Landscapes of Nepal Government of Nepal Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Kathmandu Kathmandu 2016 2016 Conservation Landscapes of Nepal Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Kathmandu 2016 Publisher Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Citation Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation 2016. Conservation Landscapes of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Cover photo credits © WWF Nepal/ Susheel Shrestha © Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Conservation Landscapes of Nepal | iii Abbreviations and Acronyms ACAP Annapurna Conservation Area Project BZMC Buffer Zone Management Committee CAMC Conservation Area Management Committees CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CFUGs Community Forest User Groups CHAL Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation DoF Department of Forests ECTC Eastern Chure and Terai Complex GLOF Glacier Lake Outburst Flood HBP Hariyo Ban Program HDI Human Development Index IBA Important Bird Areas ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Program IUCN The World Conservation Union KCA Kanchenjunga Conservation Area KCL Karnali Conservation Landscape KL Kanchenjunga Landscape KSL Kailash Sacred Landscape LRMP Land Resources Mapping Project LSU Landscape Support Unit MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations Into Phytoliths As Diagnostic Markers for the Grasses (Poaceae) of Punjab
    Universal Journal of Plant Science 2(6): 107-122, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ ujps.2014.020602 Investigations into Phytoliths as Diagnostic Markers for the Grasses (Poaceae) of Punjab S. A. Shakoor, M. A. Bhat, S. H. Mir, A. S. Soodan* Plant Systematics & Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab) India *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved Abstract Grasses are known to accumulate amorphous reduce heat load of the foliage and other overground parts of silica (SiO2.nH2O) within and between cells as silica bodies the plant body [12-14]. But taxonomic characterization, of characteristic shapes. The position and type of the host identification and classification of plant taxa is an area of cells are the characters that seem to control their shape and research wherein phytolith analysis has proved most useful. size. The present study was carried out to assess and utilize Apart from taxonomic diagnosis, phytoliths have provided the diagnostic potential of phytolith types in the useful evidences in preparing calendars of the use of grain identification of grass taxa at sub-familial, tribal, generic and crops in historic and prehistoric agriculture [15-17]. specific levels. Clearing solution method was employed for Distribution of phytoliths in soil has been utilized for the locating the position of phytoliths within and between cells. reconstruction of paleoclimatic regimes in the geological Dry and wet ashing methods were subsequently employed past [1]. Identification of plant species from micro-fossils is for their isolation. Scanning Electron Microscopy was another use of phytolith analysis [18].
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics of Miscanthus, Saccharum and Related Genera
    J Plant Res (2002) 115:381–392 © The Botanical Society of Japan and Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2002 Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 10.1007/s10265-002-0049-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Trevor R. Hodkinson • Mark W. Chase • M. Dolores Lledó • Nicolas Salamin • Stephen A. Renvoize Phylogenetics of Miscanthus, Saccharum and related genera (Saccharinae, Andropogoneae, Poaceae) based on DNA sequences from ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA and plastid trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacers Received: February 4, 2002 / Accepted: June 19, 2002 / Published online: August 28, 2002 Abstract DNA sequences were used to assess the mono- phyly and inter-relationships of Miscanthus, Saccharum Introduction and related genera in the Saccharum complex. Three DNA regions were sequenced, including the trnL intron and the Tribe Andropogoneae (Poaceae) includes many species trnL-F intergenic spacer of the plastid genome and the ITS with high economic value, including the C4 grasses Saccha- region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). Because it was rum officinarum L. (sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor (L.) more variable, the ITS region proved most suitable for phy- Moench (sorghum) and Zea mays L. (maize). Subtribe Sac- logenetic reconstruction at this level, and the results indi- charinae Griseb. includes Saccharum L. and Miscanthus cate that Miscanthus s.l. and Saccharum s.l. are polyphyletic. Anderss., the latter having considerable potential as a bio- A set of species from Saccharum section Ripidium (clade a) mass crop for renewable energy production and raw mate- do not group closely with any members of Saccharum s.l.. A rial for the cellulose and paper industries (Bullard et al. number of Miscanthus species from eastern or south- 1995; Clifton-Brown and Lewandowski 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • 2020.07.29.226753V1.Full.Pdf
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.29.226753; this version posted July 30, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. On the Validity of the Saccharum Complex and the Saccharinae Subtribe: A Re-assesment Dyfed Lloyd Evans1,2 Shailesh Vinay Joshi1 1South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, Durban, South Africa 2Cambridge Sequence Services, Waterbeach, Cambridge, UK July 28, 2020 Abstract The ‘Saccharum Complex’ represents an hypothetical collective of species that were supposedly responsible, through interbreeding, for the origins of sugarcane. Though recent phylogenetic studies have cast doubt on the veracity of this hypothesis, it has cast a long shadow over the taxonomics of the Andropogoneae and the Saccharinae subtribe. Though evidence suggests that Saccharum s.s. is comprised of only three true species, ac- cording to Kew’s GrassBase there are as many as 34 species in Saccharum s.l. Our recent work has shown that many of these species are millions of years divergent from Saccharum. As the Saccharum complex represents the species that sugarcane breeders attempt to introgress into sugarcane, and as the Saccharinae, in its current form, covers almst 12 million years of Andropogoneae evolution an update on the extents of the Taxonomic and customary groupings is much needed. Based on the latest sequence based phylogenies and the inclusion of traditional taxonomics we develop an integrated view of the Saccharinae + Saccharum complex species in the context of the major groupings within the Andropogoneae.
    [Show full text]