Study on the Ecological Situation and the Nursery Function of the Posidonia Oceanica (L.) Delile, 1813 Prairies on the Islands of Ventotene E Santo Stefano

Annual Research & Review in Biology

36(7): 58-76, 2021; Article no.ARRB.70769 ISSN: 2347-565X, NLM ID: 101632869

Study on the Ecological Situation and the Nursery Function of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, 1813 Prairies on the Islands of Ventotene e Santo Stefano

Roberto Bedini1*, Marco Bedini1, Arianna Trafeli1 and Martina Manuele1

1Istituto di Biologia ed Ecologia Marina, Piazza Bovio n. 3/4, C.A.P. 57025, Piombino (LI) Italy.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2021/v36i730399 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Bechan Sharma, University of Allahabad, India. Reviewers: (1) Suneetha V, Vellore Institute of Technology, India. (2) Jinqing Wang, Weifang University, China. Complete Peer review History: https://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/70769

Received 02 May 2021 Accepted 07 July 2021 Original Research Article Published 24 July 2021

ABSTRACT

On behalf of the Management of the Protected Marine Area of the island of Ventotene and Santo Stefano the Marine Ecology and Biology Institute of Piombino (ITALY) carried out a very in dept study aimed at knowledge of the ecological situation of the Posidonia Oceanica (L.) Delile, 1813 meadows. The most appropriate methodologies were used to be able to identify all the benthic species present in order to evaluate the efficiency of the nursery function of the prairies investigated. The results of the numerous species captured in the juvenile stage have demonstrated the excellent nursery function of the meadows of the island of Ventotene.

Keywords: Nursery; biocenoses; Marine Protected Area.

1. INTRODUCTION Delile, 1813 prairies in the Marine Protected Area of the islands of Ventotene and Santo Stefano After carring out a study on the vagile (Fig. 1). biocenoses an in-depth study was carried out on the ecological situation and on the very important All the methods were used, both in immersion nursery function of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) and in the laboratory, suitable for identify all the ______

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

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vagile and sessile species present on the leaves have been taxonomically defined [12, 13, 14]. 3 and in the prairie. replicates were performed for each bathymetric interval (Fig. 5). 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS / EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS / 2.3 Bunch Counting METHODOLOGY

The study was performed in three zones of the To evaluate the leaves density in each prairie a AMP (a, b, c) at two bathymetric intervals (4-7 m diving biologist used a 30x30 cm square for and 12-18 m) (Fig. 1 and Table 1). counting the P. oceanica bunches (Fig. 6). After that the density of the bunches was calculated x 2 The methods used are the following: m [15, 16,17].

2.1 Visual Census 3. RESULTS

Diving through a transept of 25 m along the bathymetric profile (Figs. 2 and 3) [1] 3.1 Bunch Counting (3 replicates) conspicuous sessile and floating species have been identified along the bathymetric profile by The count of the bunches indicate a very good noting and phothogeaphyng the observed situation in the prairies investigated which show species and their abundance [2,3,4]. 4 replicates a very particular conformation given by a were performed for each bathymetric interval. continuous presence of boulders in the prairies.

2.2 Sampling with a Plankton Net 3.2 Visual Census

To evaluate the nursery function Sampling with a Plankton Net [5,6,7,8,9,10,11], a diving biologist with a plankton net (with 1 mm mesh) captures juvenile The study was not possible to carry out in the species, in reproduction species present on and bathymetric interval 0-3 m as far as this depth is between the P. oceanica leaves (Fig. 4) that no P. oceanica in any of the studied areas.

Fig. 1. Map showing study area

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Table 1. Coordinates of study area

Zone of the Marine Protected Bathymetric interval (m) WGS84 coordinates of the Area survey sites Zone A 4-7 40°47’24.7”N 13°26’57.1”E 12-18 40°47’13.8”N 13°27’25.2”E Zone B 4-7 40°47’22.9”N 13°25’47.1”E 12-18 40°47’04.8”N 13°24’32.9”E Zone C 4-7 40°47’41.8”N 13°26’9.38”E 12-18 40°47’38.3”N 13°26’09.2”E

Fig. 2. Transept placement

Fig. 3. Visual census

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Fig. 4. captures juvenile species from P. oceanica leaves

Fig. 5. Sampling

Fig. 6. Bunch counting

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Area A at the bathymetric interval 4-7 m Bunch number x m2 = 800; 744; Very dense prairie 700 Area B at the bathymetric interval 4-7 m Bunch number x m2 = 511; 600; Dense prairie 622 Area C at the bathymetric interval 4-7 m Bunch number x m2 = 822; 767; Very dense prairie 789 Area A at the bathymetric interval 12- Bunch number x m2 = 822; 844; Very dense prairie 18 m 756 Area B at the bathymetric interval 12- Bunch number x m2 = 778; 711; Very dense prairie 18 m 678 Area C at the bathymetric interval 12- Bunch number x m2 = 844; 733; Very dense prairie 18 m 800

Table 2. animal species and quantity. The quantities are reported according to the scheme required by the Coastal Fish Fauna Monitoring Program in the Marine Protected areas of the Ministry of the 62nvironment and the Protection of the Territory and the Sea

Zone A Bathymetric 4-7 m 12-18 m interval Replica 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 transetto Cnidaria Pelagia 1 noctiluca Forsskål, 1775 Ctenophora Leucothea 1 multicornis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Echinodermata Ophidiaster 1 ophidianus Lamarck, 1816 Chordata Chromis 75 20 75 40 20 20 20 40 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 5 3 2 1 2 3 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus sargus 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 8 5 8 5 6 2 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Oblada 8 4 3 20 3 5 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa salpa 8 8 3 8 8 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758

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Symphodus 2 ocellatus Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma 1 1 2 1 pavo Linnaeus, 1758

Zone B Bathymetric 4-7 m 12-18 m interval Replica 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 transetto Cnidaria Pelagia 1 noctiluca Forsskål, 1775 Chordata Chromis 75 75 40 75 40 40 75 40 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 2 1 5 6 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Dentex dentex 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 1 puntazzo Walbaum, 1792 Diplodus sargus 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 2 7 2 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Oblada 20 20 20 20 8 20 1 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa salpa 3 1 20 20 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Symphodus 2 3 ocellatus Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma 1 1 1 pavo Linnaeus, 1758

Zone C Bathymetric 4-7 m 12-18 m interval Replica 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 transetto Chordata Apogon 11 imberbis Linnaeus, 1758

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Atherina 150 150 hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758 Chromis 40 40 75 75 75 40 40 40 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 3 2 1 1 2 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 2 1 sargus Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 2 1 7 1 3 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Mullus barbatus 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Oblada 10 20 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Pagellus 1 acarne Risso, 1827 Sarpa salpa 20 3 8 3 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 2 1 1 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Symphodus 1 1 tinca Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma 1 2 2 5 pavo Linnaeus, 1758

Table 3. In the table are expressed the quantity and size of taxonomically determined species

Zone A Bathymetric 4-7 m 12-18 m interval Replica di 4 5 6 7 8 9 campionamento Mollusca Bittium latreillii 3 2 2 (juv.) Payraudeau, 1826 Pusillina philippi 1 Aradas & Maggiore, 1844 Rissoa 1 (0.6 cm) auriscalpium Linnaeus, 1758 Rissoa guerinii 1 2 Récluz, 1843 Rissoa 1 (0.4 cm) membranacea J. Adams, 1800

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Rissoa violacea 1 (0.5 cm) 1 (juv.) Desmarest, 1814 Arthropoda Cestopagurus 2 (juv.) 4 (di cui 3 timidus juv.) P. Roux, 1830 [in P. Roux, 1828-1830] Hippolyte 1 (1.0 cm) holthuisi 1 (0.9 cm) Zariquiey 1 (0.7 cm) Álvarez, 1953 Hippolyte 1 (0.9 cm) 2 (1.0 cm) 2 (1.3 cm) 2 inermis 1 (0.7 cm) 1 (0.7 cm) 3 (1.2 cm) Leach, 1816 1 (0.9 cm) 1 (0.7 cm) Chordata Symphodus 1 (1.6 cm) roissali Risso, 1810

Zone B Bathymetric 4-7 m 12-18 m interval Replica di 13 14 15 16 17 18 campionamento Mollusca Rissoa guerinii 1 Récluz, 1843 Rissoa violacea 1 (0.4 cm) 1 (juv.) 1 (0.4 cm) Desmarest, 1 (0.3 cm) 1814 Arthropoda Hippolyte 1 (1.1 cm) 1 (1.0 cm) 1 (1.7 cm) 2 (0.9 cm) 1 (1.6 cm) inermis 2 (0.7 cm) 1 (0.9 cm) 1 (1.1 cm) 1 (0.7 cm) 1 (1.2 cm) Leach, 1816 1 (0.7 cm) 1 (0.9 cm) 1 (0.6 cm) 2 (0.9 cm) 2 (0.7 cm) Hippolyte 1 (0.7 cm) varians Leach, 1814 [in Leach, 1813- 1815] Chordata Symphodus 1 (1.2 cm) roissali Risso, 1810

Zone C Bathymetric 4-7 m 12-18 m interval Replica di 22 23 24 25 26 27 campionamento Mollusca

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Aplus dorbignyi 1 Payraudeau, 1826 Bittium 1 reticulatum da Costa, 1778 Cratena 1 peregrina Gmelin, 1791 Gibbula ardens 1 Salis Marschlins, 1793 Ocenebra 1 edwardsii Payraudeau, 1826 Pusillina 1 lineolata Michaud, 1830 Rissoa 1 1 1 auriscalpium Linnaeus, 1758 Rissoa 1 membranacea J. Adams, 1800 Rissoa violacea 1 Desmarest, 1814 Arthropoda Hippolyte 2 (0.8 cm) 1 (1.2 cm) 1 (1.3 cm) 1 (0.9 cm) 2 (0.9 cm) 1 (1.1 cm) inermis 1 (0.7 cm) 2 (1.0 cm) 1 (1.1 cm) 1 (0.7 cm) 2 (0.7 cm) 1 (0.8 cm) Leach, 1816 2 (0.4 cm) 1 (0.4 cm) 1 (0.9 cm) 1 (0.4 cm) 2 (0.7 cm) 3 (0.6 cm) Chordata Syngnathus 1 (8 cm; acus juv.) Linnaeus, 1758

Table 4. species taxonomically determinated by the observation of photos and videos taken in the study area

Zone A Bathymetric 4-7 m interval Video 0821 0828 0831 0832 0834 0836 photo (num.)/photo Cnidaria Pelagia 1 noctiluca Forsskål, 1775 Echinodermata Ophidiaster 1 ophidianus Lamarck, 1816

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Chordata Chromis 75 40 40 75 40 1 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 1 (♀/♂) 1 (♀/♂) 2 2 (♂) Linnaeus, 1758 8 (♂) 2 (♂) Diplodus 10 3 9 2 10 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Oblada 1 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa salpa 40 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Spondyliosoma 1 2 cantharus Linnaeus, 1758 Symphodus 1 ocellatus Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma 1 (♀) pavo Linnaeus, 1758

Zone A Bathymetri 12-18 m c interval Video 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 08 ph (num.)/pho 83 84 87 90 92 95 96 97 02 04 05 10 12 13 oto to Cnidaria Cladocora 1 caespitosa Linnaeus, 1767 Pelagia 1 noctiluca Forsskål, 1775 Mollusca Luisella 3 3 babai Schmekel, 1972 Chordata Apogon 8 8 imberbis Linnaeus, 1758

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Chromis 75 75 75 40 75 75 1 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 Linnaeus, (♂) (♂) (♂) (♂) (♂) (♂) (♂) (♀) (♂) 1758 4 1 (♀) (♀) Diplodus 2 2 1 1 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Oblada 20 3 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa 1 10 4 8 salpa Linnaeus, 1758 Seriola 1 1 dumerili Risso, 1810 Spondylios 1 oma cantharus Linnaeus, 1758 Symphodu 1 1 s tinca Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassom 1 1 2 a pavo (♀) (♀) Linnaeus, 1758

Chloroph yta Caulerpa So cylindrace me a sp Sonder, eci 1845 me ns

Zone B Bathymetric 4-7 m interval Video 0734 0735 0736 0744 0745 0754 0755 0758 0759 0760 phot (num.)/photo o

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Chordata Chromis 150 75 75 75 150 40 40 40 75 75 40 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 1 (♂) 3 (♂) 2 2 (♂) 4 (♂) 3 2 Linnaeus, 1758 (♀/♂ 1 (♀/♂ (♀/♂ ) (♀/♂ ) ) 1 (♂) ) Diplodus 1 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Oblada 2 1 8 6 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa salpa 17 40 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Symphodus 2 tinca Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma 2 (♂) 1 (♂) pavo 2 (♀) Linnaeus, 1758

Zone B Bathymetric 12-18 m interval Video 0719 0720 0725 0731 photo (num.)/photo Chordata Chromis 40 75 75 75 75 chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 3 (♂) 1 (♂) 1 (♂) Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 2 7 1 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817 Oblada 10 2 3 44 9 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa salpa 20 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 2 Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma pavo Linnaeus, 1758

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Zone C Bathymetric interval 4-7 m Video (num.)/photo 0899 0900 0905 0906 0908 0909 0914 photo Chordata Apogon imberbis 1 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Chromis chromis 75 9 20 75 40 Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 2 (♂) 1 (♂) Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus vulgaris 1 3 2 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 Oblada melanura 20 20 20 8 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus scriba 1 Linnaeus, 1758 Spondyliosoma cantharus 1 Linnaeus, 1758

Zone C Bathymetric 12-18 m interval Video 086 086 086 086 086 086 086 087 087 087 087 088 088 088 088 088 088 088 088 088 phot (num.)/photo 0 1 3 4 5 8 9 0 1 3 7 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o Chordata Apogon 1 4 imberbis Linnaeus, 1758 Atherina 150 150 150 150 hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758 Chromis 40 75 75 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 20

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chromis Linnaeus, 1758 Coris julis 1 1 1 2 Linnaeus, (♂) (♂) (♂) (♂) 1758 1 1 1 (♀) (♀) (♀) Diplodus 1 1 annularis Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 1 sargus Linnaeus, 1758 Diplodus 1 2 1 vulgaris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817 Mullus 2 surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 Oblada 2 1 melanura Linnaeus, 1758 Sarpa salpa 20 2 4 Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus 1 scriba Linnaeus, 1758

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Serranus 1 1 1 2 scriba Linnaeus, 1758 Spondylioso 20 ma cantharus Linnaeus, 1758 Symphodus 1 1 1 tinca Linnaeus, 1758 Thalassoma 2 1 4 pavo (♀) (♂) (♀) Linnaeus, 1 1 1758 (♀) (♂)

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1 cm

Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

Fig. 9. Fig. 10.

Fig. 11. Fig. 12.

Fig. 13. Fig. 7-13. Eggs on P. oceanica leaves

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Bryozoans on P. oceanica leaves

Fig. 14. Aetea lepadiformis Waters, 1906 Fig. 15. Beania magellanica (Busk, 1852)

Fig. 16. Beania mirabilis Johnston, 1840 Fig. 17. Cellepora pumicosa (Pallas, 1766)

Fig. 18. Crisia ramosa Harmer, 1891 Fig. 19. Tubulipora aperta Harmer, 1898

Fig. 20. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin, 1826)

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4. DISCUSSION 4. Balduzzi A, Bianchi Cn, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Cerrano C, Cocito S, Cotta S, et al. First Study the very important nursery function of the features of benthic bionomy of the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, 1813 meadows gallinaria island (ligurian sea). Acts x also helps to understand the ecological situation congr. A.i.ol. 1994;603-617. of the entire surrounding area. In this study the 5. Bedini R. The ecosystem in posidonia peculiarity was the continuous alternation of oceanica (l.) Delile as a biondicator of rocks and the use of numerous and water quality. Proceedings "the state of the complementary sampling methods to have a real environment in tuscany" Tuscany Region and exact evaluation of the nursery function. The Editions 1995;4:27-42. Italian. results obtained allow to evaluate the nursery 6. Bedini R. Posidonia oceanica seed culture function of the prairie very actively in the experiments in the aquarium. Proceedings Protected Marine Area of Ventotene and Santo of the tuscan society of natural sciences Stefano. series b. 1997; 104: 9-15. Italian. 7. Bedini R, Channels MG. Development of 5. CONCLUSION posidonia oceanica seedlings in the laboratory starting from beached seeds. The investigation carried out in the three zones Sea environment. Ecology and new A, B, C of the Marine Protected Areas of the research technologies. Series "scientific islands of Ventotene and Santo Stefano have and technological research" n. 12, tuscany highlighted a good ecological situation of the region editions 1997: 85-92. Italian. sessile and vagile biocenoses present in the P. 8. Bedini R, Canali MG, Baldi C. Germination oceanica. The density of the bunches is almost and cultivation tests of posidonia oceanica everywhere very dense. Samplings with plankton (l.) Delile seeds in the laboratory. nets highlighted the presence of rare juvenile Mediterranean marine biology, specimens of Hippolytidae and Rissoidae have 1997;4(1):356-358. Italian been captured. Particulary important for 9. Bedini R, Canali MG, Baldi C. Laboratory demonstration that the prairies investigated cultivation tests of posidonia oceanica (L.) perfectly perform they nursery function was the Delile starting from seeds. Proceedings of identification, on the leaves studied in our the fist geoitalia conference, 5-8 laboratories, of many species of eggs and september 2001, chieti. Italian. Bryozoans. 10. Bedini R, Nannelli A, Battistini F. Restoration of posidonia oceanica (l.)Delile COMPETING INTERESTS meadows: is there an effective methodology? Journal of life sciences, Authors have declared that no competing 2013;7(7): 722-726. interests exist. 11. Bedini R, Bedini M, Salvadori E. A new transplanting method of posidonia REFERENCES oceanica plants. Firenze university press, eighth international symposium “monitoring 1. Giaccone G, Sortino M. Biogeographical of mediterranean coastal areas. Problems significance of the marine vegetation of and Measurement Techniques”. 2020;492- sicily and the smaller islands of the 500. mediterranean sea area. Studies and Doi: 10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.4. Information Bulletin of the Colonial Garden 12. Bedini R, Canali MG, Acunto S. Study of of Palermo Italian. 1974;26:130-146. the vagile fauna of the posidonia oceanica 2. Harmelin-vivien ML, harmelin JG. (l.) Delile meadows of the gulfs of follonica Presentation d’une méthoded’évaluation '' and baratti: decapod crustaceans and in situ '' de la fauna ichtyologique. Ravaux molluscs. Sea environment. Ecology and Scientifiques Du Parc National De Port- new research technologies. Series Cros. 1975;1. 47-52. French. "scientific and technological research" n. 3. Bianchi CN, Cocito S, Morri C, Sgorbini S. 12, Tuscany Region Editions 1997;101- Underwater bionomic detection. In: abbiati 112. Italian. m. (ed), lessons of the training course for 13. Bedini R, bedini a. Mimetic adaptations underwater Scientific Researcher. and polychromaticism in the animals of the International School for Scientific Diving, posidonia oceanica (l.) Delile prairies. Pisa 1991; 67-83. Italian. Proceedings xix italian society of ethology

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conference, 4-6 october 2000, san giuliano upper limit of some posidonia oceanica (pisa). Italian. meadows along the tuscan coast. 14. Bedini R, Bedini M, Salvadori E. Patches, Mediterranean marine biology, 2000;7(1): bands, blotches and changing colours is a 499-508. Italian. very outstanding skill to confuse predators 17. Morelli D, Bedini R, Magnarini L, Fantini R, in some crabs living in posidonia oceanica Colantoni P. Extension of the posidonia (linnaeus) delile, 1813 meadows. Xxvii oceanica (l.) Delile in some stretches of the Convegno Nazionale Della Società Italiana coast of the island of elba and the gulf of Di Etologia, 19-21 Giugno 2017, Calci follonica (northern tyrrhenian). Pisa. Proceedings of the fist geoitalia 15. Buia MC, Gambi MC, Dappiano M. conference, 5-8 september 2001, chieti. Chapter 5: seagrass systems. Biol. Mar. Italian 12ica meadows. Acta adriatica, Medit. 2003;10(suppl.):145-198. 2011;52(2): 201-214. 16. Bedini R, canali mg, bulleri f, bedini a, fantini r, magnarini l. Et al. Mapping of the ______© 2021 Bedini et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: https://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/70769