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Idaho, Oregon, Washington Ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, Washington) Ecoregions are areas where ecosystems (and the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources) are (USDA)–Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA–Forest Service, U.S. Geological Survey, and the Omernik, J.M., 1987, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States (map supplement): Annals of the Association of generally similar. They are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the research, assessment, Bureau of Land Management. The mapping was associated with an interagency effort to develop a common American Geographers, v. 77, no. 1, p. 118-125, scale 1:7,500,000. management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem components. These Level III and IV ecoregions, framework of ecological regions (McMahon and others, 2001). Although there are differences in the Omernik, J.M., 1995, Ecoregions – a framework for environmental management, in Davis, W.S. and Simon, T.P., eds., compiled at a scale of 1:250,000, revise and subdivide an earlier, smaller-scale national ecoregion map conceptual approaches and mapping methodologies used by the different federal agencies for developing Biological assessment and criteria-tools for water resource planning and decision making: Boca Raton, Florida, Lewis (Omernik, 1987). The ecoregions were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns and the composition of their own regional frameworks, these collaborative ecoregion projects were a step toward attaining Publishers, p. 49-62. biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect or reflect differences in ecosystem quality and integrity (Omernik, consensus and consistency in ecoregion frameworks for the entire nation. Omernik, J.M., 2004, Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions: Environmental Management, v. 34, 1987, 1995). These phenomena include geology, landforms, soils, vegetation, climate, land use, wildlife, Explanations of the methods used to define these ecoregions are given in Omernik (1995, 2004) and Supplement 1, p. s27-s38. and hydrology. The relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another Omernik and Griffith (2014). Additional maps, publications, and GIS data for U.S. and North American Omernik, J.M., and Griffith, G.E., 2014, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States ‒ evolution of a hierarchical spatial regardless of the hierarchical level. An ecoregion framework is critical for structuring and implementing ecoregions can be obtained at www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregions. framework: Environmental Management, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1249-1266, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0364-1 ecosystem management strategies across federal agencies, state agencies, and nongovernment organizations REFERENCES Pater, D.E., Bryce, S.A., Thorson, T.D., Kagan, J., Chappell, C., Omernik, J.M., Azevedo, S.H., and Woods, A.J., 1998, that are responsible for different types of resources within the same geographic areas (McMahon and others, Ecoregions of Western Washington and Oregon (2 sided color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and 2001; Omernik and Griffith, 2014). Clarke, S.E., and Bryce, S.A., eds., 1997, Hierarchical subdivisions of the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountains photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. Scale 1:1,350,000. A Roman numeral hierarchical scheme has been adopted for different levels of ecological regions. Level I Ecoregions, Oregon and Washington. Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-395, 114 p. Thorson, T.D., Bryce, S.A., Lammers, D.A., Woods, A.J., Omernik, J.M., Kagan, J., Pater, D.E., and Comstock, J.A., is the most general level, dividing North America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent 2003, Ecoregions of Oregon (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Reston, into 50 regions (Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1997, 2006). At level III, the continent contains Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1997, Ecological regions of North America – toward a common Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,500,000). 183 ecological regions of which 105 occur in the continental United States (United States Environmental perspective: Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 71 p. (map revised 2006), www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregions-north-america. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013, Level III ecoregions of the continental United States: Corvallis, Oregon, Protection Agency [U.S. EPA], 2013; Wiken and others, 2011). US EPA, Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, McGrath C.L., Woods A.J., Omernik, J.M., Bryce, S.A., Edmondson, M., Nesser, J.A., Shelden, J., Crawford, R.C., www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-continental-united-states. The Level III and IV ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest were mapped in state-level projects in Idaho Comstock, J.A., and Plocher, M.D., 2002, Ecoregions of Idaho (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary (McGrath and others, 2001), Oregon (Thorson and others, 2003) and Washington (Clarke and Bryce, 1997; tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,350,000). Wiken, E., Jiménez Nava, F., and Griffith, G., 2011, North American Terrestrial Ecoregions - Level III. Commission Pater and others, 1998). These projects were conducted primarily by the U.S. EPA National Health and for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada. 149 p., McMahon, G., Gregonis, S.M., Waltman, S.W., Omernik, J.M., Thorson, T.D., Freeouf, J.A., Rorick, A.H., and Keys, http://ecologicalregions.info/htm/pubs/NA_TerrestrialEcoregionsLevel3_Final-2june11_CEC.pdf Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (Corvallis, Oregon) in collaboration with U.S. EPA Region 10, J.E., 2001, Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States: state resource management 5agencies, and other federal agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture Environmental Management, v. 28, no. 3, p. 293-316. 125° 124° 123° 5 122° 121° 120° 119° 118° 117° 116° 115° 114° 113° 112° 111° 110° 49° CANADA 49° ALBERTA 42j Samish 77c BRITISH COLUMBIA 42l River 77c 42q 77c WASHINGTON K 42n 2a 15x 15x o 77c River 15h o 15h te 15d 41b 15w n 42r 15x a i Bellingham 77c R 77c 15h 5 Columbia i 77c v 41a e 15r r 2c 2e 77c River SCALE 1:1,500,000 77c 77d 77b n 15h 77c a 15h 15m g o 15w 0 20 40 80 120 160 Strait of Juan de Fuca 2c 77b n a River k Priest Miles Victoria 15h 15y 2c 77c O Lake 2c Skagit 77c 5 2b 15q 15q Kilometers 77c 15h 5 77b 77b 15w Colville 0 25 50 100 42q 150 200 77b 77c e 15h 2d 77a 77b k 2e 77c 5 a 15t Albers Equal Area Projection L 77e 77c Omak t 15h 15x l 15w 15l e 15u Sandpoint 1a Port 2d v 77c 77c e 77c 15g P Townsend s 5 e 48° 5 10m o n Port Angeles 5 2e o 15r d 77g R Lake O 41c 1d 15w re . i 1d lle Pend Level III boundary 48° 77c D River 77c Oreille n i Level IV boundary 1c Lake l 5 10d k 42o Everett 10d n 2d Chelan a r International boundary 1c F 15w 10d State boundary d Spokane Hoh River n u 10d 77i o 15w County boundary S 2f 77f 77b 15o River t e 77g Banks 15s g 15o 42r u Lake 15r 15e P Seattle 77c 10b River 2f 5 5 2e 77c Leavenworth Spokane 5 Coeur d’Alene 41e Bremerton 10b 5 15k 41d 77c 5 10b Coeur 42q 42r 10b 10a 5 Great Falls 17r 43l Quinault 2f 10a d’Alene 15c 10b Lake 1d 2f 10b 10b 1b 10b 10b 10b 15b 5Kent 10b 10b 10b 5 77h 10b 10b 10b 5 Cheney 15h 15h 43o 77b Wenatchee 10b 10b 10b 10b 15e Tacoma 10b 43m 2f 5 5Ephrata 10b 41b 1e 2b 10b S 15p 15v t. J 1a 10b 10b oe River 47° 10b 15a 2f 10b MONTANA 15a 17r 4d 10b 10b 15p 47° Grays 5Aberdeen 1d Olympia Potholes 5 Harbor Nisqually Reservoir 10b Chehalis River 4b Moses Lake 10b 17p 17aj Ellensburg 10b 2g 5 15h 17x 43u 17q 1b 4a 10b 10a Yakima 10e 10g 10h 4d 15h Missoula 1d 15h 5 W River River 10b i 1f 4d l 1d l 5 2h a 1b Centralia p 10g 10b a 10b 17x 4d 17al B 4b Pullman Moscow a y 1d 5 5 17al Helena 43u 4b Columbia 10b 15f 4b Yakima 15h 17v 2i 5 10b 10b 43m Cowlitz Dworshak 17s River 4d 10g 16e 17aj 9b 10b learw Reservoir 15i 17ak River 10f C ater River River 17x 43s 1b River 2h 4d 15j 43t C 10e 16h N olumbia River 10l 5 Lewiston 15f a 16b 17f 4b 9a 10b s 5 1d Richland 15n ch 1a Astoria Lo 17am A 10f K 5 4d Pasco 11l 16h 17y 4d l 46° 5 i Snake 17ai 4c c 5 17w 17g Longview k 5 Seaside 1f 16h E i 11c 10f t r 4b a Kennewick 46° 5 ive 10b 16c R t 10i 11l 16e 1f River 11f 10j 16h 1b m Selway le River Riv r C Lewis Walla Walla 11m e Butte ha 5 5 17y e 11c 43s 1d N 3d 10e 10j 17ag O r 4a e 16h 17i 10g v Goldendale 11f i 3a R 16h 43s 1f 5 Hermiston 5 16a 17y e Bozeman Vancouver Hood River d Sna 11l n k 11f 17ah 5 5 5 11f e Stevenson o 5 R R 10e Pendleton 11g i 16i 17l 9c v 17g 1d 5 e 17ab e r 17ab 1d Hillsboro5 5 Um River d 17ag 5 Portland The atilla n 1a 3c a W r a 17ac C Dalles ll G o 4b wa 1b 17z 17u 3b R 17l I 10c iv 5 e 17ad 4d 11l r n R 1b 3d Oregon 11k lmo iver Sa F City C 9b 10c 11l 17e la 11k 11e c 17aa 3c ka 5 I 1g m 10c 10n 3d 3d a 4b La Grande s R 11l 11l 16j 17aa 45° i v 10k 11l e 10k 17ae 17g 17i C Lincoln 3c r 11c 11m 11f 16h 17ab 5 11l 11o 11l 45° City 10k 11m A Salem 16h 11o 16h 16h 11b 11e 17e P 3d 4a 11a 11f 17d 11b 11l P r o e 1b w v 11k i 17l de 16h R r 3c 11m 16h 17e 3b R Newport iv iver 11d er n 9d J R o L 5 oh n Day em 17l 11d m 17n 5 5 l 17h hi 11m a R Albany 4b 4d i 17ab 17e 3c Baker City 16h 16g S ve 5 17h r 17af Corvallis 4b 5Madras 11b 11o 11d 17e 11d 17e 1d 11o 11d 16h 4b 9b 11l 11l 17e W 11d 17aa
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