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CH9503 04 Chang FEAT 46..56 UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Pachappa Camp Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8p88m8mw Journal California History, 95(3) ISSN 0162-2897 Authors Chang, Edward T Brown, Hannah Publication Date 2018-08-01 DOI 10.1525/ch.2018.95.3.46 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California EDWARD T. CHANG AND HANNAH BROWN Pachappa Camp The First Koreatown in the United States ABSTRACT Ahn Chang Ho (also known by his pen name, Dosan) moved to Riverside, California, in March 1904 and soon established the first Koreatown on the U.S. mainland, known as Dosan’s Republic or Pachappa Camp. Dosan helped found a local employment agency and negotiated relations with citrus farmers to find work for Koreans who lived in the community. With steady work available, Riverside became a popular destination for Korean immigrants and was thus an ideal location for the Gongnip Hyeophoe, or Cooperative Association, which Dosan created to foster a sense of community. The Gong- nip Hyeophoe later expanded to Korean settlements throughout California and eventually developed into the Korean National Association, which proved especially significant in organizing immigrants to fight for Korea’s independence in the wake of Japanese colonization in 1910. Pachappa Camp helped anchor its residents’ identity and supported Koreans’ struggles to support themselves and to fight for Korean sovereignty. The experiences of the Koreans in Pachappa Camp reflected not only exceptional moments in Korean American history, as the first Koreatown in the United States and one of the seats of the independence movement, but also the ubiquitous experiences that typified immigrant lives in the United States. The City of Riverside erected a statue of Ahn Chang Ho in 2001, and designated the orig- inal site of the camp as a “Point of Cultural Interest” in 2017, to honor Dosan and to teach about his legacy and connection to Riverside. Because the historic Koreatown no longer exists, the designation and statue stand as the only remembrances of this pioneering community. KEYWORDS: Koreatown, Ahn Chang Ho, Korean Labor Bureau, Riverside, Pachappa Camp OREAN AMERICAN IDENTITY LIES not within the current Hallyu (Korean) Wave trend, but in K history. Today, second- and third-generation Korean Americans have little knowl- edge of the substantial contributions and activities of their forefathers who came to the United States in the early 1900s and founded organizations, businesses, churches, and even an aviation school. Currently, the heart of the Korean American community is located in mid-Wilshire Los Angeles, and Hallyu’s significance is rooted here. But, as population growth and demographic shifts reshape Los Angeles, the Korean American community is slowly moving away to other cities, counties, and states. California History, Vol. 95, Number 3, pp. 46–56, ISSN 0162-2897, electronic ISSN 2327-1485. © 2018 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Reprints and Permissions web page, http://www.ucpress.edu/journals.php?p=reprints. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2018.95.3.46 46 FALL 2018 Korean Americans are also moving to Riverside, California, home of the first Korean-or- ganized immigrant settlement. The settlement was founded by Ahn Chang Ho (also known by his pen name, Dosan), who moved to Riverside in March 1904 and soon established the first Koreatown on the U.S. mainland sometime in early 1905, known as Dosan’s Republic or Pachappa Camp. Dosan founded a Korean Labor Bureau in Riverside and negotiated rela- tions with citrus farmers to find work for Koreans who lived in the area. With steady work available, Riverside became a popular destination for Korean immigrants and was thus an ideal location for the Gongnip Hyeophoe, or Cooperative Association, which Dosan created to foster a sense of community. The Gongnip Hyeophoe later expanded to Korean settlements throughout Califor- nia and eventually developed into the Korean National Association (KNA), which proved especially significant in organizing immigrants to fight for Korea’s indepen- dence in the wake of Japanese colonization in 1910. Pachappa Camp both helped an- chor its residents’ identity and supported Koreans’ struggles to support themselves and to fight for Korean sovereignty. The experiences of the Koreans in Pachappa Camp reflected not only exceptional moments in Korean American history, as the first Korean-organized settlement in the United States, and was one of the seats of the in- dependence movement, but also the ubiquitous experiences that typified immigrant lives in America. The City of Riverside erected a statue of Ahn Chang Ho in 2001 to honor him and to teach visitors and residents about his legacy in, and connection to, the city. Because the historic Koreatown no longer exists, the statue stands as the only site of remembrance for this pio- neering community. Korean Americans moving to this once citrus-rich city will find that their heritage is deeply rooted in the community and that their identities have a meaningful history that resonates to this day. Designated as a “Point of Cultural Interest” by the City of Riverside (on March 23, 2017), the site of Pachappa Camp serves as an educational and cul- tural landmark. Understanding the historical context and significance of such sites will aid and nourish young Korean Americans who are searching for identity and community con- sciousness. Dosan organized, educated, and mobilized Korean immigrants in the United States. He told Korean immigrants to become good citizens with a sense of civic responsibility to America and Korea. Working as a farmhand in Riverside, Dosan told his fellow country- men to work hard and diligently: “Our only capital today in this land is nothing but hon- esty; therefore, work diligently without wasting time whether your employer watches you or not.”1 In this article, we intend to locate Riverside as one of the most important historical sites of Dosan’s exile in America.2 More importantly, we argue that Pachappa Camp or Dosan’s Republic, the two colloquial names for the site, located in downtown Riverside, should be known as the first Koreatown in the United States. Koreans lived scattered throughout cities, including San Francisco and Honolulu, and had not established their own distinct neighbor- hood until they did so in Riverside.3 In Hawaii, the Korean Methodist Mission was estab- lished in November 1903, but most of its members listed Ewa Plantation as their home address. Thus, Koreans in Hawaii had no formal, Korean-organized settlement of their own at the time. CALIFORNIA HISTORY 47 Moreover, it is important to note that Koreans used San Francisco as a port of entry and as a temporary site where they could gather information about other cities and loca- tions in the United States. San Francisco housed Koreans in various locations, but the community had no formalized Koreatown or settlement. In fact, Koreans who went to San Francisco faced strong anti-Asian sentiment and left the bustling port city because of a lack of job opportunities. Meanwhile, in Riverside, Pachappa Camp grew around the Korean Labor Bureau (1905), which aided Koreans in finding jobs, primarily in agriculture in the region. With work readily available, Koreans in Pachappa Camp launched a number of community activi- ties, including a Korean Presbyterian mission, social organizations such as the Gongnip Hyeophoe, a discussion group, and, later on, language schools. Because of its combina- tion of attributes––sizable population, centralized living quarters, and presence of com- munity organizations and businesses––Pachappa Camp meets the criteria for an ethnic enclave as laid out by sociologist Mark Abrahamson.4 THE KOREAN LABOR BUREAU AND AHN CHANG HO Dosan and his wife came to the United States to learn English and to study Christianity on October 14, 1902. After a brief stay in San Francisco, they moved to Riverside on March 23, 1904. There are several reasons why Dosan and his wife relocated to Riverside. First, with the large Asian population in San Francisco, anti-Asian sentiment was very high, and it proved extremely difficult to find employment opportunities for Koreans in the area. Second, Riverside was one of the richest cities in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with plenty of employment opportunities in the thriving citrus industry. Finally, several friends of Dosan, including Yi Kang and Chung Chae Kwan, were already working on citrus farms in Riverside, and they urged him to join them in the south.5 In testimony that Dosan delivered before a Japanese judge later in his life, he also claimed to have moved south for a more hospitable climate.6 The employment opportunities for Koreans in Riverside consisted largely of migrant farm work; “schoolboy jobs,” which in- cluded cooking and cleaning for families; and positions in hospitality. Upon his arrival, Dosan had little difficulty finding work as a domestic helper, and he began cooking for an affluent Riverside family. Soon after settling in the community, Dosan became acquainted with Cornelius Earle Rumsey, a wealthy resident of Riverside and owner of Alta Cresta Groves, a citrus farm. Rumsey suggested to Dosan that he and other Koreans go to work in his orchards in 1904, and the offer opened up fruit picking for Koreans in Riverside.7 Previously, Koreans had faced several impediments to working in agriculture, as Japanese labor contractors held a monopoly on picking. Ranchers and farmers went through labor bureaus to hire workers, and the Japanese labor contractors in the region would contract jobs only to other Japanese immigrants.8 Despite the plethora of positions available picking and packing fruit in Riverside, Koreans found it difficult to gain contracts to work in the orchards without their own labor bureau.9 Rumsey understood Dosan’spredicamentandofferedto employ the Koreans in the city at his orchard.
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