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Indigenous and Race-Radical Feminist Movements Confronting Necropower in Carceral States

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Indigenous and Race-Radical Feminist Movements Confronting Necropower in Carceral States Indigenous and Race-Radical Feminist Movements Confronting Necropower in Carceral States Lena Carla Palacios Department of Art History and Department of Integrated Studies Communication Studies in Education McGill University, Montreal A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Studies and Communication Studies. © Lena Palacios 2014 Lena Palacios Dedication To the victims and survivors of both sexual and state violence, to the many shadowboxers whom I know and love who intimately understand that boxing is war but so is life. 2 Lena Palacios Table of Contents Dedication 2 Table of Contents 3 Abstract (in both English and French) 4 Acknowledgements 6 Introduction—Chapter 1 7 Challenging Convictions: Indigenous and Race-Radical Women of Color Feminists Theorizing and Resisting the Carceral State Chapter 2 44 Transferring and Going Underground: Indigenous and Race-Radical Women of Color Feminist Epistemologies Chapter 3 80 Reading In-between the Lines While on the Run: Reading Racialized and Gendered Necropower in Canadian News and Legal Discourse Chapter 4 122 Outlaw Vernacular Discourses and Media-Justice Activism: Indigenous Women and Black Trans Girls Challenging Media Necropower in Settler States Chapter 5 169 “Ain’t no Justice ... It’s Just Us”: Indigenous and Girls of Color Organizing Against Carceral Feminisms and Carceral State Violence Conclusion—Chapter 6 233 With Immediate Cause: Intense Dreaming as World-making References 244 3 Lena Palacios Abstract This dissertation theorizes how Indigenous and race-radical women of color feminist activists— in particular, Black and Indigenous feminists—identify, conceptualize, and resist interlocking forms of interpersonal, sexual, and carceral state violence in white settler societies in Canada and the United States. I argue that the metastasizing carceral state has reconstituted and revivified productions of gendered racial citizenship and white supremacy, as well as targeted Indigenous women and women of color for legal elimination and social death. Though largely omitted from the analytic frames of mainstream feminist anti-sexual violence activism, anti-prison abolitionism, anti-police brutality organizing, Indigenous women and women of color are both targets of enforcement and state violence, as well as agents of resistance and theoreticians in our own right. The purpose of this dissertation is twofold. First, I examine the theoretical insights that Indigenous and race-radical women of color feminists have advanced about state repression and the role of anti-radical, liberal and neoliberal tendencies—namely those perpetuated by mainstream carceral feminisms which advocate for state-driven, pro-criminalization strategies to address gendered and sexualized violence—in sustaining the carceral state. Second, I argue how race-radical, feminist activist-scholarship challenges a liberal politics of recognition and, instead, produces radical, oppositional models of justice, redress and response based in transformative justice feminist praxis. Transformative justice seeks to develop strategies to address intimate, interpersonal, community and structural violence from a political organizing perspective in order to move beyond state-imposed, institutionalized criminal legal and punishment systems. I situate my research alongside transnational feminist prison studies, critical ethnic studies, Native feminist studies, Black feminist studies, and critical race feminism. To examine the activist-scholarship of girls and women who are at the forefront of developing feminist, anti- violence movements for media justice, transformative justice, and prison abolition, I employ a range of methodologies that include auto-ethnography, case studies, and discourse analysis of media, policy, and social movement texts. I build from the literature to underscore how Indigenous and race-radical women feminist epistemology lays the necessary theoretical and activist groundwork that makes possible a rejection of a liberal politics of recognition and fosters an unwavering commitment to carceral state abolition. 4 Lena Palacios Résumé Cette thèse se veut une théorisation des processus par lesquels les activistes féministes Autochtones et femmes de couleur antiraciste-radicales identifient, conceptualisent et résistent aux formes interreliées de violence interpersonnelle, sexuelle et étatique carcérale au sein des sociétés de colons blancs du Canada et des États-Unis. J’argumente que l’état carcéral invasif a reconstitué et revivifié la production de la citoyenneté genrée et racisée et la suprématie blanche, en plus de pousser les femmes Autochtones et les femmes de couleur vers l’élimination légale et la mort sociale. Bien qu’elles soient en grande partie omises des cadres d’analyse de l’activisme féministe de masse anti-violence sexuelle, de l’abolitionnisme antiprison et des mouvements contre la brutalité policière, nous, femmes Autochtones et femmes de couleur, sommes à la fois les cibles de l’application de la loi et de la violence de l’état et les instigatrices de la résistance et des théoriciennes à part entière. L’objectif de cette thèse est double : d’abord, j’examine les nouvelles connaissances théoriques qui ont été amenées par des féministes Autochtones et femmes de couleur antiraciste-radicales sur la répression étatique et sur le rôle que jouent les tendances antiradicales, libérales et néolibérales (notamment celles perpétuées par le féminisme carcéral de masse, qui promeut des stratégies pro-criminalisation dirigées par l’État pour remédier à la violence sexiste et sexuelle) dans le maintien de l’état carcéral. Deuxièmement, j’argumente que l’érudition antiraciste- radicale, féministe activiste vient contrer la politique libérale de la reconnaissance et offre au lieu des modèles radicaux et oppositionnels de justice, de réparation et de riposte qui s’inscrivent dans une pratique féministe de justice transformatrice. La justice transformatrice tend à développer des stratégies pour aborder la violence intime, interpersonnelle, communautaire et structurelle du point de vue de l’organisation politique autonome dans le but de dépasser les systèmes imposés par l’état de criminalisation et de pénitence. Je situe ma recherche dans une lignée transnationale d’études féministes des prisons, de critical ethnic studies, d’études féministes Autochtones, de Black feminist studies, et de critical race feminism. Afin d’examiner l’érudition activiste des filles et des femmes qui sont aux premiers rangs d’un féminisme en développement, des mouvements antiviolence pour la justice médiatique, pour la justice transformatrice et pour l’abolition des prisons, j’emploie un éventail de méthodologies qui comporte l’auto-ethnographie, l’étude de cas et l’analyse du discours de textes issus des médias, de la loi et des mouvements sociaux. Je me base sur ces textes pour souligner que l’épistémologie des féministes Autochtones et femmes de couleur antiraciste- radicales jette les bases théoriques et activistes nécessaires au rejet de la politique libérale de la reconnaissance et nourrit un engagement sans compromis à l’abolition de l’état carcéral. 5 Lena Palacios Acknowledgements The research and writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the insight and guidance offered by many friends and colleagues. The unwavering support of my dissertation co-supervisors, Dr. Carrie Rentschler and Dr. Doreen Starke-Meyerring, has been particularly valuable to me, as has the guidance and direction of Dr. Adrienne Hurley. Thank you for being so open to who I am as a first-generation Chicana student from a working-class background and an emergent activist-scholar. You are all mentors of the highest order. Dr. Starke-Meyerring, thank you for keeping me alert to the moments when I stopped thinking through my writing and scholarship; your incisive questions about my intentions and whether or not they were reflected in my writing helped steer my analysis in exciting directions. Thank you for allowing me to speak my language and reminding me to stay true to my voice while in academia. Dr. Rentschler, how wonderful it has been to have an anti-racist feminist media studies scholar in Communication Studies. You also have my gratitude for steering me through my courses and helping me to formulate my ideas for this project. I am particularly grateful for your help in accessing graduate and post-doctoral funding and for encouraging me to throw myself early into the academic job market, supporting me from the campus interview to the final negotiation stage. Un mil gracias! Dr. Hurley, thank you for speaking my language and for proving that being an activist-scholar is possible with the right amount of sleep, laughter, good food, self-care, and community support. Your scholarship has opened up new avenues for me to speak in support of youth-led movements challenging carceral state violence. Finally, I would like to thank the entire faculty and staff of the Department of Integrated Studies in Education (DISE), Art History and Communication Studies (AHCS), and Institute for Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies, as well as Media@McGill. The research for this project received invaluable support from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship program (2011-2014). I am also indebted to Media@McGill for awarding me a Dissertation Completion Grant and a comfortable office
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