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The Plumbing Systems and Parental Magma Compositions Of THE PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND PARENTAL MAGMA COMPOSITIONS OF SHIELD VOLCANOES IN THE CENTRAL OREGON HIGH CASCADES AS INFERRED FROM MELT INCLUSION DATA by STANLEY PAUL MORDENSKY II A THESIS Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science September 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Stanley Paul Mordensky II Title: The Plumbing Systems and Parental Magma Compositions of Shield Volcanoes in the Central Oregon High Cascades as Inferred from Melt Inclusion Data This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Department of Geological Sciences by: Dr. Paul Wallace Chair Dr. Ilya Bindeman Member Dr. Katharine Cashman Member Dr. Dana Johnston Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Stanley Paul Mordensky II iii THESIS ABSTRACT Stanley Paul Mordensky II Master of Science Department of Geological Sciences September 2012 Title: The Plumbing Systems and Parental Magma Compositions of Shield Volcanoes in the Central Oregon High Cascades as Inferred from Melt Inclusion Data Long-lived and short-lived volcanic vents often form in close proximity to one another. However, the processes that distinguish between these volcano types remain unknown. Here, I investigate the differences of long-lived (shield volcano) and short- lived (cinder cone) magmatic systems using two approaches. In the first, I use melt inclusion volatile contents for shield volcanoes and compare them to published data for cinder cones to investigate how shallow magma storage conditions differ between the two vent types in the Oregon Cascades. In the second, I model the primitive magmas that fed shield volcanoes and compare these compositions to those of nearby cinder cones to determine if the volcanoes are drawing magma from the same sources. The volatile concentrations suggest that long-lived and short-lived magmatic plumbing systems are distinct. Modeling of parental magmas and differentiation processes further suggest that long-lived and short-lived volcanoes have erupted lava from the same mantle magma source. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Stanley Paul Mordensky II GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon The George Washington University, Washington, DC DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Science in Geological Sciences, 2012, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts in Geological Sciences, 2009, The George Washington University Bachelor of Science in Economics, 2009, The George Washington University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Volcanology Shallow Crustal Magmatic Processes Igneous Petrology PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching/Research Fellow, University of Oregon, 2010-2012 Geologist (USGS/NAGT Intern), US Geological Survey, 2010 Substitute Teacher, Montgomery Country Schools, 2010 Teaching Assistant, The George Washington University, 2009 Field Assistant, US Geological Survey, 2009 Field/Lab Assistant, Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, 2008 Intern, Joint Program in Survey Methodology, 2007 v Intern, New Economy Strategies, 2007 Lab Intern, Science Applications International Corporation, 2004-2005 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Honors Program Graduate, The George Washington University Honors Program, 2009 Foshag Award, Razor Ridge Mapping Project, Mineralogical Society of the District of Columbia, 2009 Eagle Scout, Boy Scouts of America, 2004 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The initiation, continuation, and finalization of this thesis would not have been possible without the wide array of supportive individuals who helped me along this path. My family has always stood by me. They were continually supportive of my decision to go to graduate school and move to Oregon. More importantly, they always reminded me to keep a balanced life even when my studies and research were at full force. Dr. Paul Wallace, my advisor, deserves my sincerest thanks for direction and guidance during the countless times I entered his office with new ideas, new data, or just a general concern regarding my research. His open-door advising policy is admirable for a man of his position and speaks to the nature of his professional and personal character. I always enjoyed working in the field with him – whether it was collecting samples or teaching field camp. Although Dr. Katharine Cashman left for sabbatical in Bristol, England a year before the completion of this research, she remained resolute in offering sincere and helpful guidance. This project would have been incomplete without her efforts and I wish to express a great deal of thanks. Without the use of Dr. Wallace’s and Dr. Cashman’s National Science Foundation grant, this project would have been impossible. I would also like to thank Dr. Ilya Bindeman and Dr. Dana Johnston for finding time in their busy schedules to meet with me and provide different perspectives and fresh ideas about the roles and possibilities of my research and the potential implications of my data. Additionally, I extend my thanks to John Donovan for helping me use the microprobe and scanning electron microscope to collect my data. I doubt I would have been permitted to continue my geologic studies into graduate school without the opportunities provided by Professor Richard Tollo, my vii undergraduate advisor at The George Washington University. The unparalleled dedication he gives to his students is unique and laudable. He extended every opportunity I could imagine to me, a senior just entering the world of geology. Under his guidance, I learned petrology and developed my love for volcanology. The long and extensive conversations I held with Professor Tollo gave me a perspective on not just my future in geology but what is important in life. After sharing all those long hours spent in the abyss of the GWU petrology lab and traversing about out in the field, I thank Paul Shakotko for being able to call him a trusted colleague and, now, an old friend. As for all the friends I have made in Oregon, thank you for sharing this experience with me. Some individuals require personal mention. To Ryan Seward – without you and your garage, my only means of transit would have died a long time ago. To Scott “Meet the Mets” Maguffin – we did it, man. We met the Mets. To Katie Marks, Win McLaughlin, and Nick Famoso – thank you for helping me to remember what it is like to live strong. To Lucy Walsh – for that too often necessary infectious laugh. To Mike Darin – for always expecting me to see with the blast shield down. To the many I have not mentioned, thank you for being there in whatever way you were. My graduate studies would have been lacking something without all of you. viii In the memory of Professor George Stephens The field has never known a more thorough man or kinder soul. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.0. Background ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Regional Geology ........................................................................................... 2 1.2.0. Terminology ................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1. Melt Inclusions....................................................................................... 5 1.2.2. Calc-alkaline and Low-K Tholeiite Magmas ......................................... 6 1.2.3. Vent Classification ................................................................................. 7 1.3.0. Geochemical Characteristics of the Volcanoes in this Study ...................... 10 1.3.1. Belknap .................................................................................................. 11 1.3.2. Mount Washington................................................................................. 11 1.3.3. North Sister ............................................................................................ 12 II. METHODS.............................................................................................................. 14 2.0. Sample Collection ........................................................................................... 14 2.1. Sample Preparation ......................................................................................... 15 2.2. FTIR ................................................................................................................ 16 2.3. EPMA ............................................................................................................. 19 2.4. SEM ................................................................................................................ 19 2.5. Modeling Primary Shield Magmas ................................................................. 20 2.6. Modeling Primitive Low-K Tholeiites............................................................ 21 III. DATA .................................................................................................................... 23 3.0. Volatile Data ................................................................................................... 23 x Chapter Page 3.1. Major Element Geochemistry ........................................................................
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