Medical Tests, Signs & Maneuvers Guide
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HEENT EXAMINIATION ______HEENT Exam Exam Overview
HEENT EXAMINIATION ____________________________________________________________ HEENT Exam Exam Overview I. Head A. Visual inspection B. Palpation of scalp II. Eyes A. Visual Acuity B. Visual Fields C. Extraocular Movements/Near Response D. Inspection of sclera & conjunctiva E. Pupils F. Ophthalmoscopy III. Ears A. External Inspection B. Otoscopy C. Hearing Acuity D. Weber/Rinne IV. Nose A. External Inspection B. Speculum/otoscope C. Sinus areas V. Throat/Mouth A. Mouth Examination B. Pharynx Examination C. Bimanual Palpation VI. Neck A. Lymph nodes B. Thyroid gland 29 HEENT EXAMINIATION ____________________________________________________________ HEENT Terms Acuity – (ehk-yu-eh-tee) sharpness, clearness, and distinctness of perception or vision. Accommodation - adjustment, especially of the eye for seeing objects at various distances. Miosis – (mi-o-siss) constriction of the pupil of the eye, resulting from a normal response to an increase in light or caused by certain drugs or pathological conditions. Conjunctiva – (kon-junk-ti-veh) the mucous membrane lining the inner surfaces of the eyelids and anterior part of the sclera. Sclera – (sklehr-eh) the tough fibrous tunic forming the outer envelope of the eye and covering all of the eyeball except the cornea. Cornea – (kor-nee-eh) clear, bowl-shaped structure at the front of the eye. It is located in front of the colored part of the eye (iris). The cornea lets light into the eye and partially focuses it. Glaucoma – (glaw-ko-ma) any of a group of eye diseases characterized by abnormally high intraocular fluid pressure, damaged optic disk, hardening of the eyeball, and partial to complete loss of vision. Conductive hearing loss - a hearing impairment of the outer or middle ear, which is due to abnormalities or damage within the conductive pathways leading to the inner ear. -
Brachial-Plexopathy.Pdf
Brachial Plexopathy, an overview Learning Objectives: The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that originate from cervical and upper thoracic nerve roots and eventually terminate as the named nerves that innervate the muscles and skin of the arm. Brachial plexopathies are not common in most practices, but a detailed knowledge of this plexus is important for distinguishing between brachial plexopathies, radiculopathies and mononeuropathies. It is impossible to write a paper on brachial plexopathies without addressing cervical radiculopathies and root avulsions as well. In this paper will review brachial plexus anatomy, clinical features of brachial plexopathies, differential diagnosis, specific nerve conduction techniques, appropriate protocols and case studies. The reader will gain insight to this uncommon nerve problem as well as the importance of the nerve conduction studies used to confirm the diagnosis of plexopathies. Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus: To assess the brachial plexus by localizing the lesion at the correct level, as well as the severity of the injury requires knowledge of the anatomy. An injury involves any condition that impairs the function of the brachial plexus. The plexus is derived of five roots, three trunks, two divisions, three cords, and five branches/nerves. Spinal roots join to form the spinal nerve. There are dorsal and ventral roots that emerge and carry motor and sensory fibers. Motor (efferent) carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral nerves. This Dorsal Root Sensory (afferent) carries messages from the peripheral to the Ganglion is why spinal cord or both. A small ganglion containing cell bodies of sensory NCS’s sensory fibers lies on each posterior root. -
Piriformis Syndrome Is Overdiagnosed 11 Robert A
American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine AANEM CROSSFIRE: CONTROVERSIES IN NEUROMUSCULAR AND ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC MEDICINE Loren M. Fishman, MD, B.Phil Robert A.Werner, MD, MS Scott J. Primack, DO Willam S. Pease, MD Ernest W. Johnson, MD Lawrence R. Robinson, MD 2005 AANEM COURSE F AANEM 52ND Annual Scientific Meeting Monterey, California CROSSFIRE: Controversies in Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine Loren M. Fishman, MD, B.Phil Robert A.Werner, MD, MS Scott J. Primack, DO Willam S. Pease, MD Ernest W. Johnson, MD Lawrence R. Robinson, MD 2005 COURSE F AANEM 52nd Annual Scientific Meeting Monterey, California AANEM Copyright © September 2005 American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue SW, Suite 300 East Rochester, MN 55902 PRINTED BY JOHNSON PRINTING COMPANY, INC. ii CROSSFIRE: Controversies in Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine Faculty Loren M. Fishman, MD, B.Phil Scott J. Primack, DO Assistant Clinical Professor Co-director Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Colorado Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons Denver, Colorado New York City, New York Dr. Primack completed his residency at the Rehabilitation Institute of Dr. Fishman is a specialist in low back pain and sciatica, electrodiagnosis, Chicago in 1992. He then spent 6 months with Dr. Larry Mack at the functional assessment, and cognitive rehabilitation. Over the last 20 years, University of Washington. Dr. Mack, in conjunction with the Shoulder he has lectured frequently and contributed over 55 publications. His most and Elbow Service at the University of Washington, performed some of the recent work, Relief is in the Stretch: End Back Pain Through Yoga, and the original research utilizing musculoskeletal ultrasound in order to diagnose earlier book, Back Talk, both written with Carol Ardman, were published shoulder pathology. -
CASE REPORT 48-Year-Old Man
THE PATIENT CASE REPORT 48-year-old man SIGNS & SYMPTOMS – Acute hearing loss, tinnitus, and fullness in the left ear Dennerd Ovando, MD; J. Walter Kutz, MD; Weber test lateralized to the – Sergio Huerta, MD right ear Department of Surgery (Drs. Ovando and Huerta) – Positive Rinne test and and Department of normal tympanometry Otolaryngology (Dr. Kutz), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas (Dr. Huerta) Sergio.Huerta@ THE CASE UTSouthwestern.edu The authors reported no A healthy 48-year-old man presented to our otolaryngology clinic with a 2-hour history of potential conflict of interest hearing loss, tinnitus, and fullness in the left ear. He denied any vertigo, nausea, vomiting, relevant to this article. otalgia, or otorrhea. He had noticed signs of a possible upper respiratory infection, including a sore throat and headache, the day before his symptoms started. His medical history was unremarkable. He denied any history of otologic surgery, trauma, or vision problems, and he was not taking any medications. The patient was afebrile on physical examination with a heart rate of 48 beats/min and blood pressure of 117/68 mm Hg. A Weber test performed using a 512-Hz tuning fork lateral- ized to the right ear. A Rinne test showed air conduction was louder than bone conduction in the affected left ear—a normal finding. Tympanometry and otoscopic examination showed the bilateral tympanic membranes were normal. THE DIAGNOSIS Pure tone audiometry showed severe sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear and a poor speech discrimination score. The Weber test confirmed the hearing loss was sensorineu- ral and not conductive, ruling out a middle ear effusion. -
Bates' Pocket Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking
Lynn S. Bickley, MD, FACP Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine School of Medicine University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Peter G. Szilagyi, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics Chief, Division of General Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York Acquisitions Editor: Elizabeth Nieginski/Susan Rhyner Product Manager: Annette Ferran Editorial Assistant: Ashley Fischer Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Art Director, Illustration: Brett MacNaughton Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield Indexer: Angie Allen Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc. 7th Edition Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2009 by Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2007, 2004, 2000 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1995, 1991 by J. B. Lippincott Company. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appear- ing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia PA 19103, via email at [email protected] or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bickley, Lynn S. Bates’ pocket guide to physical examination and history taking / Lynn S. -
Current Audiometric Tests for the Detection of Functional Hearing Loss
CURRENT AUDIOMETRIC TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL HEARING LOSS by JOAN PHYLLIS COOPER X^^ Be A., Union College, 1965 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the J requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Speech KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1963 Approved by: Ma j or ? ro re s s or . bo 11 C6£ TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I , Introduction .••••••••••••••••••«••• • • • 1 Definitions ....?................«« •••••••• 2 II. Tests for Functional Hearing Loss 4 General Behavior in the Clinical Evaluation 4 The Ear, Nose, and Throat Examination 9 Pure-tone Audiometry 12 Saucer-shaped Audiograms 14 False-alarm Responses During Pure-tone Audiometry ...................... c 17 Inappropriate Lateralization ,« 17 Bone Conduction Audiometry 20 Speech Audiometry ••••••••••••••••• • 22 Speech Discrimination ••••••••••• 22 Speech Reception Threshold ........ ............... 23 Errors During Measurement of Spondee Threshold ... 2 3 Inappropriate Lateralization 26 Pure-tone Stenger Test 26 Modified (Speech) Stenger Test 29 Doerf ler-Stewart Test 30 Lombard Test ............ o 36 De layed Auditory Feedback ., 39 Psychogalvanic Skin Resistance Test 45 Modification of EDR Test , . .. 50 Bekesy Type V Tracing ......... o ..... ....... ... s ...... 51 c ^ . iii Chapter Page ( II. Rainville Test 5S Sensorineural Acuity Level Test ..... 59 Lipreading Test .....«•..•.<.«•......,....•............ 61 The Variable Intensity Pulse Count Method 62 Rapid Random Loudness Judgments ..................... c 63 Middle Ear -
Physical Esxam
Pearls in the Musculoskeletal Exam Frank Caruso MPS, PA-C, EMT-P Skin, Bones, Hearts & Private Parts 2019 Examination Key Points • Area that needs to be examined, gown your patients - well exposed • Understand normal functional anatomy • Observe normal activity • Palpation • Range of Motion • Strength/neuro-vascular assessment • Special Tests General Exam Musculoskeletal Overview Physical Exam Preview Watch Your Patients Walk!! Inspection • Posture – Erectness – Symmetry – Alignment • Skin and subcutaneous tissues – Swelling – Redness – Masses Inspection • Extremities – Size – Deformities – Enlargement – Alignment – Contour – Symmetry Inspection • Muscles – Bilateral symmetry – Hypertrophy – Atrophy – Fasciculations – Spasms Palpation • Palpate bones, joints, and surrounding muscles for the following: – Heat – Tenderness – Swelling – Fluctuation – Crepitus – Resistance to pressure – Muscle tone Muscles • Size and strength affected by the following: – Genetics – Exercise – Nutrition • Muscles move joints through range of motion (ROM). Muscle Strength • Compare bilateral muscles – Strength – Symmetry – Equality – Resistance End Feel Think About It!! • The sensation the examiner feels in the joint as it reaches the end of the range of motion of each passive movement • Bone to bone: This is hard, unyielding – normal would be elbow extension. • Soft–tissue approximation: yielding compression that stops further movement – elbow and knee flexion. End Feel • Tissue stretch: hard – springy type of movement with a slight give – toward the end of range of motion – most common type of normal end feel : knee extension and metacarpophalangeal joint extension. Abnormal End Feel • Muscle spasm: invoked by movement with a sudden dramatic arrest of movement often accompanied by pain - sudden hard – “vibrant twang” • Capsular: Similar to tissue stretch but it does not occur where one would expect – range of motion usually reduced. -
Copyrighted Material
Index Page numbers in italics denote fi gures, anion gap 263 Baker’s cyst 100, 104 those in bold denote tables. ankle swelling 195–8 bamboo spine 189 ankle-brachial pressure index 70–1 basal cell carcinoma 77 abdominal aortic aneurysm 145 ankylosing spondylitis 179, 189 basic life support 282–5 abdominal distension 143–7, 145 antalgic gait 25, 42, 94 Behçet’s disease 181 abdominal examination 10–19 anti-tuberculosis drugs 223 benign paroxysmal positional vertigo abdominal masses 17–18, 17 antiepileptics 223 173 abdominal pain 137–42 antihypertensives 223 benign prostatic hypertrophy 57 acute 138 anxiety berry aneurysm 33 chronic 139 faintness 175 biceps tendonitis 81 investigations 139–40 palpitations 120 bleeding diathesis 149 origin of 140–1, 141 tremor 169 blood gas analysis see arterial blood gas abducens nerve 34 aortic dissection 116 analysis abscess 193 aortic regurgitation 3 Boerhaave’s syndrome 149 breast 54 aortic stenosis 3 Bouchard’s nodes 90 perianal 57 aorto-enteric fi stula 149 bowel cancer see colorectal cancer acidosis apex beat 4 bowel obstruction 144, 146 metabolic 263, 265 Apley’s test 102 brachial plexus 85 respiratory 264 apologising 237 brain natriuretic peptide 6 acoustic neuroma 34, 175 appendicectomy 218 breaking bad news 208–10 acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome apraxic gait 25 SPIKES framework 209 see HIV/AIDS arterial blood gas analysis 262–6, 264–5 breast abscess 54 acromioclavicular joint arterial examination 68–72 breast examination 53–5 arthritis 81 arterial ulcer 70 description of lumps 55, 55 Scarf test -
Examination of the Knee
Examination of the Knee The Examination For every joint of the lower extremity always begin with the patient in standing IN STANDING INSPECTION 1. Cutaneous Structures: Look for Erythema, scarring, bruising, and swelling in the following areas: a. Peripatellar grooves b. Suprapatellar bursa c. Prepatellar bursa d. Infrapatellar tendon e. Anserine bursa f. Popliteal fossa 2. Muscle & Soft Tissue: a. Quadriceps atrophy b. Hamstring atrophy c. Calf atrophy 3. Bones & Alignment: a. Patella position (Alta, Baha, Winking, Frog eyed), b. Varus or Valgus alignment c. Flexion contracture or Genu recurvatum RANGE OF MOTION - ACTIVE Standing is the best opportunity to assess active range of motion of the knee. 1. Ask the patient to squat into a deep knee bend. Both knees should bend symmetrically. 2. Ask the patient to then stand and extend the knee fully – lock the knee. The knee should straighten to 0 degrees of extension. Some people have increased extension referred to as genu recurvatum. GAIT 1. Look for a short stance phase on the affected limb and an awkward gait if a concomitant leg length discrepancy 2. Look for turning on block 3. Screening 1. Walk on the toes 2. Walk on the heels 3. Squat down – Active Range of Motion testing SPECIAL TESTS 1. Leg Length Discrepancy a. Look at patients back for evidence of a functional scoliosis b. Place your hands on the patients Iliac crests looking for inequality which may mean a leg length discrepancy IN SITTING NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION 1. Test the reflexes a. L4 – Quadriceps reflex VASCULAR EXAMINATION 1. Feel for the posterior tibial artery SUPINE POSITION INSPECTION 1. -
SIMMONDS TEST: Patient Is Prone Doctor Flexes the Patients Knee to 90 Degrees Doctor Squeezes the Patient’S Calf
Clinical Orthopedic Testing Review SIMMONDS TEST: Patient is prone Doctor flexes the patients knee to 90 degrees Doctor squeezes the patient’s calf. Classical response: Failure of ankle plantarflexion Classical Importance= torn Achilles tendon Test is done bilaterally ACHILLES TAP: Patient is prone Doctor flexes the patient’s knee to 90 degree Doctor dorsiflexes the ankle and then strikes the Achilles tendon with a percussion hammer Classical response: Plantar response Classical Importance= Intact Achilles tendon Test is done bilaterally FOOT DRAWER TEST: Patient is supine with their ankles off the edge of the examination table Doctor grasps the heel of the ankle being tested with one hand and the tibia just above the ankle with the other. Doctor applies and anterior to posterior and then a posterior to anterior sheer force. Classical response: Anterior or posterior translation of the ankle Classical Importance= Anterior talofibular or posterior talofibular ligament laxity. Test is done bilaterally LATERAL STABILITY TEST: Patient is supine Doctor grasps the tibia with one hand and the foot with the other. Doctor rotates the foot into inversion Classical response: Excessive inversion Classical Importance= Anterior talofibular ligament sprain Test is done bilaterally MEDIAL STABILITY TEST: Patient is supine Doctor grasps the tibia with one hand and the foot with the other Doctor rotates the foot into eversion Classical response: Excessive eversion Classical Importance= Deltoid ligament sprain Test is done bilaterally 1 Clinical Orthopedic Testing Review KLEIGER’S TEST: Patient is seated with the legs and feet dangling off the edge of the examination table. Doctor grasps the patient’s foot while stabilizing the tibia with the other hand Doctor pulls the ankle laterally. -
Knee Pain in Children: Part I: Evaluation
Knee Pain in Children: Part I: Evaluation Michael Wolf, MD* *Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA. Practice Gap Clinicians who evaluate knee pain must understand how the history and physical examination findings direct the diagnostic process and subsequent management. Objectives After reading this article, the reader should be able to: 1. Obtain an appropriate history and perform a thorough physical examination of a patient presenting with knee pain. 2. Employ an algorithm based on history and physical findings to direct further evaluation and management. HISTORY Obtaining a thorough patient history is crucial in identifying the cause of knee pain in a child (Table). For example, a history of significant swelling without trauma suggests bacterial infection, inflammatory conditions, or less likely, intra- articular derangement. A history of swelling after trauma is concerning for potential intra-articular derangement. A report of warmth or erythema merits consideration of bacterial in- fection or inflammatory conditions, and mechanical symptoms (eg, lock- ing, catching, instability) should prompt consideration of intra-articular derangement. Nighttime pain and systemic symptoms (eg, fever, sweats, night sweats, anorexia, malaise, fatigue, weight loss) are associated with bacterial infections, inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors, and other systemic malignancies. A history of rash or known systemic inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus or inflammatory bowel disease, should raise suspicion for inflammatory arthritis. Ascertaining the location of the pain also can aid in determining the cause of knee pain. Anterior pain suggests patellofemoral syndrome or instability, quad- riceps or patellar tendinopathy, prepatellar bursitis, or apophysitis (patellar or tibial tubercle). -
Examples of Questions for the Exam
MedIS exam 2013 Course title: Nervesystemet og bevægeapparatet II - MedIS Programme: Bachelor in education Semester: 5. semester Exam date: 21-1-12 Time: 9:00 - 12:00 Evaluation form 7-point scale – External censur Important information: Remember to bring your student identification card Remember to put your student number – not your name and cpr no – on all sheets that you hand in for evaluation Remember to hand in the assignment if you leave the exam before it has ended No written aid is allowed Quicktionary pen is allowed Your paper must be handed in on paper in hand written form The study board/the university cannot be held liable if any problems should occur regarding the electronic aid during the examination It will be considered cheating or attempting to cheat if the technical equipment of the student is communicating or trying to communicate with other equipment not relevant to the exam, without an explicit permission. Before the beginning of the exam, the student should make sure that all communication devices in the equipment at the exam are turned off. Communication is not allowed The exam consists of a mixture of multiple choice questions and essay questions. The total amount of questions is 36. The total amount of points is 60. This lists the grades corresponding to the points: 12 (passed): 56-60 points 10 (passed): 51-55.5 points 07 (passed): 46-50.5 points 04 (passed): 41-45.5 points 02 (passed): 36-40.5 points 00 (failed): 18-35.5 points -2 (failed): 0-17.5 points 1 1.