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Redalyc.TERREMOTO Y TSUNAMI DEL 27 DE FEBRERO DE 2010 Urbano ISSN: 0717-3997 [email protected] Universidad del Bío Bío Chile Morales Muñoz, Roberto TERREMOTO Y TSUNAMI DEL 27 DE FEBRERO DE 2010. EFECTOS URBANOS EN LOCALIDADES DE LA PROVINCIA DE ARAUCO Urbano, vol. 13, núm. 22, octubre, 2010, pp. 43-62 Universidad del Bío Bío Concepción, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19817730007 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto TERREMOTO Y TSUNAMI DEL 27 DE FEBRERO DE 2010. EFECTOS URBANOS EN LOCALIDADES DE LA PROVINCIA DE ARAUCO THE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF FEBRUARY 27, 2010 URBAN EFFECTS ON THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE ARAUCO PROVINCE Roberto Morales Muñoz* RESUMEN ABSTRACT Frente a los graves daños causados por el terremoto y posterior tsunami In face of the severe damage caused by the earthquake and subsequent del 27 de febrero del 2010 en las costas de la macrozona centro sur de tsunami of February 27 - 2010 on the coast of the central-southern zone of Chile, especialmente en pequeñas localidades costeras que viven del mar, Chile, especially in small coastal communities who live from the sea, both tanto de la pesca artesanal como del turismo local, siempre es posible sacar from fi shing and from local tourism, it is always possible to draw positive lecciones positivas, que permitan a través de la reconstrucción, mejorar la lessons from the reconstruction process that allow to improve the quality calidad y seguridad de estos asentamientos, en este caso particular, sobre and security of these settlements. This study addresses the specifi c case of la planifi cación de los asentamientos costeros de Tubul, Llico y Tirúa en the planning process of the coastal settlements of Tubul, Llico and Tirúa la provincia de Arauco de la Región del Bio Bio, located in the province of Arauco, in the Bio Bio Region. El presente artículo entrega una visión sintética de los efectos urbanos This article presents a synthetic vision of the urban effects of the ca- de esta catástrofe, desde un punto de vista geográfi co y señala las principales tastrophe, from a geographical point of view, and points out at the main acciones que se están emprendiendo para lograr que su reconstrucción sea actions being undertaken to ensure a sustainable reconstruction and to sustentable y contribuya a mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. contribute to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. Palabras claves: terremoto, tsunami, planifi cación urbana, asenta- Keywords: earthquake, tsunami, urban planning, coastal settlements mientos costeros Puente Llacolén, el principal viaducto de la ciudad de Concepción hacia la provincia de Arauco, muestra los efectos del megaterremoto del 27 de febrero de 2010. * Geógrafo, Profesional Departamento de Desarrollo Urbano, Secretaría Regional Ministerial del Ministerio de la Vivienda y Urbanismo, correo electrónico: [email protected] Fecha de recepción: 10/05/10 Fecha de aceptación: 05/10/10 Revista URBANO 22. Págs . 43-62. Concepción, Chile. Octubre 2010 44 – OCTUBRE 2010 / Asuntos Urbanos Nacionales Antecedentes generales En Chile alcanzó su máxima intensidad en las regio- nes del Maule y del Bio Bio, la Macro Zona Centro Sur del La madrugada del sábado 27 de Febrero del 2010 exactamen- País. El gobierno decretó zona de catástrofe a las regiones de te a las 03:34 hrs. azotó a Chile un sismo con características Valparaíso, O¨Higgins, del Maule, del Bio Bio, La Araucanía de terremoto de 8, 8 grados de intensidad en la escala de y Metropolitana. (D.S. Nº150 de 27/02/2010) Richter, que tuvo una duración de 2 minutos 45 segundos. Otros efectos geofísicos producidos por el terremoto, Según la NASA la energía liberada por este movimiento según informaciones preliminares, fueron la elevación del sísmico es equivalente a 100 mil bombas atómicas de Hiros- suelo natural hasta 2,7 m en la provincia de Arauco e isla hima y produjo una redistribución de la masa terrestre del Mocha emplazada frente a Tirúa, y lo mas impactante fue planeta, que cambió la rotación e inclinó el eje terrestre en el tsunami o maremoto que trajo consigo y que arrasó di- 2,7 milisegundos de arco (equivalente a 8 cm.) versas localidades costeras desde Constitución hasta Tirúa Se señala que este terremoto ha sido el quinto mas por el sur. grande de la historia de la Humanidad, y tuvo su epicentro El terremoto y posterior tsunami provocó la muerte a 50 Km. al noreste de la ciudad de Concepción, y a 63 de más de 500 personas, un centenar de desaparecidos y Km. al suroeste de la ciudad de Cauquenes de la Región del 800 mil personas damnificadas. Las ciudades y pueblos de Maule, frente a las costas entre Curanipe y Cobquecura y a la macro zona sufrieron grandes daños en las viviendas, edi- 47,4 kilómetros de profundidad bajo la corteza terrestre. Fue ficios y obras de infraestructura vial, sanitaria y energética. percibido en gran parte del cono sur con diversas intensida- Las viviendas de adobe y los edificios en altura fueron los des, desde Ica en Perú por el norte hasta Buenos Aires y Sao más afectados por el sismo, del orden de 190 mil viviendas Paulo por el oriente.1 derrumbadas o inhabitables. Hubo incomunicación por el co- lapso de numerosos puentes en diversas ciudades y carreteras. 1 Enciclopedia Wikipedia: “Terremoto en Chile 2010” Fig. 1. Edificio Alto Río en Concepción. Fig. 3 Colapso Puente Llacolén Fig. 2 Calle Aurelio Manzano en Concepcion Fig. 4 Colapso total Puente Viejo Terremoto y tsunami del 27 de febrero de 2010. Efectos urbanos en localidades de la provincia... Roberto Morales Muñoz / OCTUBRE 2010 – 45 La caída del edificio Alto Río y el rescate de personas vivas y fallecidas atrapadas en su interior se convirtieron en uno de los símbolos emblemáticos del terremoto en Concep- ción, junto con la caída de lozas del puente Llacolén. El terremoto Según el Servicio Geológico y Sismológico de EE.UU. (USGS), el terremoto de Chile tuvo dos focos de liberación de energía. La fractura de la placa se originó en Cobquecura y luego se dirigió al norte y en su trayectoria desencadenó un segundo epicentro a la altura de Curicó, debido a que se encontró con una zona con energía contenida, lo que produjo una segunda liberación de energía. Hacia el sur la situación fue diferente ya que el terremoto de 1960 (de 9,5 grados, siendo el más grande del mundo) liberó tanta energía que para Febrero 2010 no había transcurrido el tiempo suficiente para Fig. 6 Zona mayormente afectada por el terremoto que ésta volviera a producir un nuevo epicentro en esa zona. Fig. 5 Distribución de las placas tectonicas de Nazca y Sudamericana De acuerdo a estudios preliminares basados en aná- lisis satelitales efectuados por USGS, es posible detectar y Fig. 7 Epicentro terremoto 27/f/2010 comparar que el continente sufrió cambios en la altura con respecto al nivel del mar y en el desplazamiento en relación El terremoto desencadenó una tipología de efectos físi- a sus coordenadas N y E. Tal es así que Lebu y la Isla Mo- cos muy recurrentes en el territorio, que se asocian a riesgos cha se elevaron 3,38 m., la isla Santa María se elevó 2,0 m., naturales, entre los de mayor ocurrencia en casi todas las Concepción se elevó 1,2 m., Talcahuano 1,5 m. Paradójica- ciudades y pueblos costeros de la región se pueden destacar y agrupar en dos tipos: a) los procesos de remoción en masa mente, Cobquecura que es una de las localidades costeras más como derrumbes y deslizamientos de terreno y desprendi- cercanas al epicentro no sufrió una elevación, sino que por mientos de rocas y b) los procesos de asentamiento, hundi- el contrario se generó un leve hundimiento. Más al norte la miento y ondulación por licuefacción del suelo. localidad de Iloca se hundió y sus efectos se pueden apreciar Los primeros, de remoción en masa, están relacionados a simple vista en el cambio del curso en la desembocadura con los sectores de pendientes fuertes, sean estos acantilados del río Mataquito. También se ha detectado cambios en los marinos, laderas de cerros y quebradas, siendo en algunos trenes de olas en las playas de Pichilemu, tan apetecidas por casos procesos desencadenados por la acción antrópica (ta- los surfistas, producto de modificaciones en la gradiente del ludes artificiales sin tratamiento). Cabe destacar que tanto fondo marino. las arcillas y el maicillo (esquistos y granitos muy alterados) de la Cordillera de la Costa, como también las areniscas y 46 – OCTUBRE 2010 / Asuntos Urbanos Nacionales conglomerados de terrazas marinas secundarias y terciarias, son fácilmente erosionables y vulnerable a los deslizamientos y derrumbes. En los acantilados de la costa de Tomé, de la península de Hualpén y Tumbes y del Golfo de Arauco, fueron pro- cesos recurrentes con el terremoto, con mayor presencia en aquellos formados por terrazas marinas. Estos derrumbes y grietas pueden ser fenómenos que se activen con las lluvias invernales, debido a la mayor vulnerabilidad a la penetración del agua y consiguiente saturación de las masas y bloques inestables. Con el sismo se activaron los procesos de remoción en masa de los acantilados y se generaron grietas en la cabecera de los deslizamiento y derrumbes, son grites de tracción en el borde superior del talud, denominadas también de coronamiento de los acantilados. Estas grietas manifiestan la formación de nuevos escarpes, los que se pueden activar con las fuertes lluvias.
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