Caracterização Microbiológica De Sumos E Néctares De Fruta Ao Longo Do Processo De Fabrico E Validação Dos Processos Térmicos

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Caracterização Microbiológica De Sumos E Néctares De Fruta Ao Longo Do Processo De Fabrico E Validação Dos Processos Térmicos Caracterização microbiológica de sumos e néctares de fruta ao longo do processo de fabrico e validação dos processos térmicos Sofia Santos Paredes Quartin de Macedo Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biológica Orientadores: Prof. Marília Clemente Velez Mateus Eng. Marina Isabel de Castanheira Torre Marques Júri Presidente: Prof. Jorge Humberto Gomes Leitão Orientador: Eng. Marina Isabel de Castanheira Torre Marques Vogal: Prof. Ana Cristina Anjinho Madeira Viegas Outubro 2016 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço à minha orientadora, Engenheira Marina Marques por ter aceite orientar o meu estágio e principalmente pelo apoio e amizade demonstrado ao longo do mesmo, pela supervisão e partilha de conhecimento na realização deste trabalho. À Engenheira Ana Martinho pelo acompanhamento e ajuda na área técnica e por toda a disponibilidade. À Professora Marília Mateus por toda a ajuda e orientação prestadas ao longo destes meses. Um especial agradecimento aos colaboradores da empresa Sumol+Compal Marcas, S.A pelo bom ambiente proporcionado e pelo acolhimento e contribuição para o desenvolvimento do meu trabalho, nomeadamente às colegas do Laboratório de Microbiologia, Sónia Soares e Paula Matos, pelo acompanhamento diário e amizade. Também aos colaboradores da secção de Formulações pela recolha de todas as amostras fundamentais para o meu trabalho, em especial ao Nuno D’Almeida pelo maior esforço e dedicação e todos os momentos de convívio. À Carmo Aragão pela companhia nestes meses e pela discussão de ideias que ajudaram a ultrapassar fases de maior dificuldade no desenvolvimento da dissertação. Aos amigos e colegas, da geração 2011, pelo companheirismo, esforço e apoio nestes 5 anos, pois sem eles teria sido mais difícil ultrapassar os obstáculos que se atravessaram neste caminho. Por fim, endereço o meu maior agradecimento aos meus pais e avós pelas palavras de força, amor, carinho e incentivo e por todo o apoio com o qual sempre pude contar ao longo deste percurso. Também ao meu irmão por todos estes motivos e pela ajuda e conselhos nesta dissertação. iii RESUMO Na indústria dos sumos e néctares de fruta, o processo térmico de conservação procura conciliar a preservação das propriedades organoléticas dos produtos com a inativação dos microrganismos e enzimas capazes de os degradar. Nesta dissertação foi avaliada a adequabilidade do processo de pasteurização dos sumos de fruta da linha Tetra Pak da fábrica de Almeirim da Sumol+Compal Marcas, S.A face à contaminação inicial detetada. Foi estudada a flora microbiana das matérias primas e do produto antes de pasteurizado e aplicadas ferramentas de cálculo da cinética de destruição térmica dos microrganismos identificados. Os resultados foram comparados com análises do respetivo produto acabado. Os dados obtidos permitiram concluir que as condições de temperatura e tempo utilizadas na pasteurização são válidas no sentido em que a modelação aplicada prevê a inativação de todas as células vegetativas de bactérias, leveduras e bolores, facto que é comprovado pela análise do produto acabado. Adicionalmente, apesar da presença de bolores termorresistentes e do modelo de cinética de destruição dos mesmos indicar a sua sobrevivência e prever a contaminação de todas as embalagens de produto acabado, a amostragem não detetou qualquer contaminação, o que indicou uma falha na modelação. Os microrganismos resistentes ao processo, esporos de bactérias aeróbias e acidófilas, apesar de sobreviverem às condições de pasteurização, demonstraram uma incapacidade de desenvolvimento na matriz dos sumos estudados, impossibilitando a sua deterioração. Todas as observações referidas permitiram concluir que existe uma esterilidade comercial nos produtos, o que valida o processo térmico em utilização nesta indústria de sumos e néctares. Palavras-chave: pasteurização, contaminação inicial, cinética de destruição térmica, esterilidade comercial v ABSTRACT In the juices and nectars industry, the thermal preservation process conciliates the preservation of the organoleptic properties of the products and the inactivation microorganisms and enzymes capable of deteriorate them. During this work, the adequacy of the pasteurization process of the fruit juices produced at the Tetra Pak production lines at the Almeirim plant of Sumol+Compal Marcas S.A, was evaluated, regarding their initial contamination. The microbial flora of the raw materials and product before pasteurization was studied and a model of the thermal destruction kinetics of the identified microorganisms applied. These results were compared with the final product analysis. The model predicted a total inactivation of the vegetative cells of the bacteria, yeast and molds identified in the raw materials and products before pasteurization. Examination of the collected data allowed to conclude that the time-temperature profiles of the process are adequate for the inactivation of these microorganisms, since the final product analysis confirmed their inexistence. Furthermore, the final product sampling showed a total absence of the heat-resistant molds found before pasteurization. This observation indicates a flaw in the model that predicted the heat- resistant molds spores survival and total contamination of the final product packages. Some microorganisms, including spores from aerobic and acidophilic bacteria, showed resistance to the process. However, their incapacity to develop in the matrix of the juices studied guarantees they do not deteriorate the product. The mentioned observations allowed to conclude that the products studied are commercially sterile, which authenticates the thermal process presently used in this factory. Keywords: pasteurization, initial contamination, thermal destructions kinetics, commercial sterility vii ÍNDICE Agradecimentos ....................................................................................................................................... iii Resumo ..................................................................................................................................................v Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ vii Índice de tabelas ..................................................................................................................................... xi Índice de figuras .................................................................................................................................... xix Lista de abreviaturas .............................................................................................................................. xx 1. Enquadramento e objetivos ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Revisão da literatura ................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Introdução ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.2. Microbiologia da fruta e dos sumos/néctares de fruta ............................................................. 2 2.2.1. Bactérias .......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2.2. Endósporos bacterianos .................................................................................................. 3 2.2.3. Fungos ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2.4. Curva de crescimento de microrganismos .................................................................... 10 2.2.5. Fatores que afetam o crescimento microbiano ............................................................. 11 2.3. Métodos de preservação dos sumos de fruta ........................................................................ 18 2.3.1. Pasteurização ................................................................................................................ 19 2.3.2. Modelação da morte térmica dos microrganismos ........................................................ 21 2.3.3. Valores de D e z característicos de microrganismos de interesse ............................... 23 2.4. Descrição do processo de produção de bebidas na S+C ..................................................... 25 3. Materiais e métodos ............................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Produtos em estudo ............................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Colheita de amostras ............................................................................................................. 26 3.3. Análises microbiológicas ........................................................................................................ 27 3.3.1. Determinação da contaminação em teores totais ......................................................... 27 3.3.2. Determinação da contaminação em bolores e leveduras ............................................. 27 3.3.3. Determinação da contaminação em esporos de bactérias aeróbias ............................ 28 3.3.4. Determinação da contaminação em esporos de bactérias acidófilas ........................... 28 3.3.5. Determinação da contaminação em esporos de bolores termorresistentes
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