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'Sie�unb3tuttn3i gftetjo� �efe(J�ift be� .ilnte�ntttionolen oult�ommelui�tuofengenoffenfe(Jaft No. tO 2002 Address all correspondence to: ISSN 1090-1302 VIM 601 N. White St. Mt Pleasant, IA 52641 U.S.A Frederick Crane, Editor �ittunb0wttn0ig ftelja�rjf�rift ber �nternationolen IDlaultrommelbirtuofengenoffenfdjttft No. tO 2002 CONTENTS 2 Editor's Notes 6 Fred Whitlow 1916-2001 8 The Drymba among the Hutsul in the Ukrainian Carpathians: Philippe Dallais A Recent Ethnomusicological Survey Stefan Weber Caroline Briner Joel Liegme H 1\ 31 Los Mapuche y el trompe/TheMapuche and the Trompe Jose Luis Pignocchi 39 Kyrgyzstan-An Adventurous Journey Svein Westad 45 A Munnharpe for Giants 47 Ein Stammbuch des MaultrommelvirtuosenFranz Paula Koch (1761- Einfiihrung von/Intro 1831/ An Album of the Trump Virtuoso Franz Paula Koch (1761-1831) ductionby Manfred Hett 74 TTav�Report:Tokyo Anton Bruhin 81 A SpirideR-Shishigin :AHmHt ? 0 r I +A '' Khomus '\ Alexey Eliseyevich Kulakovskiy 100 CD Reviews 103 Patsy Cohen's Jews-Harp Band 8 9 THE DRYMBA AMONG by THE HUTSUL Philippe Dallais Stefan Weber Caroline Briner IN THE Joel Liegme /\ UKRAINIAN Neucluitel University Institute of Ethnology CARPATHIANS: Switzerland A RECENT ETHNOMUSICOLOGICAL SURVEY (In this article, we will follow VIM's practice, and use Moors: TheHutsuls Today , freshly deposited on a shelf the word trump when we refer to the instrument in of the Library of the Neuchatel UniversityInstitute of general, and drymba when we refer to the Hutsul in Ethnology.When he saw the photograph of a man play strument.) ing trump (fig. 1) he immediately felthe had to contact Mr. Polec, who soon responded and confirmedthe sur In Search of Ivan and Marichka vival of a local and traditional trump fabrication in the HIS RESEARCH PROJECf basically emerged from Ukrainian Carpathians.Furthermore, Polec also enthu a single photograph that Philippe Dallais siastically suggested that we visit the Hutsul people and T discovered by chance in spring 1999 when he meet some trump makers. For the general reader of was glancing through the book of the Polish Polec's book this photograph may seem unimposing, photographer Andrzej Polec (1997), Distant Glensand but for the trump researcher it brings an unusual con firmationof the very few mentionsin the literature that the Hutsul shepherds in the Carpathians were still Fig. 1 opposite: Village of Kosmach-Dmytro Shatruk making and playing the trump, so-called drymba, in selling drymbas in front of the church. Dmytro (1931- the 20th century. Invited as a guest lecturer to present 1997) was the elder brother of the drymba maker Vasyl the trump at Professor F. Borel's ethnomusicology Shatruk. Photo: Andrzej Polec 1997, with permission. course, Philippe proposed to create a small team in 10 order to verifywhat place tors (Wild Horses of the drymba had in con Fire) (1964) inspired by temporary Hutsul soci Lvlv a novel of Mikhail Kot- ety. With the strong sup soubinski. In this Carpa port of the Neucbatel In thian Romeo and Juliet, Ukraine stitute of Ethnology and \ Paradzhanov shows with Museum of Ethnography, \ an ethnographical accu ' we started to organize our '-. () lvano--Fronldalc racy the daily life, rites, .. research on the Hutsuls ' · ···. .............. and processions of the . and their region. ('� . 19th-century Hutsul so ·• '- • KolomY• Soon, we realised . ........ ... ciety, telling the story of · Koalv '\. that recent documents \ Ivan and Marichka, Bru;IO<Y "- \ related to the Hutsul were ..., punctuated by several · scarce, and that sources · ·�\'- drymba tunes. The mys on Ukrainian history \· tical atmosphere in the ,' Rumania ...._ · .. were not very informative ..... ...._ filmexcited our imagina ·· · · on this minority. The ' ...... · · ··············"· tion and we became im ethnonym Hutsul already ' patient to leave for leads to some confusion Hutsulshchyna. depending on the sources' Fig. 2. Map of the area. The dotted line shows the Thanks to the help of language, as they are general location of Hutsulshchyna. Polec and his Hutsul called Houtsoules or friends who contacted Goutzouls in French, Huculi in Polish, Hutsuly in the drymba makers and musicians in advance, we could Ukrainian, Gutsuly in Russian, and they are moreover plan to stay for a short time and to prepare carefully often referred to only with the more general terms of our schedule, ten days from May 19 to 29 2001, as a Rusyns, Carpatho-Rusyns or Ruthenes that definethe firstprospecting ethnomusicological fieldworkaround three Carpathian ethnic groupsthe Hutsuls, the Boikos, the town of Kosiv. We rejoined Polec in Poland and and the Lernkos. In fact, most of the research on the then went by car to the Polish-Ukrainian frontier,which Hutsuls was made by Polish scholars between the two we had to cross with a special bus. As soon as we were World Wars, during the short timethis region became on the other side of the border, YUan, the Ukrainian a Polish province (Galicia). Subsequently, the Hutsul assistant of Polec, drove us to the suburb of Lviv, the region(Hutsulshchyna) belonged to Ukraine and partly capital of the Westernpart of Ukraine, where we met to Rumania (fig.2). In Ukraine,during the Soviet Union our host Ivan. The roads got worse and worse as we period, no foreigners were in principle allowed to visit approached the Carpathians. What was our surprise this remote Carpathian periphery. As is still the case as we arrived in the small town of Kosiv when Ivan in nowadays, the Hutsul were not recognised as a minor troduced us to his wife, Marichka. This auspicious co ity, but after the independence of Ukraine in 1991, they incidence wasjust the firststep of our full, neverthe were able to claim their identityas did other minori less too short immersion into the Carpathian contem ties, which leads to very complex Transcarpathian porary world. ethno-nationalist issues. Overcoming the geopolitical complexity, we started From Shepherds to Unrecognised to decipher the Hutsul history and culture, asking our Ethno-National Minority selves why and how the drymba was still found among LONG WITH THE BOIKOS AND THE LEMKOS, the Hutsul the Hutsul and not among their neighbours, according Aare considered to belong to the Carpatho-Rusyn to sources. We assumed thatit wasimportant to inves ethnic group,somehow descendants fromGalician and tigate the musical practices, to identify the Hutsul Bukovinian Rusyn who are believed to have colonized drymba types and the fabrication process in order to the Carpathian mountains beginning in the 6th cen question the origin of the Hutsul drymba, and to con tury. Nowadays, the Carpatho-Rusyn ethnic group is firmif the drymba had become an ethnic identity em widespread in the Carpathians in the border area cross blem as for the Yakut in Siberia or the Ainu of Japan, ing the Polish, Slovakian, and Ukrainian boundaries, or ifit was an old ancestral tradition on the verge of but communities are to be found in the surrounding disappearance. The area we were going to visit was pre countriesas well as in the United States where a Rusyn cisely where Sergei Paradzhanov (Crane 1997: 132) community larger than half a million people settled, made his famous film Shadows ofForgotten Ances- approximately half of the total Rusyn population on 11 the continent. gypsies. These "oprysken" were another peculiarity of Between Rusyns-Hutsuls, Lemkos,and Boikos Hutsulshchyna that enriched folk songs and tales. They differencesare firstlylinguistic and then resultingfrom were organized bands of various origins that plundered the various cultural influences through their history. nobles, making incursions into the plains and taking Their small population size, the lack of a state of their refuge in the mountains; some of them became legend own, and their geographic isolation contributed to the aryheroes. fact that theyare still very little known.Their history, Thanks to its isolation, Hutsulshchyna remained origins, and identification are still subject to contro a closed pastoral territory away from the world until versy. Peasant peoples, without any codifiedlanguage, the middle of the 19th century. Then, industrialization political power or local intelligentsia able to express a and agricultural development led to social and cultural national identity,the process of constructingtheir na mutation. By the end of the 19th century, the deterio tional consciousness was particularly complex, and ration of the economic situation and famine encour their border situation between various cultures made aged the emigration process in the direction of the it even more difficultto understand. Nevertheless,their neighboring countries and especially to the United specific religious membership in the Uniate or Greco States. The sovietisation of the area afterSecond World Catholic Church, between Catholicism and Orthodoxy, War finishedtransforming the Hutsul's socio-cultural and their isolation in the Carpathianssomehow helped landscape. them to preserve original cultural features and to re Today Hutsul society seems little touched by the sist assimilation by the various foreign powers that soviet period; kolkhozes closed, factories are deserted, ruled the area. and pastoral activity is reviving. Hutsuls are especially The land of the Hutsuls or Hutsulshchyna has reputed for their handcrafts, and this occupation forms drawn the attention of many travelers, writers, artists, a big part of their income, which is lower than the and scientists. In a natural