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Diplomatai Ir Rašytojai, Rašytojai Ir Diplomatait

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Diplomatai Ir Rašytojai, Rašytojai Ir Diplomatait OIKOS: lietuvių migracijos ir diasporos studijos 2016, nr. 2 (22) ISSN 1822-5152 (spausdintas) ISSN 2351-6461 (internetinis) http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2351-6561.22.4 Asta PETRAITYTė­BRIEDIENĖ Diplomatai ir rašytojai, rašytojai ir diplomatait Santrauka. XX a. žymiausių pasaulio ir Lietuvos diplomatų biografijose šalia žodžio „dip­ lomatas“ esama ir daugiau išvardijimų, pavyzdžiui, „rašytojas ir diplomatas“ ar „diplomatas ir poetas“. Vakarų Europos, Šiaurės ir Pietų Amerikos, taip pat Sovietų Sąjungos (Rusijos), Latvijos, Estijos bei Lietuvos diplomatų biografijos ir jų rašytinis palikimas yra šio straipsnio objektai. Atsisakant itin gausios istoriografijos nuoseklaus vardijimo, straipsnyje mėginama „atrinkti ir suverti“ įvairių šalių diplomatų biografijas vienijančius segmentus: „eseistas“, „no­ velistas“, „rašytojas“, „poetas“, vertėjas“, „Nobelio premijos nominantas“, „Nobelio premijos laureatas“. Toks „vėrinys“ suteikia daug daugiau spalvų stereotipiniam diplomatų paveikslui, kartu jie – ne tik oficialūs atstovai bei kūrėjai, savo tautos kultūros puoselėtojai ir skleidėjai, bet ir pasaulinės kultūros aukso fondo pasididžiavimas. Raktiniai žodžiai: diplomatai, rašytojai, poetai, vertėjai, Lietuva, tarptautinė diplomatija, Nobelio premija. Sklaidant žymiausių pasaulio ir Lietuvos prezidentus (pavyzdžiui, UNESCO Geros diplomatų biografinius pasakojimus, var­ valios ambasadorius žinių visuomenei yra tant žinynus ar tikrinant enciklopedinius Lietuvos prezidentas Valdas Adamkus, Ge­ duomenis, galima pastebėti, kad dažnai prie ros valios ambasadoriai yra Jeanas Michelis asmenį pristatančio įrašo „diplomatas“, ne­ Jarre, Montserrat Cabbalé, Claudia Cardina­ priklausomai nuo to, kuriame amžiuje jis le, Sophia Loren, Catherine Denevue, Ange­ būtų gyvenęs ar gyvena, esama ir daugiau lina Jolie Pitt, Richardas Burtonas, Michaelis išvardijimų: „teisės mokslų daktaras“, „isto­ Schumacheris, Edsonas Pelé). Šiame tekste rijos mokslų daktaras“, „ekonomistas“, „ka­ atkreipsime dėmesį į tuos užsienio ir Lietu­ rininkas“, „archeologas“, „žurnalistas“, „gy­ vos diplomatus, kurie įvardijami kaip „di­ dytojas“. Čia verta paminėti ir tarptautines plomatas“ ir „rašytojas“. Tiksliau sakant, as­ organizacijas, tokias kaip Jungtinės Tautos, muo priklausė ir diplomatų, ir rašytojų (tad UNESCO, ir joms atstovaujančius Geros ir poetų, dramaturgų, novelistų, prozininkų, valios ambasadorius: pasaulyje žinomus vertėjų) gildijoms. Ne vien todėl, kad diplo­ kompozitorius, dainininkus, aktorius, spor­ matas, remiantis pareigybinėmis instrukci­ tininkus, monarchus, kadencijas baigusius jomis, yra įpareigotas rašyti kasdienybės pro 45 memorijas – valdyti plunksną ir tekstą, bet Užsienio reikalų ministerijų teikiami duo­ ir todėl, kad XX a. tarptautinės, tad ir Lietu­ menys, elektroniniai nacionalinių archyvų vos, diplomatijos istorijoje – tai apibrėžia šio ir muziejų įrašai. Tad visų jų sąrašas dėl di­ teksto temą ir siaurina chronologines ribas – delės apimties čia nevardijamas. Peržvelgus biografiniai įrašai „diplomatas ir rašytojas“ Vakarų Europos, Šiaurės ir Pietų Amerikos ar „rašytojas ir diplomatas“ aptinkami ne bei Lietuvos diplomatų biografijas ir jų rašy­ taip jau retai (bet ir išvardyti visus juos būtų tinius palikimus – kas ir yra šio straipsnio itin sudėtinga). Tad šiame tekste minimi tik objektas – siekiama „suverti ant vieno siūlo“ tie diplomatai, kurių biografijos tiksliausiai įvairių šalių diplomatų biografijas vienijan­ iliustruoja arba „suriša“ pasakojimo turinį, čius segmentus: „eseistas“, „novelistas“, „ra­ idėją, išvadas. Straipsnyje dėmesys skiriamas šytojas“, „poetas“, vertėjas“, „dramaturgas“, dviem poliams – užsienio šalių diplomatams „pjesių autorius“, „Nobelio premijos nomi­ ir Lietuvos diplomatams. Pasitelkus analizės nantas“, „Nobelio premijos laureatas“, pa­ ir sintezės metodus, siekiama atsakyti į tris liekant nuošaly kitų daug rečiau aptinkamų klausimus: „Kas jie?“, „Apie ką jie rašė?“ ir mūzų tarnus, t. y. kompozitorius, dailinin­ „Kodėl jų biografijose įrašyta „diplomatas kus ir pan. Kitaip tariant, siekiama retušuoti ir rašytojas“ arba atvirkščiai – „rašytojas ir diplomato portretą, suteikti jam „daugiau diplomatas“?“. spalvų“, pažvelgti į jo asmenį ir „tokiu kam­ Diplomatijos istoriografija yra gausi vals­ pu“, aktualizuojant pasirinktą temą. tybių užsienio politiką pristatančių ir tarp­ Visais amžiais būta „diplomatų ir rašy­ tautinius santykius analizuojančių įvairios tojų“. Pavyzdžiui, poetais ir diplomatais yra apimties tekstų. Jie skelbiami kaip mono­ pristatomi britai ThomasW yattas (1503–1542; grafijos, straipsniai mokslinių tekstų rinki­ diplomatinę karjerą daręs karaliaus Henriko niuose, taip pat spausdinami laikraščiuose, VIII laikais2), Matthew Prioras (1664–1721; žurnaluose, viešinami interneto puslapiuose. parlamento narys, rezidavęs keliose Vakarų Tarp autorių aptinkama ir diplomatų pavar­ Europos šalyse, taip pat Liudviko XIV dva­ džių. Apie pačius diplomatus dažniausiai re Prancūzijoje. 1921 ir 1939 m. apie jį buvo rašomos politinės biografijos. Renkant šiai išleisti du biografiniai pasakojimai:Matthew temai istoriografinius duomenis, ieškota Prior: a study of his public careerand corres- teks tų, kuriuose būtų pristatomi asmenys, pondence3 ir Matthew Prior, Poet and Diplo- tuo pat metu priklausę ir diplomatų, ir rašy­ matist4), ispanas Diegas Hurtado de Mendo­ tojų gildijai. Tačiau analitinį tekstą su tokiais za (1503–1575; novelistas, vertėjas, į ispanų k. įvardijimais sunku rasti (o gal nesėkmingai vertęs Aristotelio darbus, istorikas, parašęs ieškota?). Verta paminėti indų diplomato ir Granados karo istoriją; galima spėti, kad jo poeto Kumario Abhay’aus straipsnį „Poetry keliai galėjo kirstis su paminėtu T. Wyattu and Diplomacy“1, kuriame enciklopediškai karaliaus Henriko VIII rūmuose), amerikie­ pristatomi „poetai­diplomatai Nobelio pre­ čiai Joel Barlow (1754–1812; remiantis lietuvių mijos laureatai“, atskirai – tik „poetai ir di­ enciklopedija, „1811 paskirtas JAV atstovu plomatai“ ir trečia straipsnio dalis pavadinta Prancūzijai; mirė keliaudamas į Vilnių, kur „Lotynų Amerikos poetai­diplomatai“. Pri­ turėjo susitikti su Napoleonu“5), George’as statomai šio teksto temai atskleisti ar duome­ Henry’is Bokeris (1823–1890; dra ma turgas, nims tikslinti buvo pasitelkti bibliografiniai JAV atstovas Turkijoje ir Ru sijoje6) ir žymu­ aprašai, biografiniai žinynai, sąvadai, encik­ sis Irvingas Washingtonas (1783–1859; ne tik lopedijos, chrestomatijos, „pabraidyta“ in­ rašytojas, istorikas, bet ir JAV ambasado­ terneto tyruose, patikrinti atskirų valstybių rius Ispanijoje (1842–1846)), taip pat brazilų 46 Lietuvių migraCijos ir diasporos studijos diplomatas, poetas, dramaturgas ir nove­ kalbos įvairiomis progomis, publikuotos listas Luisas Caetano Pereira Guimarãesas atskirais leidiniais ir ypač jų aukščiausia­ Júnioras (1845–1898; rezidavęs Čilėje, Romo­ me lygyje vestų pokalbių stenogramos, kaip je ir Lisabonoje), rusų poetas ir pjesių auto­ pirminė, mažiausiai laiko, atminties ir po­ rius Aleksandras Gribojedovas (1795–1829), litinės atmosferos paliesta istorinė medžia­ kurį lietuvių enciklopedijos VII tome poe­ ga. Pavyzdžiui, JAV valstybės sekretoriaus, tas, dramaturgas ir aktorius Jurgis Blekai­ kontraversiškai vertinamo Nobelio taikos tis apibudino trimis iškalbingais sakiniais: premijos laureato Henry’io A. Kissingerio „Genialus vieno kūrinio autorius. (...) Buvo pokalbiai, paskelbti atskirais leidiniais: Kis- paskirtas atstovu Persijoje. Labai sumaniai singer Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks With atstovavo Rusijai.“7 Tai tik kelios pavardės iš Bei jing and Moscow12 ir Crisis: The Anatomy senesniųjų laikų. Didžiausias „diplomatų ir of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises: Based rašytojų“ ar „rašytojų ir diplomatų“ sąrašas on the Record of Henry Kissinger’s Hitherto esti XX amžiuje. Secret Telephone Con ver sations13; reikia pa­ brėžti, kad šio diplomato paskelbtų tekstų Diplomatai ir rašytojai sąrašas yra vienas ilgiausių. Dar vienas dip­ lomatų rašytinis lobynas – tekstai, kuriuose Išskirtinis diplomatų, ypač ėjusiųjų vals­ pasisakoma jų atstovaujamos valstybės užsie­ tybės užsienio reikalų ministro pareigas, ra­ nio politikos klausimais. Jie paprastai sudaro šytinis palikimas (čia darant dideles išlygas) straipsnių rinkinius (pavyzdžiui, diplomato, yra jų rašyti ir (ar) pasirašyti dokumentai: at­ sovietologo, rezidavusio Sovietų Sąjungoje, mintinės, direktyvos, dokumentų projektai, Latvijoje, Filipinuose ir Prancūzijoje, Char­ instrukcijos, įsakymai, įsakai, kreipimaisi, les’o E. Boh leno (1904–1974) tekstai rinkinyje memorandumai, notos, atsakomosios notos Witness to History, 1929–196914). Straipsnių ir verbalinės notos, nutartys, pareiškimai, rinkinius gali sudaryti ir kitų autorių rašyti pažymos, pranešimai, protokolai ir jų priedai, tekstai apie diplomatus bei jų veiklą. 1976 m. taip pat konfidencialūs protokolai, šifruoti paskelbtas leidinys Perspectives in American protokolai ar tik jų išrašai, sutartys, telegra­ Diplomacy15, kur aptinkama ir Ch. E. Bohle­ mos, pokalbių stenogramos ar pokalbių už­ no16 pavardė (teksto apie dip lomatą autorius rašai, suvestinės, oficialūs ir privatūs laiškai, yra T. Michaelas Ruddy’is, kuris vėliau apie net diplomatų dienoraščių fragmentai. Tokie Ch. E. Bohleną paskelbė monografiją The dokumentai yra leidžiami kaip atskiros šalies Cautious Diplomat: Charles E. Bohlen and ar dvišalius bei daugiašalius tarptautinius Soviet Unijon, 1929–196917, o 2011 m. pratęsė santykius atspindinčios šaltinių publika­ seriją pasakojimų apie JAV prezidentus – Jim- cijos. Pvyzdžiui,
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