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Physics and Mathematics of Quantum Field Theory

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Physics and Mathematics of Quantum Field Theory Physics and Mathematics of Quantum Field Theory Jan Derezinski´ (University of Warsaw), Stefan Hollands (Leipzig University), Karl-Henning Rehren (Gottingen¨ University) July 29, 2018 – August 3, 2018 1 Overview of the Field The origins of quantum field theory (QFT) date back to the early days of quantum physics. Having developed quantum mechanics, describing non-relativistic systems of a finite number of degrees of freedom, physicists tried to apply similar ideas to relativistic classical field theories such as electrodynamics following early attempts already made by the founding fathers of quantum mechanics. Since quantum mechanics is usually “derived” from classical mechanics by a procedure called quantization, the first attempts tried to mimick this procedure for classical field theories. But it was clear almost from the beginning that this endeavor would not work without qualitatively new ideas, owing both to the new difficulties presented by relativistic kinematics, as well as to the fact that field theories, while possessing a Lagrangian/Hamiltonian formulation just as classical mechanics, effectively describe infinitely many degrees of freedom. In particular, QFT completely dissolved the classical distinction between “particles” (like the electron) and “fields” (like the electromagnetic field). Instead, the dichotomy in nomenclature acquired a very different meaning: Fields are the fundamental entities for all sorts of matter, while particles are manifestations when the fields arise in special states. Thus, from the outset, one is dealing with systems with an unlimited number of particles. Early successes of quantum field theory consolidated by the early 50’s, such as precise computations of the Lamb shifts of the Hydrogen and of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, were accompanied around the same time by the first attempts to formalize this theory in a more mathematical fashion. Owing to progress and the emergence of new perspectives on quantum field theory, several answers to this question have subsequently been formulated in the 80 years since its birth, illuminating the many facets of this theory. The quest for the ultimate mathematical framework of quantum field theory is still underway. One of the main motivations for quantum field theory is the description of particle physics. This endeavor culminated in the early 80’s in the formulation of the so-called standard model of particle physics, describing quarks, leptons, vector bosons mediating the various forces, as well as the recently discovered Higgs boson. These particles are believed to encompass the visible matter content of the universe, with the exception of dark matter (probably another invisible sector in the standard model) and dark energy. Although the various forces have qualitatively different features – becoming strong effectively at long, respectively short ranges – by the early 70’s physicists developed reliable perturbative schemes to calculate quantities of direct physical interest in experiments. These computational techniques typically proceed via Feynman integrals and a systematic control of perturbation theory and renormalization. Open questions, like the convergence of the perturbation theory and infrared problems, motivated axiomatic approaches. It seems that the axiomatic approach that has proven the most vital is the operator algebraic approach. Its scope has widened in the last decades so as to 1 2 cover more general situations such as thermal equilibrium, non-equilibrium states, or quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium states were previously studied mainly in non-relativistic quan- tum many-body systems and condensed matter physics, where field-theoretical methods and renormalization also play a major role. Modern issues like the thermodynamics of black holes or of the early universe demand the extension of statistical physics to relativistic systems. The mathematics involved in quantum field theory is very diverse, to the extent that for mathematicians QFT may appear as a collection of many different and completely unrelated formalisms. The underlying principles of quantum mechanics involve spectral theory and the theory of operator algebras, with modular theory playing a major role in modern applications. Perturbation theory naturally uses analysis (for the com- putation of Feynman integrals) and functional analysis (for questions of convergence, scattering theory, and adiabatic limits). Gauge theories involve tools from differential geometry, and their anomalies are related to cohomological issues. The theory of distributions and microlocal analysis are at the core of the study of states of quantum fields in nontrivial gravitational backgrounds. Modern constructive approaches to path integrals employ stochastic partial differential equations and regularity structures. Numerical high-performance sim- ulations are employed for computations in numerous places. Computer-assisted exact methods, such as the “conformal bootstrap”, have gained an increasing importance. (The list is certainly not complete.) Quantum field theory triggered the development of various mathematical concepts of independent in- terest, such as non-commutative geometry, vertex operator algebras, tensor categories, random matrices, or topological invariants, to name but a few. The aim of the workshop was to bring together researchers from different communities interested in various aspects of quantum field theory, so as to explore and vitalize the common roots of their respective approaches and to foster an exchange and comparison of ideas. 2 Recent Developments and Open Problems In recent years the research about mathematical structure of quantum field theory made progress in various directions. When organizing this workshop, we decided to focus on the developments that to our minds appeared the most interesting in terms of potential physical applications, as well as from the purely mathe- matical point of view. Broadly speaking, the areas that we identified as the most interesting by these criteria can be classified as follows: 1. Developments relating algebraic approaches to quantum field theory with perturbative methods. 2. New ideas in conformal quantum field theories, which describe systems in statistical mechanics at the critical point or scale invariant models of particle theory. Among these, we identified the conformal bootstrap approach, which is applicable in principle in any dimension, and algebraic methods relating vertex operator algebras and non-commutative geometry/operator algebras, which are suitable in two dimensions. 3. Algorithmic problems in computing Feynman integrals, such as the Laporta algorithm and related ideas. 4. Recent developments in stochastic quantization/stochastic partial differential equations (which strictly speaking belong to pure mathematics, however they have strong analogies with quantum field theory). 5. Quantum field theory in curved spacetime backgrounds, and microlocal characterization of classes of “states of physical interest”. 6. Mean field approaches to systems of electrons interacting with electromagnetic fields. 7. Interesting aspects of the infrared problem in models with massless particles. 8. Non-equilibrium situations in quantum field theory, such as heat waves, non-equilibrium steady states, entropy production, and return to equilibrium. 3 Our goal was to invite leading researchers representing each circle of ideas as speakers. In our view, this goal has been accomplished. A more detailed overview of the contributions is given in the next section; here we try to explain the context and motivation for our choices. One major direction of the research over the past decade was an attempt to achieve a synthesis between algebraic and perturbative quantum field theory. This direction has several motivations. One is to put on a firm conceptual foundation the rules for perturbative calculations, especially in the cases where these rules are not clear-cut, or where naive interpretations of the existing rules lead to problems. Examples of this are: Dealing with the infrared problem, which plagues theories with massless particles; finding correct renormalization for quantum field theories on a non-trivial spacetime or e.g. electromagnetic backgrounds without symmetries; renormalization schemes for correlation functions in states other than the vacuum, such as thermal states, non-equilibrium steady states etc. The Epstein-Glaser method turned out to be a convenient tool to carry out such a programme. This method, invented in the 70’s, is experiencing in recent years its revival. It works well in quantum field theory on curved spacetime. It is based on the theory of distributions, allowing for renormalization in position space, which is a setting without translation symmetry, where the Fourier transformation is not available. In recent years, complicated analytical questions about the existence and construction of special quantum states in curved spacetimes have been attacked using powerful methods from microlocal analysis instead of the more global technique of Fourier analysis. One of the most important quantum field theories is quantum electrodynamics (QED). It is often use- ful to consider its approximate versions, which are easier to study by nonperturbative methods. One such version is the so-called mean-field QED, where charged particles are treated quantum-mechanically and the electromagnetic field is treated classically. The electromagnetic field is divided into a given external part and fluctuations,
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