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IMPACT of INSECTICIDES on ABUNDANCE of NON-TARGET SOIL MESOFAUNA in RICE ECOSYSTEM E:\ 82(1) 19167-Ingle Dipak Shyamrao 2020

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IMPACT of INSECTICIDES on ABUNDANCE of NON-TARGET SOIL MESOFAUNA in RICE ECOSYSTEM E:\ 82(1) 19167-Ingle Dipak Shyamrao 2020 E:\ 82(1) 19167-Ingle Dipak Shyamrao 2020 Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(1): 000-000 (2020) DoI No.: IMPACT OF INSECTICIDES ON ABUNDANCE OF NON-TARGET SOIL MESOFAUNA IN RICE ECOSYSTEM INGLE DIPAK SHYAMRAO*, M. RAGHURAMAN, ABHINAV KUMAR AND RUPESH KUMAR GAJBHIYE Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT An experimental trial was conducted during kharif 2016 and 2017 at the Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi to study the biodiversity and impact of conventional and newer insecticides on non-target soil mesofauna (springtails) in rice ecosystem. Result revealed that a total of 21 specimens under 14 genera of Collembola belonging to 7 families were studied from rice ecosystems. The species viz., Lepidcyrtus fimetarius, L. curvicollis, L. paradoxus, Proisotoma ripicola, Hypogastrura sonapani, H. viatica, Salina selebensis, Isotoma dagamae and I. trispinata were highly abundant. All the insecticidal treatments showed adverse effects on the collembolan population in the rice ecosystem. Considering all the four observations taken after the second insecticidal spray, neem (azadirachtin 0.15% EC) @ 4 ml/l followed by dinotefuran 20% SG @ 40 g a.i./ ha was found to be less detrimental. Fipronil 5% SC @ 50 g a.i./ ha resulted in drastic reduction in collembolan population followed by carbofuran 3% G @ 750 g a.i./ ha. Maximum reduction was observed with fipronil 5% SC @ 50 g a.i./ha with 57.14 and 56.00% during kharif, 2016 and 2017. Key words: Rice, insecticides, Collembola, azadirachtin, dinotefuran, fipronil, carbofuran, non-m target effects Rice is the main food and major cereal crop in India MATERIALS AND METHODS with a productivity of 3.78 t/ ha (Anonymous, 2016; Saxena and Singh, 2003). Collembolans (springtails) are Field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural the most abundant soil arthropods and play a significant Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, role in decomposer food webs (Petersen, 2002). The Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (24° 56’ N to 25° significance of soil biodiversity including Collembola 35’ N, 82° 14’ E to 83° 24’ E, 82 masl). Rice (var. is known (Santeshwari et al. (2012) and Toldan et al. Swarna sub-1) seeds were sowed in plots measuring (2013). In India, the fauna of Collembola represents 5 x 4 m at a spacing of 20 cm between rows and 15 299 species in 103 genera under 18 families (Mandal, cm between plant to plant. Farm Yard Manure @ 5 2011). Soil fauna plays a variety of functional roles in to 6 t/ ha and the chemical fertilizers (120:60:60 kg N P O and K O) applied in the form of urea, single the soil process and in enhancing plant growth (Setala, 2 2 5 2 1995). Soil microarthropods including Collembola super phosphate and murate of potash. A full dose are frequently used as bioindicators, but very little of phosphorous and potash and half dose of nitrogen information is available about the eco-toxicological was applied as a basal dose. The rest of the nitrogen effects of pesticides on soil fauna. Insecticides was applied in two equal doses, first at 25 days after produce lethal and sublethal effects on non-target transplanting and second at 55 days after transplanting. species (Adamski and Ziemnicki 2004; Adamski et al., The insecticides under evaluation viz., carbofuran 2007) and their lethality may show stage dependence 3% G @ 750 g a.i./ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG @ (Charmillot et al., 2001). The collembolans contributes 25 g a.i./ ha, fipronil 5% SC @ 50 g a.i./ ha, lambda to the soil by improvingPreview the soil structure (Abbott J. cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 20 g a.i./ ha, neem (azadirachtin 1992), and these are abundant insects found all over 0.15 % EC) @ 4 ml/ l, flubendiamide 20% WG @ 25 g the world (Hopkin, 2007), and constitute an important a.i./ ha, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 30 g a.i./ ha, component of soil mesofauna. Keeping in mind the acetamiprid 20% SP @ 35 g a.i./ ha, dinotefuran 20% insecticides and their ill effects on the soil fauna the SG @ 40 g a.i./ ha and pymetrozine 50% WG @ 7.5 g present study evaluates the impact of conventional and a.i./ ha as treatments were replicated thrice. Three soil newer insecticides on soil mesofauna in rice ecosystem samples were collected from all plots four times in a month, from August to November 2016 and 2017. The 2 Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(1), 2020 samples from the trial field were taken soon after the each collecting glass vials which were kept beneath the next day of insecticides sprays and subsequently on 7th funnel containing 70% alcohol and one to two drops of 15th and 21st days after insecticide spray. Two simple glycerol. Initially, the intensity of lights was maintained methods were deployed for collecting collembolan low for 12 hr (40 W and 110V) and later it was increased samples were through soil sampler and mouth aspirator (40 W and 220 V) light intensity will ultimately yield during the study period. total extraction of collembolans with collected samples preserved in 70% alcohol. A typical iron soil sampler of dimension 10.0 x 7.5 x 22.5 cm was used to collect the soil samples from each RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO treatment after the insecticides spray; the samples were taken on the specified days after spray. The samples An intensive collection of soil inhabiting arthropods were collected after each spray from an upper layer of made in the experimental field, led to collection of soil at regular intervals. Throughout the investigation Collembola during kharif 2016 and 2017 (Table 1). period, samples were collected during morning hours These include: Entomobryomorpha, Poduromorpha (6.30 to 7.30 am). The weeds, as well as inert materials, and Symphypleona which further sorted under seven were removed from the upper layer while taking the families to be precise Entomobryidae, Paronellidae, samples. The initial data were recorded. A simple Cyphoderidae, Isotomidae, Hypogastruridae, aspirator made up of a glass tube of size 0.50 cm dia Sminthuridae and Katiannidae. Based on morphological was used for the collection of collembolans from the character and taxonomic keys a total of fourteen genera soil. The soil samples collected were processed through and 21 species were segregated. using Leica DM modified Tullgren’s Funnel Method (Tullgren, 1918). 1000 and Leica DM 2000 stereozoom microscope. Collembolans were extracted from respective soil Among the sorted specimens, Lepidocyrtus fimetarius, samples within 24 hours. The soil was kept on wire L. curvicollis, Proisotoma ripicola, Hypogastrura mesh in the aluminum funnel of Tullgrens funnel. A 60 sonapani and H. viatica were much abundant. However watt electric bulb was suspended over each funnel as a the Lepidocyrtus paradoxus, L. Lignorum, Sinella heat source which increases and maintains temperature curviseta, Ceratophysella longispina, C. engadinensis, at 300C at the upper soil surface, thus repels the small Salina spp., Salina selebensis, Cyphoderus albinus, arthropods downward through the funnel tube into Isotoma dagamae, I. trispinata, Folsomides spp., Table 1. Abundance of collembolans in rice ecosystem of Varanasi (kharif 2016, 2017) Suborder Section/ Family Subfamily Genus Species Abundance superfamily 2016 2017 Arthropleona Entomobryo- Entomobryidae Entomobryinae Lepidocyrtus fimetarius +++ ++ morpha curvicollis +++ +++ paradoxus ++ +++ lignorum ++ ++ Entomobrya Entomobrya sp. + + Sinella curviseta ++ ++ Proisotominae Proisotoma ripicola +++ ++ Ceratophysella longispina ++ ++ Engadinensis ++ ++ Paronellidae Paronellinae Salina Salina sp. ++ +++ selebensis ++ +++ Cyphoderidae Cyphoderinae Cyphoderus albinus ++ + Isotomidae Isotominae Isotoma dagamae ++ +++ (Desoria) trispinata ++ +++ PreviewFolsomides Folsomides sp. ++ ++ Folsomia santokhi ++ + Poduromorpha Hypogastruridae Hypogastrurinae Hypogastrura sonapani +++ +++ Viatica +++ ++ Symphypleona Sminthurididae Sminthuridinae Sminthurides Sminthurides sp. ++ ++ Sphaeridia pumilis + + Katiannidae -- Sminthurinus Sminthurinus sp. + + +Less abundant; ++Moderately abundant; +++Highly abundant Impact of insecticides on abundance of non-target soil mesofauna in rice ecosystem 3 Ingle Dipak Shyamrao et al. Folsomia santoki and Sminthurides sp. were moderately done earlier (Mukharji and Gupta 1970; Mukharji and abundant. The remaining like Entomobrya spp., Singh, 1970; Raghuraman et al., 2010; Santeshwari Sphaeridia pumilies and Sminthurinus spp. were less et al., 2013). Santeshwari et al. (2015) observed the abundant in the rice field during kharif 2016 (Table 1). Collembola community from Varanasi and nearby regions of Uttar Pradesh revealing 26 species. Similarly, during kharif 2017, again a bulk pool of soil inhabiting arthropods were collected and segregated The results of the insecticidal study revealed that at generic level from rice field. Similar or repeated trend before the second foliar application, the population in the generic diversity was found in the second season ranged from 51.84 to 65.61/ m2 and there was no of experiment except the abundance and richness of substantial difference during kharif, 2016 (Table 2). At some species were found to be fluctuating; species like one day after spray showed that the fipronil 5% SC @ 50 Lepidcyrtus curvicollis, L. paradoxus, Hypogastrura g a.i./ha (31.54/ m2) treated plot had a drastic reduction; sonapani, Salina spp., S. Selebensis, Isotoma dagamae
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