DOCSLIB.ORG

The Trivium in the 12Th Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Trivium in the 12Th Century Chapter 7 The Trivium in the 12th Century Frédéric Goubier and Irène Rosier-Catach 1 Introduction In the early 12th century there was no lack of praise for the liberal arts as pathways to acquire wisdom. As we read in Thierry of Chartres’s prologue to the Heptateuchon:1 The two main instruments of philosophical work are understanding (in- tellectus) and its expression in language (interpretatio).The quadrivium illuminates comprehension, and the trivium enables the elegant, ratio- nal, and beautiful expression of comprehension. Thus it is clear that the Heptateuchon constitutes a single, unified instrument for all philosophy. Philosophy is the love of wisdom, and wisdom is the integral comprehen- sion of the truth of existing things, which no one can attain even in part unless he has loved wisdom. The division of knowledge into seven liberal arts was transmitted in the Middle Ages by the encyclopaedists of Late Antiquity: Martianus Capella (De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii,2 ca. 430 or ca. 470 ?), Cassiodorus (Institutiones,3 ca. 620), Isidore of Seville (Etymologiae,4 ca. 625), and then by the authors of the early Middle Ages. The designation liberales appended to artes received various justifications, as one can read in several early 12th-century witnesses: the arts are liberal because they “liberate” the students from sin, in that they prevent their minds from wandering toward perverted behaviour, noted a ­grammarian named Stephen, or “because they free students from secular worries,” states 1 Édouard Jeauneau, “Le Prologus in Eptatheucon de Thierry de Chartres,” Medieval Studies 16 (1954), 171–175, repr. in Id., Lectio philosophorum: Recherches sur l’École de Chartres (Amster- dam: 1973); Rita Copeland and Ineke Sluiter, Medieval Grammar and Rhetoric (Oxford: 2009). 2 Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, ed. James Willis, Martianus Capella (Leipzig: 1983). 3 Cassiodorus, Institutiones, ed. Roger A.B. Mynors (Oxford: 1961), Chap. 2, 562. 4 Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiarum siue originum libri XX, ed. Wallace Martin (Oxford: 1911/1982). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���0 | doi:10.1163/9789004410138_009 <UN> 142 Goubier and Rosier-Catach the preface of a commentary on Priscian, the Glosulae super Priscianum.5 As John of Salisbury explains, the liberal arts are called “liberal either because the Ancients were mindful that their children (liberi) should be instructed in them, or because they aimed to liberate men so that, free of worries, they may have the leisure to devote themselves to wisdom … They often ward off material worries, so that the activity of the mind can more easily gain access to philosophy”.6 The septenary of the liberal arts, trivium (grammar, dialectics, and rhetoric) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music), is often men- tioned in introductory literature, or circulates in magnificent manuscripts that have no scholastic use. Such is the case of the luxurious manuscript of the Heptateuchon that Thierry gave to his chapter.7 The prefaces give fairly stan- dard indications of the distribution of tasks within the trivium.8 Sometimes, the three disciplines are presented as having increasing degrees of comprehen- siveness: “Grammar only requires that the words be linked in the utterance. Dialectics requires also that the meaning be complete. Rhetoric requires, along with these two aspects, a third one, namely ornament. Rhetoric thus deals with three aspects, dialectics with two, and grammar with only one, making the lat- ter two simpler” (Grammar circa hanc artem, ms. Cambridge St. John’s College 12, fol. 52vb9). Sometimes, however, it is grammar which occupies the domi- nant position, as explained in the preface of one of the versions of the Glosu- lae: “one must first know how to build one case with another correctly, a noun with another, a verb with a noun, before taking interest in the ornamentation of words or in truth and falsehood”.10 This classification of the arts is not the only one possible. Thus, Hugh of Saint-Victor substitutes it with a more extensive division of philosophy, in four 5 Karin Margareta Fredborg, “The unity of the trivium,” in Sprachtheorien in Spätantike und Mittelalter, ed. Sten Ebbesen (Tübingen: 1995), 325–338, here 325. 6 Iohannes Saresberiensis, Metalogicon, ed. John Barrie Hall, Katharine Stephanie Bene- dicta Keats-Rohan (aux.), Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 98 (Turnhout: 1991), i, 12. 7 Gillian Evans, “The uncompleted Heptateuch of Thierry of Chartres,” History of Universi- ties 3 (1983), 1–13; Fredborg, “The unity of the trivium,” 327–328; Jeauneau, “Le Prologus in Eptatheucon.” 8 Yukio Iwakuma, “The Division of Philosophy and the Place of the Trivium from the 9th to the Mid-12th Centuries,” in Medieval Analyses in Language and Cognition, ed. Sten Ebbesen, Russell L. Friedman (Copenhagen: 1999), 165–189. 9 Cited by Fredborg, “The unity of the trivium,” 335. 10 Margaret T. Gibson, “The Early Scholastic Glosule to Priscian, Institutiones Grammaticae: the Text and its Influence,” in Studi Medievali, serie terza: 20/1 (1979), 235–254, here 252– 253, repr. in Ead., Artes and Bible in the Medieval West (Aldershot: 1993). <UN>.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Notes: Definition and Explanation of Trivium and Quadrivium
    DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TRIVIUM AND QUADRIVIUM (From the first time I taught the course--my notes) (Communication Education, Vol. 35,#2, April, 1986, 174, Teaching Critical Thinking Skills) In the Middle Ages university courses were divided into two areas, the Arts and the Sciences. These were a system of rules for generating knowledge. The seven Liberal Arts of Languages ( or Arts) and Sciences were complements, and obviously comprised a Liberal Arts education .. TRIVIUM The Languages (ARTS), or Trivium were composed of: Grammar (Latin) Logic Rhetoric These Arts were concerned with (and were to discover) the social significance of knowledge. These Arts were relatively subjective. Completion of this study led to a bachelor's degree. QUADRIVIUM The Sciences, the Quadrivium, was composed of: Arithmetic Geometry Astronomy Music The Sciences arranged knowledge into systematic bodies of information. The Sciences were relatively objective. Completion of the Quadrivium led to a master's degree (Continued Explanation of Trivium and Quadrivium) Rhetoric, chief among the courses of the Trivium, liberated students from a single view of a problem and led them to social autonomy. The divisions of classical rhetoric provide directions forteaching critical thinking skills. Peter Ramus, 1515-1572, redefined ancient discipliines: Beginning with the trivium, with the arts of discourse, Ramus defined grammar as the art of speaking well, that is of speaking correctly; dialectic as the art of reasoning well; and rhetoric as the art of the eloquent and ornate use of language. Skills arising from Invention/inventio/heuristic were insights from researched information and discovery of arguments to support the point of view espoused.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Renaissance Encyclopaedism
    Revisiting Renaissance Encyclopaedism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Blair, Ann. 2013. "Revisiting Renaissance Encyclopaedism." In Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance, edited by Jason König and Greg Woolf, 377-97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Published Version 10.1017/CBO9781139814683;http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/ catalogue.asp?isbn=9781107454385 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29675365 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP manuscript for Ann Blair, "Revisiting Renaissance Encyclopaedism," in Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance, ed. Jason König and Greg Woolf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 377-97. Ann Blair, Dept of History, Harvard University Revisiting Renaissance encyclopedism The Renaissance has long been associated with ‘encyclopedism’ primarily for two different reasons which are not directly related to one another. On the hand the term was first coined in the late fifteenth century, though without many of connotations we associate with the term today, to designate an ideal of learning which spanned and highlighted the relations between many disciplines. On the other hand many Renaissance writings, from compilations in various fields to novels and poetry, are considered encyclopedic today because of their large bulk and/or their ideal of exhaustive and multidisciplinary scope. Only occasionally did early modern authors apply the term ‘encyclopedia’ to what we consider their encyclopedic compiling activities, but by the late seventeenth century a handful of works had begun to forge the connection between the term and a kind of reference book.
    [Show full text]
  • Edgard Varese, Modernism, and the Experience of Modernity
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 At the Threshold: Edgard Varese, Modernism, and the Experience of Modernity Robert Jackson Wood Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/130 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] At the Threshold: Edgard Varèse, Modernism, and the Experience of Modernity by Robert Jackson Wood A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2014 2014 Robert Jackson Wood All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Music in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________ ________________________________________________ Date Joseph Straus Chair of Examining Committee _________________ ________________________________________________ Date Norman Carey Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Richard Kramer Chadwick Jenkins Brian Kane THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract At the Threshold: Edgard Varèse, Modernism, and the Experience of Modernity by Robert Jackson Wood Adviser: Richard Kramer The writings of composer Edgard Varèse have long been celebrated for their often ecstatic, optimistic proclamations about the future of music. With manifesto-like brio, they put forth a vision of radically new instruments and sounds, delineate the parameters for spatially oriented composition, and initiate the discourse of what would become electronic music.
    [Show full text]
  • Arnold: Swimming Against the Tide / Boris Khesin, Serge Tabachnikov, Editors
    ARNOLD: Real Analysis A Comprehensive Course in Analysis, Part 1 Barry Simon Boris A. Khesin Serge L. Tabachnikov Editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/mbk/086 ARNOLD: AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Photograph courtesy of Svetlana Tretyakova Photograph courtesy of Svetlana Vladimir Igorevich Arnold June 12, 1937–June 3, 2010 ARNOLD: Boris A. Khesin Serge L. Tabachnikov Editors AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Providence, Rhode Island Translation of Chapter 7 “About Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin” and Chapter 21 “Several Thoughts About Arnold” provided by Valentina Altman. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 01A65; Secondary 01A70, 01A75. For additional information and updates on this book, visit www.ams.org/bookpages/mbk-86 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arnold: swimming against the tide / Boris Khesin, Serge Tabachnikov, editors. pages cm. ISBN 978-1-4704-1699-7 (alk. paper) 1. Arnold, V. I. (Vladimir Igorevich), 1937–2010. 2. Mathematicians–Russia–Biography. 3. Mathematicians–Soviet Union–Biography. 4. Mathematical analysis. 5. Differential equations. I. Khesin, Boris A. II. Tabachnikov, Serge. QA8.6.A76 2014 510.92–dc23 2014021165 [B] Copying and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy select pages for use in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in reviews, provided the customary acknowledgment of the source is given. Republication, systematic copying, or multiple reproduction of any material in this publication is permitted only under license from the American Mathematical Society. Permissions to reuse portions of AMS publication content are now being handled by Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021-2022 Family Handbook for Trivium Prep
    TRIVIU PREPARATORY ACADEMY A Great Hearts Academy 2021 - 2022 FAMILY HANDBOOK LETTER TO FAMILIES ................................................................................................................................................ 5 OUR MISSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 OUR CHARTER, ACCREDITATION, AND AFFILIATIONS .................................................................................... 7 TRIVIUM PREPARATORY ACADEMY’S PHILOSOPHY ........................................................................................ 8 KNOWLEDGE AND THE GREAT BOOKS................................................................................................................................................. 8 UPHOLDING STANDARDS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 MORAL VIRTUE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 COMMUNICATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 GREAT HEARTS CEO AND MANAGEMENT TEAM ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Codex Sangallensis 878 from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Codex Sangallensis 878 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Codex Sangallensis 878 is a manuscript kept in the library of the Abbey of St. Gall, in Switzerland. It dates to the 9th century and probably originates in Fulda monastery, it contains mainly excerpts of grammatical texts, including the Ars minor and Ars maior of Aelius Donatus, the grammar of Priscian, the Etymologiae of Isidore of Sevilla and the grammar of Alcuin. Furthermore, it contains a presentation of the Greek alphabet, the Hebrew alphabet, the Anglo- Saxon runes and the Scandinavian Younger Futhark, the latter in the form of a short rune poem known as the Abecedarium Nordmannicum. Bischoff (1980) considers the manuscript a personal collection or brevarium of Walahfrid Strabo's, who from 827 was in Fulda as a student of Hrabanus Maurus, and from 838 was abbot of the Reichenau Abbey. Hrabanus himself is known to have been interested in runes, and he is credited with the treatise Hrabani Mauri abbatis fuldensis, de inventione linguarum ab Hebraea usque ad Theodiscam ("on the invention of languages, from Hebrew to German"), identifying the Hebrew and Germanic ("Theodish") languages with their respective alphabets. References • Bischoff, Bernhard (1980). Die südostdeutschen Schreibschulen und Bibliotheken in der Karolingerzeit, Wiesbaden. External links • Online scan Cod. Sang. 878 at www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0878 Hebrew alphabet The Hebrew alphabet, known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language. It is used in the writing of other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, Judeo-Arabic.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 FORMING HUMANITIES
    Chapter 1 FORMING HUMANITIES This story begins in 1636. When the first institution of higher education opened in this country, humanities played a central role. Harvard College was a Puritan-based institution with a prescribed curriculum based on the Bible, the classical trivium of language-oriented arts, and the quadrivium of mathematical or scientific arts. Students learned Greek, Aramaic, He- brew, and Syriac, along with logic and rhetoric, history and politics, as- tronomy and botany, ethics, and catechism. The philosophical complement to this common curriculum was the idea of unitary knowledge. Together, these structural and philosophical principles shaped the educational pro- grams of the other colonial colleges and, more generally, influenced think- ing about higher education in the United States for nearly two and a half centuries. The central mission of the American college was teaching in the European and English tradition. The students, who came primarily from the elite of colonial society, were trained to take their place in prestigious vocations. The faculty, who came primarily from the clergy, placed classical learning in a religious framework. Individuals offered recitations and lec- tures in specific subjects. However, they were not divided into separate schools or departments. A returning missionary might teach biology or a teacher of rhetoric do double duty in history, logic, or metaphysics (Levine and Niddifer 54, 66–67; Hutcheson 105; D. Bennett 132–33; Bogue and Aper 19–20; Kuklick, “Professionalization” 43). Even though common principles would have a long-lasting impact, dif- ferences were already evident by the founding of the second colonial col- lege in 1692.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arts of Language in the Middle Ages: the Trivium
    Rachel Fulton Brown Department of History The University of Chicago THE ARTS OF LANGUAGE IN THE MIDDLE AGES: THE TRIVIUM Spring 2021 Throughout the Middle Ages, formal education began with the study of language under three disciplines: • grammar, including the study of literature as well as the practical mastery of the mechanics of language (here, Latin); • logic or dialectic, whether narrowly defined as the art of constructing arguments or, more generally, as metaphysics, including the philosophy of mind; and • rhetoric, or the art of speaking well, whether to praise, criticize, or persuade. In this course, we will be following this medieval curriculum insofar as we are able through some of its primary texts, so as to come to a better appreciation of the way in which the study of these arts affected the development of medieval European intellectual and artistic culture. BOOKS AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE AT THE SEMINARY CO-OP BOOKSTORE Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: Vol. II The Marriage of Mercury and Philology, trans. William Harris Stahl with E.L. Budge (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992) [ISBN-13: 9780231096362] John of Salisbury, The Metalogicon: A Twelfth-Century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium, trans. Daniel D. McGarry (Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books, 2009) [ISBN-13: 9781589880580] All other readings are available through Canvas: Library Reserves, unless otherwise noted. The Arts of Language in the Middle Ages: The Trivium 2 Spring 2021 COURSE REQUIREMENTS 1. Grammar: Lesson plan with sample exercise (4-5 pages, due April 29) 25% 2. Dialectic: Cornificius’s answer to John of Salisbury on the importance of studying logic (5-6 pages, due May 17) 30% 3.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Classical Education
    Classical Academic Press An Introduction to Classical Education A Guide for Parents Christopher A. Perrin M.Div., Ph.D. Classical Academic Press An Introduction to Classical Education: A Guide for Parents © Classical Academic Press, 2004 Version 2.5 All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Classical Academic Press. Classical Academic Press 3920 Market Street Camp Hill, PA 17011 www.ClassicalAcademicPress.com ISBN: 9781600510205 Diagram on page 32 created by Nathan Gerard Book design & cover by: Rob Baddorf 2 Classical Academic Press s the headmaster of a classical school, I often speak with parents who are examining our school, who are both interested in and puzzled about classicalA education. “How does the classical approach differ from what is offered in public schools?” “Are there any other schools doing what you are doing?” “How do your students perform on standardized tests?” After seven years, the questions are predictable, but wholly justified. Unfortunately for me, even my answers are now predictable, which is one reason I am writing you. If you will read this before you talk to me (or someone like me) you can spare both of us my stock replies. Secondly, if I put my answers down in writing, I am bound to say something new. If you are like most, you have probably heard about classical education by means of a friend who either has a child enrolled in a classical school, or who is home-schooling classically.
    [Show full text]
  • The Organization of Knowledge
    The Organization of Knowledge History of Information i103 Geoff Nunberg Feb. 21, 2017 1 History of Information Organizing Knowledge 2017 ake news 1980 1950 1900 1800 1700 1600 1200 600 400 0 500 3000 5000 30,000 50,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 week 2 Itinerary, 2/21 Defining "knowledge" The shifting frame of knowledge; from Renaissance to Enlightenment Early reactions to "information overload" Knowledge in the Age of Reason: the Encyclopédie Assignment Emily S., Sidney A., Grace N,. Isadora T., Spandana S. Material representations of knowledge From cabinet to museum 3 History of The Emergence of the Information Modern "Informational System" Many, if not most, of the cultural phenomena of the modern world derive from [the 18th century] -- the periodical, the newspaper, the novel, the journalist, the critic, the public library, the concert, the public museum [not to mention advertising, intellectual property, propaganda, the scientific society (and science itself), the modern dictionary and encyclopedia, the decimal system etc.– GN]. Perhaps most important of all, it was then that 'public opinion' came to be recognized as the ultimate arbiter in matters of taste and politics. --Tim Blanning, The Culture of Power 4 History of The Emergence of the Information Modern "Informational System" Many, if not most, of the cultural phenomena of the modern world derive from [the 18th century] -- the periodical, the newspaper, the novel, the journalist, the critic, the public library, the concert, the public museum [not to mention advertising, intellectual property, propaganda, the scientific society (and science itself), the modern dictionary and encyclopedia, the decimal system etc.– GN].
    [Show full text]
  • □Considering Liberal Learning and the Health Professions
    POSITION PAPER nConsidering Liberal Learning and the Health Professions Charles R Fox, OD, PhD, FAAO BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE here or in any single article, nor is it possible Background and Purpose. There has to even begin an adequate exploration of its been much discussion among both There has been much discussion concern- implication. However, I present this paper liberal arts and professional programs ing the relationship between an education as an invitation to health professions educa- educators concerning the relationship in liberal arts and an education in a health tors to begin a public, nondisciplinary dialog between a liberal education and a pro- profession. Some take a traditional view that about the issues raised here. fessional education. The focus of these the classics are the core of a liberal arts edu- discussions is how a traditional liberal cation, and therefore are separate from and 1 The Issue arts education can inform a professional preparatory for the professions. Others take (entry-level) education. This paper refo- a more contemporary view, such as using Traditional liberal arts preparation for the cuses the discussion to consider profes- the arts or the humanities as supplemental professions sets up a false dichotomy, where- sional education as a de facto liberal instruction in certain areas of professional by students are presented with one set of 2-4 education. studies. academic experiences for their liberal educa- tion and a second set of experiences for their Position and Rationale. The author sug- In each view, the focus is how training professional education program. This sets gests separating a liberal education from in the traditional liberal arts can inform and up the expectation for students, and perhaps an education in a health profession has be included in a professional (entry-level) educators, that these are 2 different domains.
    [Show full text]
  • The Newtonian Art of Classical Physics Class 1
    THE NEWTONIAN ART OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS CLASS 1 INTRODUCTION In the first astronomy sequence presented on this site, we saw what it means to call astronomy a “liberal art.” That course took us through the principal contributions of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler. We are now at the next step in the journey: Isaac Newton. This course is a tour through some of the central material in his Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis, or “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” Although we will be learning plenty about astronomy from Newton, the very title of his work shows that it is not restricted to astronomy. It is nothing less than classical physics in its first form. This prompts the question: “Is physics a liberal art?” There is one sense in which mathematical physics is not a liberal art. Sometimes this phrase means “one of the seven traditional liberal arts,” that is, one of the Trivium or Quadrivium. Mathematical physics is not simply identical with any one of these. But the reasons for that are accidental and historical rather than essential. Despite early intimations of mathematical physics such as we find in Archimedes, the science was not really developed as a whole until Galileo; even in his Two New Sciences mathematical physics exists only in its most nascent and embryonic form. The seven traditional liberal arts, on the other hand, come down to us from Plato and before. Among these, the one most similar to mathematical physics is obviously astronomy. Although the principles of mathematical physics apply to the heavens, as we shall see, they also apply to terrestrial phenomena—to sound, light, magnetism, and on and on.
    [Show full text]