Everest & Gokyo
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Thermal and Physical Investigations Into Lake Deepening Processes on Spillway Lake, Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal
water Article Thermal and Physical Investigations into Lake Deepening Processes on Spillway Lake, Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal Ulyana Nadia Horodyskyj Science in the Wild, 40 S 35th St. Boulder, CO 80305, USA; [email protected] Academic Editors: Daene C. McKinney and Alton C. Byers Received: 15 March 2017; Accepted: 15 May 2017; Published: 22 May 2017 Abstract: This paper investigates physical processes in the four sub-basins of Ngozumpa glacier’s terminal Spillway Lake for the period 2012–2014 in order to characterize lake deepening and mass transfer processes. Quantifying the growth and deepening of this terminal lake is important given its close vicinity to Sherpa villages down-valley. To this end, the following are examined: annual, daily and hourly temperature variations in the water column, vertical turbidity variations and water level changes and map lake floor sediment properties and lake floor structure using open water side-scan sonar transects. Roughness and hardness maps from sonar returns reveal lake floor substrates ranging from mud, to rocky debris and, in places, bare ice. Heat conduction equations using annual lake bottom temperatures and sediment properties are used to calculate bottom ice melt rates (lake floor deepening) for 0.01 to 1-m debris thicknesses. In areas of rapid deepening, where low mean bottom temperatures prevail, thin debris cover or bare ice is present. This finding is consistent with previously reported localized regions of lake deepening and is useful in predicting future deepening. Keywords: glacier; lake; flood; melting; Nepal; Himalaya; Sherpas 1. Introduction Since the 1950s, many debris-covered glaciers in the Nepalese Himalaya have developed large terminal moraine-dammed supraglacial lakes [1], which grow through expansion and deepening on the surface of a glacier [2–4]. -
Mount Everest Base Camp and Gokyo Lakes Langtang Ri Trekking & Expedition
Mount Everest Base Camp and Gokyo Lakes Langtang Ri Trekking & Expedition Mount Everest Base Camp and Gokyo Lakes This trek explores the breath-taking Gokyo valley which is located adjacent of the Khumbu. Gokyo is a land of high altitude lakes and icy glaciers. Here, a hike to the high vantage point of Gokyo Ri (5350-m) will reward you with views of four of the eight highest mountains on earth – all in one panorama! From here, one can see more of Everest (8848-m) and the three other Himalayan giants – Cho Oyu (8153-m), Lhotse(8501-m) and Makalu (8463-m) and some of the great Glaciers, mainly the Ngozumpa Glacier. The small herding settlement of Gokyo (4750m) lies on the banks of the third lake in a series of small turquoise mountain lakes and on the ridge above Gokyo, the four peaks above 8000m of Cho You, Everest, Lhotse and Makalu expose themselves. In addition to this you can have a look at the tremendous ice ridge between ChoYou and Gyachung (7922m), considered one of the most dramatic panoramas in the Khumbu region. There are many options for additional exploration and high-altitude walking, including the crossing of Cho La, a 5420m-high pass into Khumbu and a hike to Gokyo Ri. Your return trek will depart from the standard Gokyo trek as you will take the route back to Namche by crossing the Renjo La pass (5340m) instead of back trekking the Gokyo valley trails. This makes the trek a much more exciting and challenging one. These mountains are magical – and so are your encounters with the Sherpa people, the famous mountain dwellers of this Himalayan wonderland. -
Everest Base Camp & the Sacred Lakes of Gokyo
EVEREST BASE CAMP & THE SACRED LAKES OF GOKYO En-route to Everest Base © Ann Foulkes, trekMountains Land-only duration: 22 days Grade: Demanding / Strenuous Trekking days: 17 days Max altitude: 5623m Price: From £1645 We can run this on dates to suit you for a minimum group size of 1. Dates: The 2 main trekking seasons in Nepal are Spring and Autumn. Contact us at [email protected] with your preferred dates tel (UK): +44 7713 628763 tel (outside UK): +39 338 500 9540 email: [email protected] web: www.trekmountains.com skype ID: trekMountains Trek description Our trip takes in the all the best parts of trip to the Everest region: Kala Patar, Everest Base Camp, the Cho La Pass, the turquoise holy lakes at Gokyo and the sublime view of Everest and a host of other Khumbu peaks from the summit of Gokyo Ri across the Ngozumpa glacier. We spend time acclimatising on our ascent via the Gokyo valley, which is much quieter than our descent which is down the Khumbu valley. This trek is harder than the classic Everest Base Camp & Kala Pattar trip as more time is spent above 5000m. The Cho La is not a technical pass, it is a high pass subject to changes in weather conditions and is suited to those who are comfortable in a mountain environment. The pass does involve some scrambling over big boulders. After the pass, you descend onto a section of ice, and for this reason you should take a walking ice axe and crampons that will fit onto your trekking boots. -
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Risk Reduction Activities in Nepal
Glacial lake outburst floods risk reduction activities in Nepal Samjwal Ratna BAJRACHARYA [email protected] International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) PO Box 3226 Kathmandu Nepal Abstract: The global temperature rise has made a tremendous impact on the high mountainous glacial environment. In the last century, the global average temperature has increased by approximately 0.75 °C and in the last three decades, the temperature in the Nepal Himalayas has increased by 0.15 to 0.6 °C per decade. From early 1970 to 2000, about 6% of the glacier area in the Tamor and Dudh Koshi sub-basins of eastern Nepal has decreased. The shrinking and retreating of the Himalayan glaciers along with the lowering of glacier surfaces became visible after early 1970 and increased rapidly after 2000. This coincides with the formation and expansion of many moraine-dammed glacial lakes, leading to the stage of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF). The past records show that at least one catastrophic GLOF event had occurred at an interval of three to 10 years in the Himalayan region. Nepal had already experienced 22 catastrophic GLOFs including 10 GLOFs in Tibet/China that also affected Nepal. The GLOF not only brings casualties, it also damages settlements, roads, farmlands, forests, bridges and hydro-powers. The settlements that were not damaged during the GLOF are now exposed to active landslides and erosions scars making them high-risk areas. The glacial lakes are situated at high altitudes of rugged terrain in harsh climatic conditions. To carry out the mitigation work on one lake costs more than three million US dollars. -
Front Matter Template
Copyright by Marcelo Arturo Somos Valenzuela 2014 The Dissertation Committee for Marcelo Arturo Somos Valenzuela Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Vulnerability and Decision Risk Analysis in Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF). Case Studies: Quillcay Sub Basin in the Cordillera Blanca in Peru and Dudh Koshi Sub Basin in the Everest Region in Nepal Committee: Daene C. McKinney, Supervisor David R. Maidment Ben R. Hodges Ginny A. Catania Randall J. Charbeneau Vulnerability and Decision Risk Analysis in Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF). Case Studies: Quillcay Sub Basin in the Cordillera Blanca in Peru and Dudh Koshi Sub Basin in the Everest Region in Nepal by Marcelo Arturo Somos Valenzuela, B.S; M.S.E. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN AUGUST, 2014 Dedication To my mother Marina Victoria Valenzuela Reyes for showing me that I could always achieve a little more. A mi madre Marina Victoria Valenzuela Reyes por mostrarme que siempre podia lograr un poco mas. Acknowledgements There are many people to whom I want to thank for this achievement. I start with my children Sebastian and Antonia for their patience and unconditional love despite the difficult times we have experienced in the last 5 years, I hope that someday this achievement will lead to better opportunities for you and justify to be apart for all these years. Thank to my fiancée, Stephanie, for her love, for her tenacity and intelligence that inspire me, but most of all for giving me our beautiful son Julian whose smile makes us happy every day. -
Overview Itinerary Details
Gokyo Trek via Everest Base Camp Overview If you have the soul of an adventurer and the desire for a demanding and scenically rewarding hike then the Everest Gokyo trek may be the ideal choice for you. It's the perfect route through the Everest region, with every single day offering up dramatic landscapes and solitary valleys, formidable glaciers and picturesque villages, yak herders living in peaceful isolation amidst the lakes of Gokyo, the hospitality and pristine culture of the Sherpas, and the near matchless variety of flora and fauna of UNESCO-listed Sagarmatha National Park. The trip commences with a dramatic flight to Lukla from Kathmandu that provides tantalizing glimpses of the journey's distant pathways through the region. From there the trek proper begins with a short hike to the village of Phakding, after which the trail leads on through rhododendron and conifer forests to the Sherpa capital of Namche Bazaar (3440m), where the town's famed weekend market might well be on show if the timing's favorable — the allotted rest day there to help acclimate to the altitude increases the chances. The legendary monastery of Tengboche (3860m) looms up on the following day, with its serene perspective on the distant peaks of the Himalayas and its long association with the mountain-climbing community's travels through the region. The next destination on the trek is Dingboche (4410m), where another rest day for acclimation purposes allows for a climb to Chhukung Ri and its scenic outlook (5550m). Our final tea house stay is at Gorakshep (5140m), and from there the trail leads to the trek's legendary goal of Everest Base Camp and the roll call of famous climbers who've called it home temporarily, from Hillary and Tenzing Norgay through to the likes of Haston, Messner, and Steck. -
EVEREST: a TREKKER’S GUIDE Photo: Anna Chmielewska
EVEREST: A TREKKER’S GUIDE photo: Anna Chmielewska About the Author EVEREST: Radek Kucharski grew up in Poland and lives in Warsaw. Born to a jazz-playing A TREKKER'S GUIDE father, he was probably never destined to have a full-time job. After studying geography, he completed his first overland trip to India and Nepal in 2000, and trekking in the Himalayas quickly became a favourite activity. He has BASE CAMP, KALA PATTHAR AND OTHER TREKKING also trekked in Iran, Pakistan and Scandinavia. He treks independently, often alone, and believes this is the best way to get to know a place and its people. ROUTES IN NEPAL AND TIBET Introduced to the darkroom by his grandfather, Radek uses a camera to docu- ment every trip and shows his work in public while speaking about the places by Radek Kucharski that fascinate him. Having worked for a small geographic information systems company for over 10 years, Radek now chiefly guides trekking groups to Ladakh and the Nepali Himalayas, as well as leading adventure travel trips to South Asia and tours to Scandinavia. Having recently become a father, he looks forward to the challenges and inspirations that discovering the world with a child will bring. www. radekkucharski.com Other Cicerone guides by the author Trekking in Ladakh JUNIPER HOUSE, MURLEY MOSS, OXENHOLME ROAD, KENDAL, CUMBRIA LA9 7RL www.cicerone.co.uk Crossing the glacier moraines between Warning Lobuche and Gorakshep with Pumori and All mountain activities contain an element of danger, with a risk of personal Kala Patthar above (Trek 3) injury or death. -
North American Academic Research
+ North American Academic Research Journal homepage: http://twasp.info/journal/home Review Article Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in the Khumbu region, Nepal Tina Rai1,2,3*, Mukesh Rai3,4 1Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gansu 73000, China *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Telephone number: +8618801220301 Accepted:31st May, 2020;Online: 01June, 2020 DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872556 Abstract: Climate changes have a direct impact on glaciers that ultimately results in glacial retreat, creating a high risk from catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). The GLOFs are glacier disaster, which is the result of sudden discharge of large volume of water with debris from proglacial or supraglacial lakes in valley downstream. The research on glaciers would give the light on the increasing effect of climate change as glaciers are the sensitive indicator of climate change and create the mitigations for the damages of it. Here, the information regarding the glaciers, glacial lakes and GLOFs in the Khumbu region were reviewed from previous studies. This gives a general overview of the Khumbu region and its glacial components.Khumbu region is one of the most glacierized regions with the ‘Khumbu glacier’, the largest glacier of Nepal. -
Vol. 7 Bucket Nepal Lister Contents
SPECIAL EDITION SPECIAL VOL. 7 BUCKET NEPAL LISTER CONTENTS 2020, odd one this. 26 NEPALESE TEA I can’t remember the last time I spent so much time in this country, and if I hear someone WHAT’S HOUSES say “you’re on mute” one more time… Well, some things are better left unsaid. INSIDE? After ten months of confusing regulations and conflicting messages (“don’t go outside, but only meet outside!”), it only seemed apt that we use this edition of The Bucketlister to visit 28 the Country of Contrasts. 4 FAQS FROM KEITH AVOIDING ALTITUDE In true Covid-style, it’ll have to be done in spirit. But that doesn’t mean you can’t lose MOUNTAIN 18 yourself in these pages that are simply dripping with the rich traditions and snow-capped STYLE SICKNESS AT peaks of the world’s most silently stunning country. 5 MINUTES WITH DIZZYING HEIGHTS Welcome to Nepal, my friends. DAN JONES Take half an hour to forget all about Boris, Biden and baking banana bread, because here 10 What’s it really like in the begins your Nepalese love affair. THE LESSER Ngorongoro Conversation area This is a read you won’t want to miss, featuring everything you need to know about this KNOWN 32 GET TO KNOW magical land, where dreams come true and… Well let’s not go too far. MOUNTAINS A GUIDE - KITAP Should you begin with Base Camp or on the Annapurna Circuit? Are there any other TAMANG mountains worth doing, aside the world’s highest? And is there anything to do for those OF NEPAL 18 A DIFFERENT KIND who can’t think of anything worse than climbing through blizzards to a stormy peak?! OF ADVENTURE IN It’s all inside this month’s edition of The Bucketlister. -
Gokyo Wetland Series Sagarmatha National Park
Gokyo Wetland Series Sagarmatha National Park unique and representative wetland in the world's highest freshwater lake system. There are 6 main lakes in Gokyo series, out of which Thonak lake is the largest lake at 4834m followed by Gokyo. Dudh koshi is a sub- basin of Koshi River in Nepal, which feeds the Ganges river basin, safeguarding the livelihood of millions of people downstream. BIODIVERSITY VALUES: Flora: Above 80 species of flowering plants have been recorded from the Gokyo catchment. It also holds 4 endemic species of plants like Kobresia fissiglumis, K. gandakiensis, Pedicularis poluninii, P. pseudoregelina, WETLANDS OF NEPAL along with rare and vulnerable plant species, such as WETLANDS OF NEPAL Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia, Swertia multicaulis, Coordinates: 27º57.02' E Saussurea gossipiphora, Meconopsis horridula. 86º41.58' N Area: 42.69 ha Fauna: Wetlands birds found in Gokyo are Brahminy Length: 975m ducks (Tadorna ferruginea), Eurasian Wigeon (Anas Elevation: 4700- 5000m penelope), Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), Common Pochard (Aytha ferina), Common Coot (Fulica atra), OVERVIEW: Wood Snipe (Gallinago nemoricola), Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), and Great Crested HIGH ALTITUDE Gokyo is an oligotrophic lake series in the Everest Grebe (Podiceps cristatus). It is also a breeding site of HIGH ALTITUDE region. Partially fed by Ngozumpa glacier, it lies on the the at least 6 pairs of Brahminy Ducks (Tadorna head of the Dudh Koshi River which descends from ferruginea). The lower catchment is also the winter world's -
Tackling Food Insecurity, Air Pollution, Water Insecurity and Associated Health Risks in South Asia
Tackling Food Insecurity, Air Pollution, Water Insecurity and Associated Health Risks in South Asia A FUTURE EARTH WORKING DOCUMENT September 2020 Contributors A Working Document prepared by: Report Leads: Smriti Basnett and Anupama Nair Food Security Group (Part A) Leads: S. Ayyappan1, R. Mattoo2 P. Choephyel3, A. Menon4, A. Nair2, S. Ram5, B. Sharma6, Tshetrim La7 Air Pollution and Clean Energy Group (Part B) Leads: P. Banerjee2, T. S. Gopi Rethinaraj2 Y. A. Adithya Kaushik2, A. Ajay2, N. Anand2,8, K. Budhavant9, M. R. Manoj2, H. S. Pathak2, M.L. Thashwin2, S. Chakravarty2 Water Security Group (Part C) Lead: R. Srinivasan10 R. Prakash10, S. Bharadwaj10, K. Madhyastha10, A. S. Patil10, S. A. Pandit10, D. Salim, L. Mathew10 Health Sensitization Group (Part D) Leads: H. Paramesh10, C. S. Shetty11 S. Bharadwaj2, S. Ranganathan2, V. Venugopalan2, P. Sarji12, R. C. Paramesh13, Shashikantha S. K.11 1Central Agricultural University, Imphal 2Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science 3 Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) of Bhutan 4K R Puram Constituency Association Welfare Federation 5Centre for Crop Development and Agro-biodiversity Conservation, Department of Agriculture, Nepal 6Department of Environment, Chandigarh Administration 7Department of Agriculture, MoAF,Thimphu 8Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science 9Climate Observatory-Hanimaadhoo, Maldives Meteorological Services, Maldives 10Water Solutions Lab, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science 11Adichunchanagiri University 12Institute of Public Health and Centre for Disease Control, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences 13Ambedkar Medical College 14 Future Earth South Asia, Divecha Centre for Climate Change (DCCC), IISc Contents: Tackling Food Insecurity in South Asia 1. -
Machermo Peak
Lama Adventures Pvt. Ltd. Machermo Peak Difficulty Duration Region Max. Type Group Accomodation Altitude Size Hard 16 Days Khumbu Peak Tea House, Hotels 6234m Climbing 2-12 pax and Camp Overview Machhermo peak Climbing (6237m.) is located at Khumbu region and this is one of the most attractive peak climbing between the trekking peaks in Nepal.. This peak climb is one others most tricky and demanding trekking peak in Himalaya region, it is magnificent peak in Nepal. Attain the base camp, the track escort through Yak pasture, on the way of Gokyo trek. Additional climb on the rock and snow grade to arrive at the top. Same path move down to Machermo peak base camp. Approach from Machhermo cross the Kyajo Glacier and climb via southwest ridge. At the position of our high camp we found a few old cans and rock tent site enclosure. Base camp is set up above the stony pasture and moraine around 5200m. Extra climb ascend on the rock and snow slopes to reach the top. From the top of peak provide spectacular views of Nuptse, Lhotse, Amadablam Everest and Lhotse Shar. Everest Himalaya range, among a long line of peaks ongoing all the way to Cho Oyu on the Nepal China (Tibet) border. Machhermo is highest trekking peak on the southern ridge made by the Namche and Dole and Gokyo valley. Itinerary Days 1: Arrival in Kathmandu On your arrival in Kathmandu, Tribhuwan International Airport, our representative will welcome you & drive you to the hotel. It’s a free day/evening. You can walk around Thamel for shopping.