Rendaku in Japanese Place Names, by Focusing on Morphemes of Which It Is Known That They Have a Tendency to Undergo Rendaku, but Not Always
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The Orthographic Characterization of Rendaku and Lyman's
a journal of Kawahara, Shigeto. 2018. Phonology and orthography: The orthographic general linguistics Glossa characterization of rendaku and Lyman’s Law. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 3(1): 10. 1–24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.368 RESEARCH Phonology and orthography: The orthographic characterization of rendaku and Lyman’s Law Shigeto Kawahara The Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 2-15-45 Minato-ku, Mita, Tokyo, JP [email protected] This paper argues that phonology and orthography go in tandem with each other to shape our phonological behavior. More concretely, phonological operations are non-trivially affected by orthography, and phonological constraints can refer to them. The specific case study comes from a morphophonological alternation in Japanese, rendaku. Rendaku is a process by which the first consonant of the second member of a compound becomes voiced (e.g., /oo/ + /tako/ → [oo+dako] ‘big octopus’). Lyman’s Law blocks rendaku when the second member already contains a voiced obstruent (/oo/ + /tokage/ → *[oo+dokage], [oo+tokage] ‘big lizard’). Lyman’s Law, as a constraint which prohibits a morpheme with two voiced obstruents, is also known to trigger devoicing of geminates in loanwords (e.g. /beddo/ → [betto] ‘bed’). Rendaku and Lyman’s Law have been extensively studied in the past phonological literature. Inspired by recent work that shows the interplay between orthographic factors and grammatical factors in shaping our phonological behaviors, this paper proposes that rendaku and Lyman’s Law actually operate on Japanese orthography. Rendaku is a process that assigns dakuten diacritics, and Lyman’s Law prohibits morphemes with two diacritics. -
Rendaku As a Rhythmic Stabilizer in Eastern Old Japanese Poetry John
Rendaku as a rhythmic stabilizer in Eastern Old Japanese poetry John Kupchik Kyoto University / JSPS The Eastern Old Japanese dialects, spoken in the 8th century and attested in books 14 and 20 of the Man’yōshū poetry anthology, are a heterogeneous group of related language varieties that each display some of the earliest attested examples of rendaku. Morpheme-based rendaku, which manifests when a phonologically reduced, nasal-initial copula, case suffix, or final syllable of a nominal root fuses with a following voiceless onset, is the most commonly attested type. In fact, it may even occur twice in the same line. An example is given in (1) below. (1) M20:4368.1-2 (Pitati province) 久自我波々 / 佐氣久阿利麻弖 kunzi-ŋ-gapa pa / sake-ku ari-mat-e PN-GEN-river TOP / be.safe-AVINF ITER-wait-IMP ‘Be waiting for me safely, at Kunzi river!’ The underlying form in the first line of (1) is /kunzi-nə kapa pa/. Examples of process-based rendaku are also attested, in which case no segmentable morpheme can be derived from the resulting voiced onset. This type of rendaku is only attested a few times, and only in reduplicated forms. It has a function of pluralization, which is not found in morpheme-based rendaku. An example is shown in (2) below. (2) M20:4391.1-3 (Simotupusa province) 久尓具尓乃 / 夜之里乃加美尓 / 奴作麻都理 kuni- ŋguni-nə / yasiri-nə kami-ni / nusa matur-i province-REDUP-GEN / shrine-GEN deity-DAT / paper_offering offer-INF ‘I make paper offerings to the deities in the shrines of many provinces.’ This talk will focus on the use of morpheme-based rendaku to maintain rhythmic stability in poetic verse. -
Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master’s Thesis “Dating the split of the Japonic language family. The Pre-Old Japanese corpus” verfasst von / submitted by Patrick Elmer, BA MA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 599 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Indogermanistik und historische degree programme as it appears on Sprachwissenschaft UG2002 the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Melanie Malzahn, Privatdoz. Table of contents Part 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The Japonic language family .............................................................................................. 9 1.2 Previous research: When did Japonic split into Japanese and Ryūkyūan .......................... 11 1.3 Research question and scope of study .............................................................................. 15 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 16 Part 2: Language data ................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Old Japanese ................................................................................................................... -
Phonotactically-Driven Rendaku in Surnames: a Linguistic Study Using Social Media
Phonotactically-DrivenRendakuinSurnames: ALinguisticStudyUsingSocialMedia YuTanaka 1. Introduction Like regular compound words, Japanese surnames with a compound structure can undergo a voicing alternation known as rendaku. Rendaku application in surnames is somewhat different from that in regular compounds, however; the voicing alternation is governed by avoidance of consonant sequences that are similar in terms of voicing and place. Although the peculiarity of rendaku in surnames has been noted in the literature (see Sugito, 1965 among others), no study has provided a full description or explanation of the patterns. The first aim of this study is thus to better describe the data. A corpus of rendaku in surnames is created using social media, which enables us to assess comprehensively and quantitatively the validity of proposed generalizations. The second aim of the study is to explain why rendaku applies in a different manner in names and in normal words. I propose that compound names are treated as if they are single stems and that the peculiar rendaku patterns in surnames can be attributed to stem-internal phonotactics, such as dispreferences for the occurrence of multiple voiced obstruents or sequential homorganic voiceless obstruents within stems. 2. Data: Rendaku in surnames 2.1. Strong Lyman’s Law? Rendaku, or sequential voicing (Martin, 1952), is a morphophonological process in Japanese whereby the initial obstruent of the second element of a compound becomes voiced,1 as shown in (1).2 (1) a. maki + susi ! maki-zusi ‘rolled-sushi’ b. ori + kami ! ori-gami ‘folding-paper’ Application of rendaku is variable, being affected by a number of factors including lexical idiosyncrasy (see Vance, 2015 for a comprehensive overview). -
Localizing Public Dispute Resolution in Japan: Lessons from Experiments with Deliberative Policy-Making By
Localizing Public Dispute Resolution in Japan: Lessons from experiments with deliberative policy-making by Masahiro Matsuura Master in City Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998 B. Eng. Civil Engineering University of Tokyo, 1996 Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban and Regional Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2006 © 2006 Masahiro Matsuura. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of author: Dep artment of Urban Studies and Planning June 27, 2006 Certified by: Lawrence E. Susskind Ford Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning, Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Frank Levy, Daniel Rose Professor of Urban Economics, Chair, Ph.D. Committee 2 Localizing Public Dispute Resolution in Japan: Lessons from experiments with deliberative policy-making by Masahiro Matsuura Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on August 11, 2006 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban and Regional Planning ABSTRACT Can consensus building processes, as practiced in the US, be used to resolve infrastructure disputes in Japan? Since the 1990s, proposals to construct highways, dams, ports and airports, railways, as well as to redevelop neighborhoods, have been opposed by a wide range of stakeholders. In response, there is a growing interest among Japanese practitioners in using consensus building processes, as practiced in the US, in order to resolve infrastructure disputes. -
Table of Hiragana Letters Pdf
Table of hiragana letters pdf Continue Hiragana is one of three sets of characters used in Japanese. Each letter of Hiragana is a special syllable. The letter itself doesn't make sense. Hiragan is widely used to form a sentence. You can download/print the Hiragan chart (PDF) of all Hiragana's letters. The origin of Hiragan あ か た ま や the original 安 加 太 末 也 of Hiragan was developed in the 8th-10th century by simplifying the shape of specific kanji symbols. Compared to Katakana, Hiragana's letters have more curved lines. Number of letters In modern Japanese 46 basic letters of Hiragana. In addition to these 46 main letters, called gojon, there are modified forms to describe more time - 20 dakun, 5 handakuon, 36 y'on, 1 sokuon and 6 additional letters. Frequently asked questions: What are the letters with the bar on top ( Yap.) ? Gojaon 【五⼗⾳】 Goyon-【五⼗⾳図】 In Japanese, syllables are organized as a table (5 x 10). This table is called goj'on-zu (literally means a table of 50 sounds). The alphabets of Hiragan and Katakana are used to describe these sounds. Letters い, う and え appear more than once in the table. These 5 duplicates (grey) are usually missed or ignored. It includes ん syllable. It does not belong to any row or column. In total, 46 letters (45'1) are considered goj'on (50 sounds). You can learn the goj'on letters on the Hiragan course: Part 1-10. The structure of table First row - あ, い, う, え and お - five vowels of Japanese. -
Japanese Folk Tale
The Yanagita Kunio Guide to the Japanese Folk Tale Copublished with Asian Folklore Studies YANAGITA KUNIO (1875 -1962) The Yanagita Kunio Guide to the Japanese Folk Tale Translated and Edited by FANNY HAGIN MAYER INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bloomington This volume is a translation of Nihon mukashibanashi meii, compiled under the supervision of Yanagita Kunio and edited by Nihon Hoso Kyokai. Tokyo: Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai, 1948. This book has been produced from camera-ready copy provided by ASIAN FOLKLORE STUDIES, Nanzan University, Nagoya, japan. © All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses' Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nihon mukashibanashi meii. English. The Yanagita Kunio guide to the japanese folk tale. "Translation of Nihon mukashibanashi meii, compiled under the supervision of Yanagita Kunio and edited by Nihon Hoso Kyokai." T.p. verso. "This book has been produced from camera-ready copy provided by Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University, Nagoya,japan."-T.p. verso. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Tales-japan-History and criticism. I. Yanagita, Kunio, 1875-1962. II. Mayer, Fanny Hagin, 1899- III. Nihon Hoso Kyokai. IV. Title. GR340.N52213 1986 398.2'0952 85-45291 ISBN 0-253-36812-X 2 3 4 5 90 89 88 87 86 Contents Preface vii Translator's Notes xiv Acknowledgements xvii About Folk Tales by Yanagita Kunio xix PART ONE Folk Tales in Complete Form Chapter 1. -
Lenguas Fuyu-Han
LENGUAS FUYU-HAN Clasificación Filogenética de las Lenguas Fuyu-Han Proyecto de Organización Filogenética de las Lenguas del Mundo http://lenguas.giusseppe.net Giusseppe Domínguez 2016 Propuesta de clasificación filogenética de las lenguas fuyu-han, consideradas una de las ramas de la macrofamilia de lenguas altaicas. Las lenguas fuyu-han incluirían todas las lenguas coreánicas y japónicas así como las lenguas han de las que se tiene constancia, como el idioma del Reino de Silla que evolucionaría hasta ser el coreano. Índice General Consideraciones a Modo de Prólogo.......................................................9 Sobre el proyecto...........................................................................11 Advertencias.................................................................................17 Clasificación de las lenguas.............................................................21 Bibliografía Básica General..............................................................27 Mapas Mundiales de Familias Lingüísticas..........................................29 Plantillas.......................................................................................31 Descripción general de la macrofamilia Fuyu-Han..................................35 Lenguas de la macrofamilia Fuyu-Han..................................................53 Rama de Lenguas Fuyu...................................................................55 Lenguas Buyeo - Yemaek............................................................57 Idioma Buyeo........................................................................59 -
Experimental Studies of Rendaku
8 Psycholinguistic Studies of Rendaku Shigeto Kawahara 8.1. Outline This chapter provides an overview of experimental studies of rendaku. The general spirit of these studies is to test whether rendaku and the factors that appear to affect its applicability are psychologically real. Experiments using nonce words and those that ask the participants to create new compounds address the question of whether patterns of rendaku are internalized in native speakers’ minds, i.e., grammaticalized. This spirit is clearly articulated in the first experimental study of rendaku (VANCE 1979). In §8.2, experiments that address the question of whether rendaku is a grammatical process or a lexicalized pattern are introduced. Next, §8.3 summarizes experiments on various specific aspects of rendaku, and then §8.4 discusses experimental approaches to Lyman’s Law (§3.2), as it relates to rendaku and beyond. Some remaining issues are taken up in §8.5. Experimental approaches are also central to research on the acquisition of rendaku, both by children learning Japanese natively and by students learning Japanese as a foreign language, but acquisition of rendaku is treated separately in Chapter 9. 8.2. Grammatical versus Lexical One of the most important questions about rendaku is whether it is a productive, phonological process or a lexicalized, analogical pattern (Kawahara 2015; Vance 2014). The first position assumes or asserts that rendaku is governed by the phonological component of grammar, and this is the position taken by most generative studies of rendaku (e.g. McCawley 1968:86–87; OTSU 1980; ITÔ and MESTER 1986, 1995: 819, 2003a:Chapter 4, 2003b; MESTER and ITÔ 1989: 277-279; KURODA 2002; Kurisu 2007, among others; see Chapter 7). -
Postnasal Voicing, Japanese Rendaku, and the Naturalness Condition
Vance, Timothy Postnasal Voicing, Japanese Rendaku, and the Naturalness Condition 1. Postnasal Voicing A nasal immediately followed by a voiceless obstruent is generally considered marked (i.e., dispreferred) for both articulatory reasons (Huffman 1993) and perceptual reasons (Ohala and Ohala 1993). The assimilatory pressure that repairs such sequences or prevents them from arising in the first place is commonly called postnasal voicing (PNV) and is attributed by OT enthusiasts to a (putatively universal) constraint such as *NC̥ (Kager 1999). 2. Rendaku In modern Tokyo Japanese (MTJ), many morphemes beginning with an obstruent have one allomorph in which the initial obstruent is voiceless and another in which it is voiced. An ex- ample is /tana/~/dana/ ‘shelf’, which begins with /t/ as a word on its own but with /d/ as the second element in the compound /iwa+dana/ ‘rock ledge’ (cf. /iwa/ ‘rock’). The initial voiced obstruent in /dana/ is an instance of rendaku ‘sequential voicing’. In /t/~/d/ the alternation in- volves only voicing ([t]~[d]), but in other cases a voiceless obstruent and its rendaku partner differ in more than just voicing (Vance 2015), as shown in (1). (1) a. /f/~/b/ ([ɸ]~[b]) d. /č/~/ǰ/ ([tɕ]~[dʑ]) g. /š/~/ǰ/ ([ɕ]~[dʑ]) b. /h/~/b/ ([h]/[ç]~[b]) e. /c/~/z/ ([ts]~[dz]/[z]) h. /k/~/g/ ([k]~[ɡ]/[ŋ]) c. /t/~/d/ ([t]~[d]) f. /s/~/z/ ([s]~[dz]/[z]) The moraic kana subsystems of the Japanese writing system (hiragana and katakana) rep- resent the rendaku alternations in (1) in a uniform way, using a diacritic called dakuten: 〈゙〉. -
Character Standardization: Japan's Influence on China
Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2020 Character Standardization: Japan's Influence on China Luke Blough [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Recommended Citation Blough, Luke, "Character Standardization: Japan's Influence on China". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2020. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/811 Character Standardization: Japan’s Influence on China By Luke Blough In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Advisors: Professor Katsuya Izumi, Japanese and Professor Yipeng Shen, Chinese LACS: Japanese and Chinese Senior Thesis May 2nd, 2020 Japanese and Chinese are both incredibly complicated languages from the perspective of an English speaker. Unlike English, both languages incorporate symbols rather than just an alphabet. To be sure, Japanese does have a phonetic alphabet, two in fact. It also uses Chinese characters called kanji. Kanji, as well as Japan’s two phonetic alphabets (hiragana and katakana) were derived from Chinese characters. A unique characteristic of Chinese characters is that they represent a meaning rather than just a sound. In Japanese, every kanji has more than one way of being pronounced. Because these characters are so unlike a set alphabet, they are constantly being created, or written in different ways. In order to make the language understandable for the hundreds of millions of people who use them, the governments of Japan and China have each made their own lists of official characters. The most recent updates of these lists are the New List of Chinese Characters for General Use in Japan (新常用漢字表 [shin jouyou kanji hyou]) and the General Purpose Normalized Chinese Character List (通用规范汉字表 [tongyong guifan hanzi biao]) in China. -
Uhm Phd 4271 R.Pdf
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ACCENTUAL HISTORY OF THE JAPANESE AND RYUKYUAN LANGUAGES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2002 BY Moriyo Shimabukuro Dissertation Committee: Leon A. Serafim, Chairman Robert Blust Kenneth Rehg Patricia Donegan Robert Huey llJ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Looking back upon my life in Honolulu, I have realized how wonderful my life has been. Vivid memories come back as if I am turning pages of a picture album. People that I have met made my life here precious. My studies at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa have been very fruitful. Since the day I arrived, I have learned a great number of things about the Japonic languages from Leon A. Serafim, my advisor. I have really enjoyed myself being with him. This dissertation could not have been completed without his valuable comments, insightful suggestions, and encouragement. lowe him a great amount, especially his time and energy that he spent with me while I was writing my dissertation. To express my appreciation, I would like to say "Ippee nihwee deebiru." I would also like to thank my other committee members, Ken Rehg, Robert Blust, Patricia Donegan, and Robert Huey, for reading this dissertation and giving me insightful comments. I learned a lot from discussions with them. I am grateful to them for being on my committee. I would also like to express my gratitude to Alexander Vovin, who has taught me a lot in class and outside classrooms while I was at the university.