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Agroforestry Tree Domestication: a Primer. the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya

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Agroforestry Tree Domestication: a Primer. the World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya Agroforestry Tree Domestication A Primer Published by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Copyright © 2012 World Agroforestry Centre World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677, Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel:+254 20 7224000 or via USA: +1 650833 6545; Fax:+254 20 7224001 or via USA: +1 650833 6646 Tree Domestication Email:[email protected] - Website: www.worldagroforestrycentre.org ISBN: 978-92-9059-317-1 Technical editors: Ian Dawson, Chris Harwood, Ramni Jamnadass and Jan Beniest Manuscript/production editor: Kris Vanhoutte Cover image: Papuan farmers demonstrating grafting © S. Lambert Terms of use: This publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge. The copyright holder requests acknowledgement and a copy of the publication where the citation or material appears. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. Citation for manual: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) (2012) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. 148 pp. Citation for Unit 1: Jamnadass R, Dawson I, Ofori D, Leakey R (2012) Tree domestication for small-scale farmers. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 9-19. Citation for Unit 2: Kindt R, Holding Anyonge C, Carsan S (2012) Participatory rural appraisal approaches. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 21-27. Citation for Unit 3: Van Damme P, Kindt R (2012) Ethnobotanical methods. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 28-35. Citation for Unit 4: Franzel S, Kindt R (2012) Species priority setting procedures. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 36-45. Citation for Unit 5: Nang’ole E, Franzel S, Holding Anyonge C, Mithöfer D (2012) Value chain analysis. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 46-53. Citation for Unit 6: Gassner A, Coe R (2012) Principles of field experiment design. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 55-63. Citation for Unit 7: Weber JC, Sotelo Montes C (2012) Provenance and progeny trials. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 64-69. Citation for Unit 8: Dawson I, Muchugi A, Jamnadass R, Russell J (2012) Molecular marker characterisation. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 70-79. Citation for Unit 9: Dawson I, Russell J, Weber JC (2012) Field collection strategies. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 81-93. Citation for Unit 10: Mwaura L, Dawson I (2012) Seed procurement practices. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 94-101. Citation for Unit 11: Mbora A, Dawson I (2012) Seed production methods. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 102-109. Citation for Unit 12: Tchoundjeu Z, Asaah E, Bayala J, Kalinganire A, Mng’omba S (2012) Vegetative propagation techniques. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 110-117. Citation for Unit 13: Muriuki J, Roshetko JM, Nyoka I (2012) Tree nursery practices. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 119-127. Citation for Unit 14: Barnekow Lillesø JP, Graudal L (2012) Sustainable germplasm distribution strategies. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 128-133. Citation for Unit 15: Tchoundjeu Z, Asaah E, Dawson I, Leakey R (2012) The participatory tree domestication approach. In: Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J (eds.) Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. The World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 134-139. Agroforestry Tree Domestication A Primer Foreword 4 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 6 Module 1 – Tree domestication in context 8 Unit 1 – Tree domestication for small-scale farmers 9 Module 2 – Choosing the right tree 20 Unit 2 – Participatory rural appraisal approaches 21 Unit 3 – Ethnobotanical methods 28 Unit 4 – Species priority setting procedures 36 Unit 5 – Value chain analysis 46 Module 3 – Evaluating variation 54 Unit 6 – Principles of field experiment design 55 Unit 7 – Provenance and progeny trials 64 Unit 8 – Molecular marker characterisation 70 Module 4 – Obtaining quality germplasm 80 Unit 9 – Field collection strategies 81 Unit 10 – Seed procurement practices 94 Unit 11 – Seed production methods 102 Unit 12 – Vegetative propagation techniques 110 Module 5 – Germplasm delivery to farmers 118 Unit 13 – Tree nursery practices 119 Unit 14 – Sustainable germplasm distribution strategies 128 Unit 15 – The participatory tree domestication approach 134 Annex – A short learning event on agroforestry tree domestication 140 FOREWORD The fate of the world’s forests has never been higher on the political agenda and a great many organisations, including the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), are raising awareness about the importance of sustainably managing forests and trees on farms. In the absence of trees, we not only lose a rich source of timber, fuel wood, foods and medicinal plants, but the life support systems and environmental services important for all human life. Trees occur inside and outside forests. What happens outside the areas officially classified as forests has a huge bearing on what happens inside them. Currently, 43% of the world’s farm land – over 1 billion ha – has more than 10% tree cover and 160 million ha has more than 50% tree cover. While the number of trees in forests is steadily declining, the number of trees on farmland is increasing. In many parts of the tropics, agroforestry is providing essential products and services that can help relieve the pressure on the natural forest domain. There are a number of reasons why agroforestry is an integral part of the forest story, and why it is destined to become increasingly important over the coming years. Over the past two decades, the World Agroforestry Centre has pioneered practices of tree domestication, focusing, in particular, on bringing wild fruit species out of the forests and onto farmland. Now, tens of thousands of smallholders in Africa, Latin America and Asia are growing superior, high-yielding varieties of indigenous trees like safou and bush mango. The benefits for farmers have been twofold. They are increasing their incomes and investing the profits from agroforestry to pay school fees, improve their homesteads and gain access to better healthcare. At the same time, domestication programmes have meant that rural families no longer have to harvest as much food from natural forests. This has reduced pressure on wild resources, as have other agroforestry activities, such as the growing of woodlots and medicines on farms. ICRAF is involved in training scientists, development workers and others on agroforestry tree domestication practices. The current publication provides resources collected to support these activities. We hope that the readers of this manual, once suitably ‘primed’ on the meaning of domestication and the activities involved, will use this information to explore and undertake research and development work on this topic. Our intention is that smallholders’ livelihoods will benefit through a ‘second wave’ of plant domestication that is focused on currently underutilised tree species. Major challenges in the future will be to scale up successful domestication approaches developed over the last years, and to better engage with markets and the private sector. Anthony J Simons Dennis Garrity Director General Former Director General World Agroforestry Centre World Agroforestry Centre 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production and publication of this primer has been made possible thanks to the contributions of many people whose efforts are gratefully acknowledged. At the World Agroforestry Centre, the following staff (in alphabetical order) contributed to the development of the content of the fifteen units of this publication: Ebenezar Asaah, Sammy Carsan, Richard Coe, Ian Dawson, Steve Franzel, Anja Gassner, Ramni Jamnadass, Antoine Kalinganire, Roeland Kindt, Ann Mbora, Dagmar Mithoefer, Simon Mng’omba, Alice Muchugi, Jonathan Muriuki, Lucy Mwaura, Eddah Nangole, Isaac Nyoka, Daniel Ofori, James Roshetko, Carmen Sotelo Montes, Zac Tchoundjeu and John Weber. They worked together with co-authors from several collaborating partner institutions: Roger Leakey (James Cook University,
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