Radial Glia Give Rise to Adult Neural Stem Cells in the Subventricular Zone
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
EGF-Induced Expansion of Migratory Cells in the Rostral Migratory Stream
EGF-Induced Expansion of Migratory Cells in the Rostral Migratory Stream Olle R. Lindberg.,A˚ sa Persson., Anke Brederlau, Aidin Shabro, Hans Georg Kuhn* Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Abstract The presence of neural stem cells in the adult brain is currently widely accepted and efforts are made to harness the regenerative potential of these cells. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the anterior lateral ventricles, are considered the main loci of adult neurogenesis. The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the structure funneling SVZ progenitor cells through the forebrain to their final destination in the olfactory bulb. Moreover, extensive proliferation occurs in the RMS. Some evidence suggest the presence of stem cells in the RMS, but these cells are few and possibly of limited differentiation potential. We have recently demonstrated the specific expression of the cytoskeleton linker protein radixin in neuroblasts in the RMS and in oligodendrocyte progenitors throughout the brain. These cell populations are greatly altered after intracerebroventricular infusion of epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the current study we investigate the effect of EGF infusion on the rat RMS. We describe a specific increase of radixin+/Olig2+ cells in the RMS. Negative for NG2 and CNPase, these radixin+/Olig2+ cells are distinct from typical oligodendrocyte progenitors. The expanded Olig2+ population responds rapidly to EGF and proliferates after only 24 hours along the entire RMS, suggesting local activation by EGF throughout the RMS rather than migration from the SVZ. In addition, the radixin+/ Olig2+ progenitors assemble in chains in vivo and migrate in chains in explant cultures, suggesting that they possess migratory properties within the RMS. -
The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models
biomolecules Review The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models Meera Krishnan 1, Sahil Kumar 1, Luis Johnson Kangale 2,3 , Eric Ghigo 3,4 and Prasad Abnave 1,* 1 Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Gurgaon-Faridabad Ex-pressway, Faridabad 121001, India; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (S.K.) 2 IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 3 Institut Hospitalo Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France; [email protected] 4 TechnoJouvence, 13385 Marseille, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differ- entiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz. -
Epigenetic Metabolites License Stem Cell States
CHAPTER SIX Epigenetic metabolites license stem cell states Logeshwaran Somasundarama,b,†, Shiri Levya,b,†, Abdiasis M. Husseina,b, Devon D. Ehnesa,b, Julie Mathieub,c, Hannele Ruohola-Bakera,b,∗ aDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States bInstitute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States cDepartment of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States ∗ Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 210 2. Stem cell energetics 210 3. Metabolism of quiescent stem cells 212 3.1 Adult stem cells 212 3.2 Pluripotent stem cell quiescence, diapause 216 4. Metabolism of active stem cells 217 4.1 Metabolism after fertilization 217 4.2 Metabolism of pre-implantation and post-implantation pluripotent stem cells 218 4.3 Metabolism of actively cycling adult stem cells: MSC as case-study 220 5. HIF, the master regulator of metabolism 222 6. Epigenetic signatures and epigenetic metabolites 224 6.1 Epigenetic signatures of naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells 224 6.2 Epigenetic signatures of adult stem cells 227 6.3 Epigenetic metabolites 228 7. Conclusion 229 Acknowledgments 230 References 230 Further reading 240 Abstract It has become clear during recent years that stem cells undergo metabolic remodeling during their activation process. While these metabolic switches take place in pluripotency as well as adult stem cell populations, the rules that govern the switch are not clear. † Equal contribution. # Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Volume 138 2020 Elsevier Inc. 209 ISSN 0070-2153 All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.003 210 Logeshwaran Somasundaram et al. -
Neuronal Precursor Cells with Dopaminergic Commitment in The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Neuronal precursor cells with dopaminergic commitment in the rostral migratory stream of the Received: 7 January 2019 Accepted: 29 August 2019 mouse Published: xx xx xxxx Kerstin Schweyer1,2, Corinna Rüschof-Steiner3,4, Oscar Arias-Carrión3,5, Wolfgang H. Oertel3, Thomas W. Rösler1,2 & Günter U. Höglinger 1,2,3,6 Neuroblasts born in the subventricular zone of adult mammals migrate via the rostral migratory stream into the granular cell layer or periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb to diferentiate into interneurons. To analyze if new neurons in the granular cell layer or periglomerular layer have diferent origins, we inserted a physical barrier into the rostral migratory stream, depleted cell proliferation with cytarabine infusions, labeled newborn cells with bromodeoxyuridine, and sacrifced mice after short-term (0, 2, or 14 days) or long-term (55 or 105 days) intervals. After short-term survival, the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream rapidly repopulated with bromodeoxyuridine+ cells after cytarabine-induced depletion. Nestin, glial fbrillary acidic protein and the PAX6 were expressed in bromodeoxyuridine+ cells within the rostral migratory stream downstream of the physical barrier. After long-term survival after physical barrier implantation, bromodeoxyuridine+ neurons were signifcantly reduced in the granular cell layer, but bromodeoxyuridine+ and dopaminergic neurons in the periglomerular layer remained unafected by the physical barrier. Thus, newborn neurons for the granular cell layer are mainly recruited from neural stem cells located in the subventricular zone, but new neurons for the periglomerular layer with dopaminergic predisposition can rise as well from neuronal stem or precursor cells in the rostral migratory stream. -
Translational Applications of Adult Stem Cell-Derived Organoids Jarno Drost1,2,* and Hans Clevers1,2,3,‡
© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2017) 144, 968-975 doi:10.1242/dev.140566 PRIMER Translational applications of adult stem cell-derived organoids Jarno Drost1,2,* and Hans Clevers1,2,3,‡ ABSTRACT of organotypic organoids from single Lgr5-positive ISCs (Sato Adult stem cells from a variety of organs can be expanded long- et al., 2009). These organoids contained all cell types of the ‘ ’ term in vitro as three-dimensional organotypic structures termed intestinal epithelium and were structured into proliferative crypt ‘ ’ organoids. These adult stem cell-derived organoids retain their organ and differentiated villus compartments, thereby retaining the identity and remain genetically stable over long periods of time. The architecture of the native intestine (Sato et al., 2009). In addition ability to grow organoids from patient-derived healthy and diseased to Wnt/R-spondin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Dignass and tissue allows for the study of organ development, tissue homeostasis Sturm, 2001), noggin (BMP inhibitor) (Haramis et al., 2004) and an and disease. In this Review, we discuss the generation of adult artificial laminin-rich extracellular matrix (provided by Matrigel) stem cell-derived organoid cultures and their applications in in vitro complemented the cocktail for successful in vitro propagation of disease modeling, personalized cancer therapy and regenerative mouse ISC-derived organoids (Sato et al., 2009). At the same time, medicine. Ootani et al. reported another Wnt-driven in vitro culture of ISCs (Ootani et al., 2009). In contrast to Sato et al., this culture was not KEY WORDS: Adult stem cells, Organoids, Disease modelling, based on defined growth factors. -
Cancer from the Perspective of Stem Cells and Misappropriated Tissue Regeneration Mechanisms
Leukemia (2018) 32:2519–2526 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-018-0294-7 REVIEW ARTICLE Corrected: Correction Stem cell biology Cancer from the perspective of stem cells and misappropriated tissue regeneration mechanisms 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 Mariusz Z. Ratajczak ● Kamila Bujko ● Aaron Mack ● Magda Kucia ● Janina Ratajczak Received: 8 September 2018 / Accepted: 17 September 2018 / Published online: 30 October 2018 © The Author(s) 2018. This article is published with open access Abstract Tumorigenesis can be considered as pathologically misappropriated tissue regeneration. In this review we will address some unresolved issues that support this concept. First, we will address the issue of the identity of cancer-initiating cells and the presence of cancer stem cells in growing tumors. We will also ask are there rare and distinct populations of cancer stem cells in established tumor cell lines, or are all of the cells cancer stem cells? Second, the most important clinical problem with cancer is its metastasis, and here a challenging question arises: by employing radio-chemotherapy for tumor treatment, do we unintentionally create a prometastatic microenvironment in collateral organs? Specifically, many factors upregulated in response to radio-chemotherapy-induced injury may attract highly migratory cancer cells that survived initial treatment. 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: Third, what is the contribution of normal circulating stem cells to the growing malignancy? Do circulating normal stem cells recognize a tumor as a hypoxia-damaged tissue that needs -
Adult Spinal Cord Stem Cells Generate Neurons After Transplantation in the Adult Dentate Gyrus
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 2000, 20(23):8727–8735 Adult Spinal Cord Stem Cells Generate Neurons after Transplantation in the Adult Dentate Gyrus Lamya S. Shihabuddin, Philip J. Horner, Jasodhara Ray, and Fred H. Gage The Salk Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, La Jolla, California 92037 The adult rat spinal cord contains cells that can proliferate and population of cells into the adult rat spinal cord resulted in their differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendroglia in situ. Using differentiation into glial cells only. However, after heterotopic clonal and subclonal analyses we demonstrate that, in contrast transplantation into the hippocampus, transplanted cells that to progenitors isolated from the adult mouse spinal cord with a integrated in the granular cell layer differentiated into cells char- combination of growth factors, progenitors isolated from the acteristic of this region, whereas engraftment into other hip- adult rat spinal cord using basic fibroblast growth factor alone pocampal regions resulted in the differentiation of cells with display stem cell properties as defined by their multipotentiality astroglial and oligodendroglial phenotypes. The data indicate and self-renewal. Clonal cultures derived from single founder that clonally expanded, multipotent adult progenitor cells from a cells generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, con- non-neurogenic region are not lineage-restricted to their devel- firming the multipotent nature of the parent cell. Subcloning opmental origin but can generate region-specific neurons in vivo analysis showed that after serial passaging, recloning, and ex- when exposed to the appropriate environmental cues. pansion, these cells retained multipotentiality, indicating that they Key words: spinal cord; stem cells; FGF; transplantation; neu- are self-renewing. -
Astroglial Boundary Formation and Epha4 Signaling in Neuroblast Migration Nicholas B
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-16-2014 Astroglial Boundary Formation and EphA4 Signaling in Neuroblast Migration Nicholas B. Gallo University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Developmental Neuroscience Commons, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Commons, and the Other Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons Recommended Citation Gallo, Nicholas B., "Astroglial Boundary Formation and EphA4 Signaling in Neuroblast Migration" (2014). Honors Scholar Theses. 339. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/339 Astroglial Boundary Formation and EphA4 Signaling in Neuroblast Migration Nicholas Biron Gallo (Honors Scholar and University Scholar) Physiology and Neurobiology (PNB) Major Advisor: Dr. Joanne Conover Associate Advisors: Dr. Joseph LoTurco & Dr. David Reed Solomon 1 Approval Page Honors Scholar & University Scholar Bachelor of Science Thesis Astroglial Boundary Formation and EphA4 Signaling in Neuroblast Migration Presented by Nicholas Biron Gallo Major Advisor: ______________________________________________________________________________________ Joanne C. Conover, Ph. D. Associate Advisor: ___________________________________________________________________________________ Joseph J. LoTurco, Ph.D. Associate Advisor: ___________________________________________________________________________________ David Reed Solomon, Ph.D. University of Connecticut 2014 2 Acknowledgements -
The Rostral Migratory Stream Generates Hippocampal CA1
© 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Biology Open (2015) 4, 1222-1228 doi:10.1242/bio.012096 RESEARCH ARTICLE The rostral migratory stream generates hippocampal CA1 pyramidal-like neurons in a novel organotypic slice co-culture model Ilyas Singec1,2,*,‡, Rolf Knoth2, Imre Vida3 and Michael Frotscher4 ABSTRACT migration” (Lois et al., 1996; Doetsch and Alvarez-Buylla, 1996; The mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) generates large numbers of Wichterle et al., 1997). Proper migration of RMS cells is neuroblasts, which migrate in a distinct pathway, the rostral migratory coordinated by a complex interplay of cellular and extracellular stream (RMS), and replace specific interneurons in the olfactory bulb matrix components and secreted factors. Collectively, these chemo- (OB). Here, we introduce an organotypic slice culture model that attractant and chemo-repulsive cues maintain the highly dynamic directly connects the RMS to the hippocampus as a new destination. structure of the SVZ-RMS system and ensure coordinated long- RMS neuroblasts widely populate the hippocampus and undergo distance migration and cell turnover in the OB (Wu et al., 1999; cellular differentiation. We demonstrate that RMS cells give rise to Hack et al., 2002; Ng et al., 2005; Lledo et al., 2008; Rutishauser, various neuronal subtypes and, surprisingly, to CA1 pyramidal 2008; Snapyan et al., 2009; Fuentealba et al., 2012; García- neurons. Pyramidal neurons are typically generated before birth González et al., 2014; Girard et al., 2014). and are lost in various neurological disorders. Hence, this unique Recruitment of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells and ex vivo slice culture model enables us to investigate their postnatal genesis transplantation of generated neural cells hold great promise under defined in vitro conditions from the RMS, an unanticipated for regenerative medicine (Singec, 2013; Aimone et al., 2014). -
Organoid Research Techniques
2ïäÞëìæá5âðâÞïàå7âàåëæîòâð Cover Image: STEMCELL Technologies Copyright © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. 2ïäÞëìæá5âðâÞïàå7âàåëæîòâð CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION 6 HISTORIC MILESTONES 12 IN PRACTICE 25 PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 27 WHAT’S NEXT 29 REFERENCES 31 FURTHER READING 2ïäÞëìæá5âðâÞïàå7âàåëæîòâð INTRODUCTION Ì, KHDUG DERXW RUJDQRLGV DQG WKRXJKW WKH\ PLJKW EH WKH SHUIHFW PRGHO WR VWXG\ DOO WKH SURFHVVHV WKDW ,ÊP LQWHUHVWHG LQÍ VD\V 7DPDUD =LHWHN 3ULQFLSDO ,QYHVWLJDWRU LQ WKH 1XWULWLRQ3K\VLRORJ\/DERUDWRU\DWWKH7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0XQLFK %HIRUH XVLQJ RUJDQRLGV =LHWHNÊV JURXS ZRUNHG Eoth witK DQ LQ YLYRÈPLFHÈDQG LQ YLWURÈFHOO OLQHVÈ V\VWHP WR DQVZHU WKHLU UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV EXW WKH\ ZHUH RQ WKH KXQW IRU D V\VWHP WKDW FRPELQHG WKH DGYDQWDJHV RI ERWK 8VLQJ SULPDU\ FHOO FXOWXUHV ZDV DQ LPSURYHPHQW EXWEHFDXVHWKHFHOOVFRXOGQÊWEHSDVVDJHGLWZDVQRWDORQJ WHUP V\VWHP 6R =LHWHN XVHG RUJDQRLG PRGHO V\VWHPV WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG LQWHVWLQDO QXWULHQW WUDQVSRUW DQG VHQVLQJ. In recent years, our cumulative understanding of organ physiology, development, and maintenance has resulted in the creation of three- GLPHQVLRQDO ' RUJDQRLGVÈFXOWXUHG'FHOOVWUXFWXUHVWKDWPRGHO features of organ function, composition, and development. Given that the RUJDQVRIRXUERG\RFFXS\'VSDFHRUJDQRLGVEHWWHUUHSUHVHQWWKHSK\VL- ological system than their two-dimensional culture counterparts for the purpose of organ -
Stem Cells in Dermatology*
Revista2Vol89ingles2_Layout 1 4/2/14 10:04 AM Página 286 286 REVIEW s Stem cells in dermatology* Karolyn Sassi Ogliari1 Daniel Marinowic1 Dario Eduardo Brum1 Fabrizio Loth1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142530 Abstract: Preclinical and clinical research have shown that stem cell therapy could be a promising therapeutic option for many diseases in which current medical treatments do not achieve satisfying results or cure. This arti- cle describes stem cells sources and their therapeutic applications in dermatology today. Keywords: Adult stem cells; Dermatology; Hematopoietic stem cells; Stem cells; Regenerative medicine INTRODUCTION The current trend in medicine is to focus on two progenitor cell could generate cells that differed from major areas in which until recently there was not the original tissue (plasticity) and that they were much emphasis on: “prevention” of diseases and attracted to damaged tissues distant from their sur- “regenerative medicine”. The first provides the power roundings.2,3,4,5 Cells that presented this behavior were to change an individual’s destiny, preventing a dis- named stem cells. ease from occurring and increasing life expectancy, For a cell to be considered a stem cell, it has to while the second is an attempt to cure diseases for present three characteristics: self-renewal, i.e., asym- which modern medicine has yet no treatment avail- metric division resulting both in cells that are similar able. This article aims to briefly address regenerative to it, as well as specialized cells; the ability to regener- medicine, with the theme “stem cells”, from its dis- ate the tissue in which it is located, and plasticity, that covery to its current applications and future is the ability to generate other cell types, different prospects, describing the important role of skin cells from those of the original tissue.6 in this context. -
Mathematical Model of Adult Stem Cell Regeneration with Cross-Talk Between Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation
Mathematical model of adult stem cell regeneration with cross-talk between genetic and epigenetic regulation Jinzhi Leia, Simon A. Levinb,1, and Qing Niec aZhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; and cDepartment of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 Contributed by Simon A. Levin, January 7, 2014 (sent for review September 4, 2013) Adult stem cells, which exist throughout the body, multiply by cell are continuously cycling (9, 10). Each state is likely associated with division to replenish dying cells or to promote regeneration to repair a unique microenvironment (10, 11). Dormant and homeostatic damaged tissues. To perform these functions during the lifetime of HSCs are anchored in endosteal niches through interactions with organs or tissues, stem cells need to maintain their populations in a number of adhesion molecules expressed by both HSCs and a faithful distribution of their epigenetic states, which are suscepti- niche stromal cells (10, 12). Furthermore, injury-activated HSCs ble to stochastic fluctuations during each cell division, unexpected are located near sinusoidal vessels (the perivascular niche). In injury, and potential genetic mutations that occur during many cell response to the loss of hematopoietic cells, surviving dormant divisions. However, it remains unclear how the three processes of HSCs located