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Canada's Contemporary Press System: Shifting Industries, Formal Canada’s Contemporary Press System: Shifting Industries, Formal Inquiries, and Journalistic Employment by Sabrina Wilkinson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2016, Sabrina Wilkinson ii Abstract This thesis examines the state of journalism in Canada with a focus on the quantity and quality of journalistic work. I find that journalism is not in crisis so much as a major and wrenching period of transformation. The Canadian press system is presently in a moment of change characterized by an array of different media players, shifting industry trends and a federal government inquiry. Amidst all the turmoil, data from Statistics Canada suggests there are more jobs in the field than there was prior to the emergence of the Internet. Further, my personal interviews reveal that newsworkers understand the role of the journalist as one that is being dramatically changed alongside the entire press system. However, to what end these changes point is not at all clear. Accordingly, the federal government and the CRTC play a crucial role in shaping the evolution of the Canadian journalistic environment. iii Acknowledgements Thank you to my committee members, as well as the faculty and administrative staff at Carleton University’s School of Journalism and Communication. Your time, energy and direction in supporting both my development as a student and the progression of this project was instrumental to my success. I am also incredibly thankful to my friends and family for their support over the last year. Thank you especially to my parents, Rose, Charlotte, Sherry and Scott. Finally, I am very grateful to my supervisor Dwayne. Thank you for your insight, guidance and mentorship throughout this project and my time at Carleton. Your passion for the media industries is infectious. This thesis is dedicated to my niece, Nora Grieb. iv Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Terms ............................................................................................................................................... vii Research Participants ................................................................................................................................. viii 1. Introduction: Whither Journalism? ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historical Review: Concentration, Consolidation, Regulation, and Policy .................................. 8 1.2 Thesis Organization .................................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 19 2. On Method .......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Case Study: Newsworkers in Ottawa .......................................................................................... 20 2.2 This Project’s Approach: Recruitment, Analysis and Technical Concerns ................................ 23 2.3 Theoretical Framework: The Political Economy of Communication ......................................... 27 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 33 3. The State of Journalism, What Accounts for it, and What to do About it .......................................... 35 3.1 Technological Explanations ........................................................................................................ 36 3.2 Economic Explanations............................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Journalism in Crisis ..................................................................................................................... 44 3.4 Journalism in Transformation ..................................................................................................... 47 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 52 4. Today’s Press System in Canada ........................................................................................................ 54 4.1 Players: Traditional Firms, Conglomerates, Tech, Digital Natives and Bloggers ...................... 55 4.2 Industry Trends: Instability and Opportunity .............................................................................. 64 4.3 Federal Inquiry into the State of the Media and the Press in Canada ......................................... 76 4.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 82 5. Human Consequences: Measuring and Cataloguing of Journalistic Work ......................................... 84 5.1 Quantitative Accounts of Journalistic Employment in Canada .................................................. 86 5.2 Perils and Pitfalls in Statistics Canada’s Labour Force Survey Data .......................................... 95 5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 101 6. Case Study: Newsworkers’ Self Reflections..................................................................................... 103 6.1 The Evolving Role of the Journalist ......................................................................................... 104 6.2 The Future of the Journalist, and the Industry .......................................................................... 109 6.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 113 7. Conclusion: Five Modest Recommendations.................................................................................... 115 v References ................................................................................................................................................. 119 Appendix A: Interview Consent Form .................................................................................................. 143 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Canada's Top Media, Internet and Telecommunications Companies by Market Share Figure 2: News Media Industry Revenues (1984 - 2014) (Real CDN Millions) Figure 3: News Media Industry CR4 Levels (1984 - 2014) Figure 4: Number of Journalists Employed in Ontario (1987 - 2016) Figure 5: Number of Journalists Employed in Canada (1987 - 2016) Figure 6: Journalistic Job Permanency in Canada (#) (1997 - 2016) Figure 7: Journalistic Class of Worker in Canada (#) (1987 – 2016) Figure 8: Journalistic Job Permanency and Class of Worker in Canada (%) (1987 - 2016) Figure 9: Number of Public Relations Workers Employed in Canada (1987 - 2016) Figure 10: Journalists and Public Relations Specialists Employed in the USA (1997 - 2015) vii List of Terms Bell Canada Enterprises BCE Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission CRTC Canadian Media Concentration Research Project CMCRP Canadian Media Fund CMF Canadian Newspaper Association CAN Canadian Pacific Railway CPR Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada CEP Communications Monitoring Report CMR Concentration Ratio CR Council of Senior Citizens’ Organizations of British Colombia COSCO Chief Executive Officer CEO Crisis of Journalism COJ Direct to Home Satellite DTH Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization EBITDA Friends of Canadian Broadcasting FRIENDS Future of News FON Independent Local News Fund ILNF Internet Protocol Television IPTV Innovation, Science and Economic Development ISED Internet Service Provider ISP International Typographical Union ITU Labour Force Survey LFS Local Programming Improvement Fund LPIF Local News Fund LNF Manitoba Telecom Services MTS Member of Parliament MP National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians NABET National Household Survey NHS National Occupational Classification NOC over-the-top OTT Public Interest Advocacy Centre PIAC Public Policy Forum PPF Progressive Conservative PC Public Relations PR Small Market Local Production Fund SMLPF United States of America USA Vice President VP World War I WWI viii Research Participants Andrew Foote (casual contract journalist at the CBC) Chloe Fédio (casual contract journalist at the CBC) Alistair Steele (digital copy editor at the CBC) Carl Neustaedter (former deputy editor at the Ottawa Citizen) Drake Fenton (city editor at the Ottawa Citizen) Melanie Coulson (former senior editor at the Ottawa Citizen) BJ Siekierski (journalist at iPolitics) Amanda Connelly (journalist at iPolitics) Kelsey Johnson
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