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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
Im Spannungsfeld Von Katholizismus, Welfentum Und Preußisch-Bismarckschem Machtstreben
Im Spannungsfeld von Katholizismus, Welfentum und preußisch-bismarckschem Machtstreben. Die Entwicklung Ludwig Windthorsts zum Gegenspieler Bismarcks vor dem Hintergrund des Aufstiegs Preußens zur Großmacht bis zum Beginn des Kulturkampfes Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) durch die Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Vorgelegt von Georg Arnold aus Mönchengladbach Erstgutachter: Prof. em. Dr. Karl-Egon Lönne Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Hecker Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerd Krumeich Tag der Disputation: 24. Januar 2006 D 61 Düsseldorfer Philosophische Dissertation 2 Danksagung und zugleich Widmung Es ist mir eine angenehme Pflicht, an dieser Stelle jenen Menschen zu danken, die mich und diese Arbeit begleitet und in vielfältiger Weise unterstützt haben. Mein besonders tief empfundener Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater Herrn Prof. em. Dr. Karl-Egon Lönne, der mir nicht nur bei fachlichen Problemen sehr geholfen hat, sondern mir durch seine persönliche Begleitung eine wertvolle Stütze war. Leider ist Herr Prof. Lönne kurz vor meiner Disputation erkrankt. Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Hecker, dass er an seiner Stelle die Prüfung geleitet hat. Danken möchte ich denjenigen Mitarbeitern in den Bibliotheken und Archiven, die mich freundlich aufgenommen haben und mir mit Rat und Tat zur Seite standen. Namentlich hervorheben möchte ich Herrn Krischanitz aus dem Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover. Bedanken möchte ich mich ferner bei SKH Prinz Ernst August von Hannover für die Erlaubnis, im privaten Hausarchiv der Welfenfamilie zu arbeiten, und bei Generaloberin Schwester Wiltrudis für den Zugang zum Klosterarchiv des Augustinerinnenklosters in Neuss. Gerne würde ich an dieser Stelle alle erwähnen, die mir in der zurückliegenden Zeit halfen, aber diese Liste wäre zu lang. -
Jeder Treu Auf Seinem Posten: German Catholics
JEDER TREU AUF SEINEM POSTEN: GERMAN CATHOLICS AND KULTURKAMPF PROTESTS by Jennifer Marie Wunn (Under the Direction of Laura Mason) ABSTRACT The Kulturkampf which erupted in the wake of Germany’s unification touched Catholics’ lives in multiple ways. Far more than just a power struggle between the Catholic Church and the new German state, the conflict became a true “struggle for culture” that reached into remote villages, affecting Catholic men, women, and children, regardless of their age, gender, or social standing, as the state arrested clerics and liberal, Protestant polemicists castigated Catholics as ignorant, anti-modern, effeminate minions of the clerical hierarchy. In response to this assault on their faith, most Catholics defended their Church and clerics; however, Catholic reactions to anti- clerical legislation were neither uniform nor clerically-controlled. Instead, Catholics’ Kulturkampf activism took many different forms, highlighting both individual Catholics’ personal agency in deciding if, when, and how to take part in the struggle as well as the diverse factors that motivated, shaped, and constrained their activism. Catholics resisted anti-clerical legislation in ways that reflected their personal lived experience; attending to the distinctions between men’s and women’s activism or those between older and younger Catholics’ participation highlights individuals’ different social and communal roles and the diverse ways in which they experienced and negotiated the dramatic transformations the new nation underwent in its first decade of existence. Investigating the patterns and distinctions in Catholics’ Kulturkampf activism illustrates how Catholics understood the Church-State conflict, making clear what various groups within the Catholic community felt was at stake in the struggle, as well as how external factors such as the hegemonic contemporary discourses surrounding gender roles, class status, age and social roles, the division of public and private, and the feminization of religion influenced their activism. -
Political Parties in the Empire 1871 – 1918 the Imperial Constitution
HISTORICAL EXHIBITION PRESENTED BY THE GERMAN BUNDESTAG ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Political parties in the Empire 1871 – 1918 The Imperial Constitution made no reference to political parties, whose activities were governed by the law on associations. Indeed, prior to 1908 political parties were subject to the legislation of the individual federal states regulating the activities of associations, but in that year the statutory provisions governing associations were standardised throughout the Empire, and this codification was accompanied by a liberalisation of the right of association and the right of assembly, which lifted existing restrictions whereby women could not normally become members of associations, and public political gatherings in enclosed spaces required authorisation by the police. The dominant type of political party in the Empire was an elite-based party, in which all of the crucial party-political functions were performed by small groups of personalities whose role as leading representatives of their respective sections of society gave them an exalted position. Party organisations were still in their infancy and only existed at the constituency level. After 1871 the way in which parties were led and organised began to change, and during the Empire the Centre and the Social Democratic Party became the first mass-membership parties of the modern type. The five-party landscape may be said to have prevailed throughout the duration of the Empire, as the various splinter parties never came to exert any real influence. Each of the five large political camps was largely linked with a particular milieu. The model of the people’s party, drawing support from various milieux, was still in its infancy. -
Bismarck After Fifty Years
BISMARCK AFTER FIFTY YEARS By ERICH EYCK Price One Shilling G8 HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 1948 GENERAL SERIES: G 8 BISMARCK AFTER FIFTY YEARS BY ERICH EYGK Price One Shilling Members may obtain extra copies at Id, each (post free) from the Hon. Secretary of the Association, 21, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I PUBLISHED FOR THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION BY GEORGE PHILIP & SON, LTD., LONDON, E.C.4. 1948 THIS notable essay by Dr. Erich Eyck, the most distinguished Bismarckian scholar of our day, was written on the invitation of BISMARCK the Historical Association to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Bismarck's death. Dr. Eyck, a German Liberal of the school AFTER FIFTY YEARS of Ludwig Bamberger, found his way to England in the early years of the Nazi government, and his massive three-volume Life of Bismarck, published in Switzerland between 1941 and 1944, ' THAT world history has to be re-written from time to time, was written mainly in this country. It will no doubt remain the about that there remains no doubt in our day. This necessity standard biography of Bismarck for many years to come, but, as exists, not because much about what has passed has been dis- publishing difficulties make the early appearance of an English covered since, but because new points of view arise, because the translation unlikely, this short reassessment of Bismarck's career contemporary of an advanced age is led into a position from which and summary of Dr. Eyck's conclusions is particularly welcome. the past can be surveyed and assessed anew.' Thus wrote Goethe one and a half centuries ago. -
Diplomarbeit
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by OTHES Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit „Der politische Katholizismus in der jüngeren Geschichte. Analysiert am Beispiel Deutschland und Österreich.“ Verfasserin Maria Macalik Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 300 Studienrichtung lt. Studienkennblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Hannes Wimmer Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort 1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................. 11 2 Begriffsbestimmungen ............................................................................................ 15 2.1 Religion ............................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Kirche .................................................................................................................. 18 2.3 Katholizismus ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Politischer Katholizismus ........................................................................... 22 2.4 Staat ..................................................................................................................... 26 3 Historische Entwicklung des Politischen Katholizismus ..................................... 29 3.1 Von der Spätantike bis zum Mittelalter ............................................................. -
„An Einem Aprilmorgen Des Jahres 1823 Stand Zu Osnabrück Vor Dem Gymnasium Carolinum Ein Knabe, Dem Man Es Ansah, Dass Er
„An einem Aprilmorgen des Jahres 1823 stand zu Osnabrück vor dem Gymnasium Carolinum ein Knabe, dem man es ansah, dass er noch ein Fremdling war; denn er trug noch nicht den kurzen blauen Mantel, der die Scholaren dieser Anstalt nach Vorschrift und Brauch zierte. Der Knabe war klein von Gestalt; aber klug blickten die Augen unter der hohen Stirn hervor und glitten mit kindlicher Neugierde über das Schulgebäude mit den dicken Mauern und den zahlreichen Fenstern, hinter denen seine Welt lag, seine Welt für lange, arbeitsreiche Jahre. Zwei Türen hatte der langgestreckte Bau, über der einen Tür, dem Zugang zur Aula, stand die Inschrift: Höhere Bildungsschulen für Jünglinge, gestiftet durch Kaiser Karl d. Gr. im Jahre 804, über der anderen, die zu den Klassen führte, die Nachricht: Bestätigt und erneuert durch die Großmut Sr. Königlichen Majestät Georg IV. im Jahre 1820. In der letzteren Tür erschien, während der angehende Sextaner die Inschriften entzifferte, ein freundlich blickender Herr, der Direktor des Gymnasiums, Marcellinus Georgi. Und der kleine Scholar war Ludwig Windthorst aus Ostercappeln.“ So beginnt ein umfangreicher Aufsatz „Aus Ludwig Windthorsts Jugendjahren. Zugleich ein Zeitbild aus der deutschen Schulgeschichte“, der am 18., 19. und 20. Januar 1906 in der „Germania Zeitung für das deutsche Volk und Handelsblatt“ in Berlin erschien. Die Tatsache, dass 15 Jahre nach Windthorsts Tod ein solcher mehrteiliger Aufsatz erschien, zeigt das mit Verehrung gepaarte ungebrochene Interesse an seiner Person. Unzählige Aufsätze, Broschüren und Bücher über Ludwig Windthorst sind seit dieser Zeit bis auf den heutigen Tag erschienen. In der Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück finden wir den Hinweis auf bedeutende Politiker der Region, u. -
HISTORISCH-POLITISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Archiv Für Christlich-Demokratische Politik
HISTORISCH-POLITISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik Im Auftrag der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. herausgegeben von Günter Buchstab, Hans-Otto Kleinmann und Hanns Jürgen Küsters 19. Jahrgang 2012 BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR HISTORISCH-POLITISCHE MITTEILUNGEN Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik 19. Jahrgang 2012 Im Auftrag der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. herausgegeben von Dr. Günter Buchstab, Prof. Dr. Hans-Otto Kleinmann und Prof. Dr. Hanns Jürgen Küsters Redaktion: Dr. Wolfgang Tischner, Dr. Kordula Kühlem Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Wissenschaftliche Dienste / Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik Rathausallee 12 53757 Sankt Augustin Tel. 02241 / 246 2240 Fax 02241 / 246 2669 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.kas.de © 2012 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie., Wien Köln Weimar Ursulaplatz 1, D-50668 Köln, [email protected], www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Satzpunkt Ursula Ewert GmbH, Bayreuth Druck: Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach ISSN: 0943-691X ISBN: 978-3-412-21008-3 Erscheinungsweise: jährlich Preise: € 19,50 [D] / € 20,10 [A] Erhältlich in Ihrer Buchhandlung oder direkt beim Böhlau Verlag unter: [email protected], Tel. +49 221 91390-0, Fax +49 221 91390-11 Ein Abonnement verlängert sich automatisch um ein Jahr, wenn die Kündi- gung nicht zum 1. Dezember erfolgt ist. Zuschriften, die Anzeigen und Ver- trieb betreffen, werden an den Verlag erbeten. Inhalt AUFSÄTZE Hanns Jürgen Küsters . 1 Der Bonn/Berlin-Beschluss vom 20. Juni 1991 und seine Folgen Katrin Rupprecht . 25 Der isländische Fischereizonenstreit 1972–1976. Im Konfliktfeld zwischen regionalen Fischereiinteressen und NATO-Bündnispolitik Herbert Elzer . 47 Weder Schlaraffenland noch Fata Morgana: Das Königreich Saudi-Arabien und die Fühlungnahme mit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Herbst 1952 ZUR CHRISTLICHEN DEMOKRATIE VOR 1945 Markus Lingen . -
Modern German History
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF MODERN GERMAN HISTORY Edited by HELMUT W ALSER SMITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS PART III GERMANY: THE NATION STATE sALfiC sE:A NORTH sf.A RUSSIA Kingdom of Prussia Annexed by Prussia in 1866 Joined the North German Confederation, 1 Joined the German Empire, 1871 Annexed by Germany, 1871 0 100 200 FRANCE Mi! es AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Map 2 Creation of the German Empire Source: James Retallack (ed.), Short Oxford History of Germany: Imperial Germany 1871-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 313. CHAPTER 13 NATION STATE, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, AND CULTURE WAR, 1850-1878 SIEGFRIED WEICHLEIN RITUALs combine past and present. At least this is the intention of their protagonists. During the nineteenth century, this was particularly true for monarchs whose rule had always been symbolically charged. The French king of the restoration, Charles X, had himself crowned like a medieval monarch in the Cathedral of Reims on 31 May 1825. This event was followed by a ceremony of healing the sick in the tradition of the 'rais thaumaturges,' with Charles X speaking the traditional formula used to eure those · suffering from scrofula: 'Le rai te tauche, Dieu te guerisse' ('the king touches you, may the Lord heal you'). 1 Charles X possessed, however, as much faith in modern science as in divine assistance, as three ofhis personal physicians were present at the ceremony to look after the siele. On 18 October 1861, King Wilhelm I of Prussia, who had a monarchic family history of a mere 160 years, similarly employed symbols to empha size his royal status. -
The Growth of German Nationalism 1815-50
The Growth of German Nationalism 1815-50 • 962 – 1806: Central Europe occupied and controlled by the Holy Roman Empire • 1806 – 1815: Holy Roman Empire conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon reduces the 400 German states to 39 • Creates the Confederation of the Rhine from 16 of these states • 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo by coalition of European forces • 1815 Congress of Vienna establishes national boundaries of Central Europe and maintains the status quo to the 39 states The Growth of German Nationalism • Cultural factors • Romantic Movement • Shared language and culture • Spread of nationalist ideas • Economic factors • Zollverein Union • Prussian economic expansion • Industrialisation & population changes • Technology and transport improvements • Political factors • Defeat of Napoleon • Hatred of Prince Metternich • Student societies • 1848 revolutions Collect a copy of the ‘Growth of Nationalism’ starter image to stick in your jotter Definition of Nationalism.. The desire of people sharing the same language and culture (heritage ,traditions, history) to be independent and ruled over by their own government, free from any control by other countries. Most countries were ruled by Autocratic rulers - there was little concept of democracy. Most people in Europe had no knowledge or understanding of nationalism. Society was still largely dominated by Feudalism – dominated by a small aristocracy ruling over a vast peasantry. Social class had a far greater significance that nationality. The peasants had no concept of the nation as they rarely moved out of their local area The aristocracy regarded themselves as an international elite who shared common values no matter which country they came from. Impact of the French Revolution French Revolution was an explosive outburst against the old corrupt order of Autocracy. -
Final Copy 2019 11 28 Zhou
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Tai, T Title: Visions of the Teuton Perceptions of Germany and the German in mid-nineteenth century England General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Visions of the Teuton: Perceptions of Germany and the German in mid-nineteenth century England Tai Teng Zhou A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of PhD in the Faculty of Arts, Department of Historical Studies, 2/6/19 78,007 words 1 Abstract This thesis examines mid-nineteenth century perceptions of Germany in the minds of English thinkers, writers, and journalists. -
Austria and Prussia
Austria and Prussia German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink 3174298 Comparative History First supervisor: Dr. Mr. F.W. Lantink Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. M.R. Prak June 2010 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink 2 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink Contents Introduction 5 Thesis 5 Motivation 6 Historiography 7 The comparative method 8 Sources 9 Chapter I - State & Politics 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Prussia and Austria in Germany (1815-1850) 11 1.2.1 The era of Metternich 11 1.2.2 After the revolutions 13 1.3 Implications of the 1848 revolutions 14 1.4 Customs Unions and the Zollverein 16 1.5 Prussia and Austria in Germany (1850-1871) 20 1.6 Conclusion 24 Chapter II - State & Society 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 The German Question 26 2.3 Nationalism among the non-German population 28 2.4 Social classes 31 2.5 Citizens in government 36 2.5.1 Education 36 3 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W. Enderink 2.5.2 Parliaments and constitutions 37 2.5.3 The modern military 39 2.6 Conclusion 40 Chapter III - State & Economy 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 The role of the state 42 3.3 Taxation in agriculture and industry 45 3.4 Industrialization 46 3.5 State finance 49 3.6 Banking 52 3.7 Conclusion 54 Conclusion 56 Biobliography 63 4 Austria and Prussia; German unification in the nineteenth century S.F.W.