AP World History Class Notes Ch 18 Mongols & Eurasian Nomads
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Steppe Nomads in the Eurasian Trade1
Volumen 51, N° 1, 2019. Páginas 85-93 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena STEPPE NOMADS IN THE EURASIAN TRADE1 NÓMADAS DE LA ESTEPA EN EL COMERCIO EURASIÁTICO Anatoly M. Khazanov2 The nomads of the Eurasian steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts played an important and multifarious role in regional, interregional transit, and long-distance trade across Eurasia. In ancient and medieval times their role far exceeded their number and economic potential. The specialized and non-autarchic character of their economy, provoked that the nomads always experienced a need for external agricultural and handicraft products. Besides, successful nomadic states and polities created demand for the international trade in high value foreign goods, and even provided supplies, especially silk, for this trade. Because of undeveloped social division of labor, however, there were no professional traders in any nomadic society. Thus, specialized foreign traders enjoyed a high prestige amongst them. It is, finally, argued that the real importance of the overland Silk Road, that currently has become a quite popular historical adventure, has been greatly exaggerated. Key words: Steppe nomads, Eurasian trade, the Silk Road, caravans. Los nómadas de las estepas, semidesiertos y desiertos euroasiáticos desempeñaron un papel importante y múltiple en el tránsito regional e interregional y en el comercio de larga distancia en Eurasia. En tiempos antiguos y medievales, su papel superó con creces su número de habitantes y su potencial económico. El carácter especializado y no autárquico de su economía provocó que los nómadas siempre experimentaran la necesidad de contar con productos externos agrícolas y artesanales. Además, exitosos Estados y comunidades nómadas crearon una demanda por el comercio internacional de bienes exóticos de alto valor, e incluso proporcionaron suministros, especialmente seda, para este comercio. -
Mongol Lawâ•Fla Concise Historical Survey
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UW Law Digital Commons (University of Washington) Washington Law Review Volume 23 Number 2 5-1-1948 Mongol Law—A Concise Historical Survey V. A. Riasanovsky Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr Digital Par t of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Commons Network Recommended Citation Logo V. A. Riasanovsky, Far Eastern Section, Mongol Law—A Concise Historical Survey, 23 Wash. L. Rev. & St. B.J. 166 (1948). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol23/iss2/9 This Far Eastern Section is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington Law Review by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW Soviet society is thought of as a moral or "moral-political" unity; its members are but youths and children, requiring training and educa- tion, Soviet law educates them to a Communist social-consciousness, "ingrafting upon them," in the words of a recent Soviet writer," "high, noble feelings." However repressive the Soviet legal system may ap- pear to the "reasonable man" of American tradition, the importance of the underlying conception of Law as a teacher should not be minimized. 14 Kareva, The Role of Soviet Law in the Education of Communist Conscsousness, BOLSHEVIK, No. 4 (in Russian) (1947). MONGOL LAW-A CONCISE HISTORICAL SURVEY V A. RiAsANOVSKY* Two basic systems of law, one Chinese, the other Mongol, co- existed in Eastern Asia. -
Án Zimonyi, Medieval Nomads in Eastern Europe
As promised, after the appearance of Crusaders, in Slavic or Balkan languages, or Russian authors Missionaries and Eurasian Nomads in the 13th who confine themselves to bibliography in their 14th Centuries: A Century of Interaction, Hautala own mother tongue,” Hautala’s linguistic capabili did indeed publish an anthology of annotated ties enabled him to become conversant with the Russian translations of the Latin texts.10 In his in entire field of Mongol studies (14), for which all troduction, Spinei observes that “unlike WestEu specialists in the Mongols, and indeed all me ropean authors who often ignore works published dievalists, should be grateful. 10 Ot “Davida, tsaria Indii” do “nenavistnogo plebsa satany”: Charles J. Halperin antologiia rannikh latinskikh svedenii o tataromongolakh (Kazan’: Mardzhani institut AN RT, 2018). ——— István Zimonyi. Medieval Nomads in Eastern Part I, “Volga Bulgars,” the subject of Zimonyi’s Europe: Collected Studies. Ed. Victor Spinei. Englishlanguage monograph,1 contains eight arti Bucureşti: Editoru Academiei Romăne, Brăila: cles. In “The First Mongol Raids against the Volga Editura Istros a Muzueului Brăilei, 2014. 298 Bulgars” (1523), Zimonyi confirms the report of pp. Abbreviations. ibnAthir that the Mongols, after defeating the his anthology by the distinguished Hungarian Kipchaks and the Rus’ in 1223, were themselves de Tscholar of the University of Szeged István Zi feated by the Volga Bolgars, whose triumph lasted monyi contains twentyeight articles, twentyseven only until 1236, when the Mongols crushed Volga of them previously published between 1985 and Bolgar resistance. 2013. Seventeen are in English, six in Russian, four In “Volga Bulgars between Wind and Water (1220 in German, and one in French, demonstrating his 1236)” (2533), Zimonyi explores the preconquest adherence to his own maxim that without transla period of BulgarMongol relations further. -
Nomadic Incursion MMW 13, Lecture 3
MMW 13, Lecture 3 Nomadic Incursion HOW and Why? The largest Empire before the British Empire What we talked about in last lecture 1) No pure originals 2) History is interrelated 3) Before Westernization (16th century) was southernization 4) Global integration happened because of human interaction: commerce, religion and war. Known by many names “Ruthless” “Bloodthirsty” “madman” “brilliant politician” “destroyer of civilizations” “The great conqueror” “Genghis Khan” Ruling through the saddle Helped the Eurasian Integration Euroasia in Fragments Afro-Eurasia Afro-Eurasian complex as interrelational societies Cultures circulated and accumulated in complex ways, but always interconnected. Contact Zones 1. Eurasia: (Hemispheric integration) a) Mediterranean-Mesopotamia b) Subcontinent 2) Euro-Africa a) Africa-Mesopotamia 3) By the late 15th century Transatlantic (Globalization) Africa-Americas 12th century Song and Jin dynasties Abbasids: fragmented: Fatimads in Egypt are overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty (Saladin) Africa: North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa Europe: in the periphery; Roman catholic is highly bureaucratic and society feudal How did these zones become connected? Nomadic incursions Xiongunu Huns (Romans) White Huns (Gupta state in India) Avars Slavs Bulgars Alans Uighur Turks ------------------------------------------------------- In Antiquity, nomads were known for: 1. War 2. Migration Who are the Nomads? Tribal clan-based people--at times formed into confederate forces-- organized based on pastoral or agricultural economies. 1) Migrate so to adapt to the ecological and changing climate conditions. 2) Highly competitive on a tribal basis. 3) Religion: Shamanistic & spirit-possession Two Types of Nomadic peoples 1. Pastoral: lifestyle revolves around living off the meat, milk and hides of animals that are domesticated as they travel through arid lands. -
Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
Unit Plan – Silk Road Encounters
Unit Plan – Silk Road Encounters: Real and/or Imagined? Prepared for the Central Asia in World History NEH Summer Institute The Ohio State University, July 11-29, 2016 By Kitty Lam, History Faculty, Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL [email protected] Grade Level – 9-12 Subject/Relevant Topics – World History; trade, migration, nomadism, Xiongnu, Turks, Mongols Unit length – 4-8 weeks This unit plan outlines my approach to world history with a thematic focus on the movement of people, goods and ideas. The Silk Road serves a metaphor for one of the oldest and most significant networks for long distance east-west exchange, and offers ample opportunity for students to conceptualize movement in a world historical context. This unit provides a framework for students to consider the different kinds of people who facilitated cross-cultural exchange of goods and ideas and the multiple factors that shaped human mobility. This broad unit is divided into two parts: Part A emphasizes the significance of nomadic peoples in shaping Eurasian exchanges, and Part B focuses on the relationship between religion and trade. At the end of the unit, students will evaluate the use of the term “Silk Road” to describe this trade network. Contents Part A – Huns*, Turks, and Mongols, Oh My! (Overview) -------------------------------------------------- 2 Introductory Module ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Module 1 – Let’s Get Down to Business to Defeat the Xiongnu ---------------------------------- -
1 Eurasian Nomads in the Ancient and Medieval World Christian
Eurasian Nomads in the Ancient and Medieval World Christian Raffensperger Hist 301-1W Spring 2008 MWF 12:40–1:40 P.M. HH 313 Eurasian nomads are part of a variety of histories and historiographies in China, Russia, India, the Middle East, and Europe. But in every one of those cases they primarily exist as an “other,” the “outsider” who raids the settled empire, the “barbarian” who ravages civilization. This class will attempt to change that perspective and focus on the nomads themselves as the actors. Over the course of the semester the class will acquire an understanding of nomadic society and traditions, as well as the various cultures involved in the regions and periods under consideration. They will do in-depth research on one particular steppe culture or people and present that material to the class, with the goal of helping to understand who these Eurasian nomad are, why they acted the way they did, and why history and historians traditionally portray them negatively. Professor: Christian Raffensperger Office: HH 311 Office Phone: 937-327-7843 Office Hours: MW 10:10-12:00 or by appointment E-mail address: [email protected] Assignments and Deadlines The format of this class will be a mixture of lecture and discussion. Because the subject matter is largely unfamiliar, it will have to be presented in a series of lectures, but interwoven with those lectures will be discussion of the reading, and especially of primary sources related to our subject matter. For these reasons, your attendance and participation are vital on a daily basis. -
Europeans and the Steppe: Russian Lands Under the Mongol Rule
Neumann, Iver B. Europeans and the steppe: Russian lands under the Mongol rule Book section Original citation: Neumann, Iver B. (2014) Europeans and the steppe: Russian lands under the Mongol rule. In: Zhang, Yongjin, Suzuki, Shogo and Quirk, Joel, (eds.) International Orders in the Early Modern World: Before the Rise of the West. New International Relations. Routledge. ISBN 9780415626286 © 2014 Routledge This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65998/ Available in LSE Research Online: April 2016 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s submitted version of the book section. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Europeans and the Steppe: Russian lands under the Mongol Rule Chapter for Yongjin Zhang, Shogo Suzuki & Joel Quirk (eds.) International orders in the Early Modern World: Before the Rise of the West London: Routledge. Iver B. Neumann [email protected] It was endemic on the medieval religious frontier not to admit consciously that one had borrowed institutions from conquered or conquering peoples of a different religion. -
The Mongol and Ming Empire
Zhu Yuanzhang a peasant leader, created a rebel army that defeated the Mongols and pushed them back beyond the Great Wall It could be cruel if you were not a Mongol. Mongols had more privileges than Chinese people. The Mongols held more government jobs. And If you were Chinese you had to pay a tribute to the Mongols at the end of each month They restored the civil service system They were able to delegate responsibility to lower levels of government to reduce corruption They improved new ways for farming and restored the canal to improve trading What advantage would riding on horseback have during warfare? Section 2 Unit 12 The Mongols were nomadic people who grazed their horses and sheep in Central Asia In the early 1200’s, a brilliant Mongol chieftain united tribes. This chieftain took the name Genghis Khan meaning “universal ruler” Mongol forces conquered a vast empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe Genghis Khan demanded absolute loyalty His army had the most skilled horsemen in the world He could order the massacre of an entire city The Mongols and the Chinese would often attack each other by launching missiles against each other from metal tubes filled with gunpowder Although Genghis Khan did not live to complete his conquest of China his heirs continued to expand the empire. The Mongols dominated much of Asia The Mongols allowed people they conquered to live peaceful lives as long as they paid tribute to the Mongols In the 1200’s and 1300’s the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan established peace and order. -
The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a Study of Their Relations, 1220-1335
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2012 The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a study of their relations, 1220-1335. Lauren Prezbindowski University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Prezbindowski, Lauren, "The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a study of their relations, 1220-1335." (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1152. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1152 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ILKHANID MONGOLS, THE CHRISTIAN ARMENIANS, AND THE ISLAMIC MAMLUKS: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONS, 1220-1335 By Lauren Prezbindowski B.A., Hanover College, 2008 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History University of Louisville December 2012 THE ILKHANID MONGOLS, THE CHRISTIAN ARMENIANS, AND THE ISLAMIC MAMLUKS: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONS, 1220-1335 By Lauren Prezbindowski B.A., Hanover College, 2008 A Thesis Approved on November 15,2012 By the following Thesis Committee: Dr. John McLeod, Thesis Director Dr. -
The Archaeology of Eurasian Nomads - L
ARCHAEOLOGY – Vol. I - The Archaeology of Eurasian Nomads - L. T. Yablonsky THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EURASIAN NOMADS L. T. Yablonsky Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Keywords: Eurasia, nomads, cattle-breeders, stock-breeders, ecology, archaeology, ancient written sources, history, ancient nomadic states, economic-cultural type, Scythians, Sakians, Sauromatians, Sarmatians, Huns, Mongols, Tatars. Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Origin of Eurasian Nomadism 3. The Earliest Nomads of the Western Eurasian Steppes 4. The Earliest Nomads and Cattle-breeders of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes 5. The Earliest Nomadic Empires in Central Asia 6. The Earliest Nomadic States in the Siberia and Altay 7. The Earliest Nomadic States in the European Steppes 8. The Nomads of the European Steppes in the Middle Ages 9. The Nomads of the Golden Horde Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The Eurasian steppe cultures gave root to many human activities. Steppe nomads invented the saddle and stirrup as well as a prototype of the violin. They developed clothing suited for a life spent in the saddle, an easily transportable home (the jurt), and distinctive food products based on mare’s milk. From the earliest times into the Middle Ages powerful nomadic kingdoms repeatedly arose to assume dominion over the known world, and the names of their dynamic leaders such as Chingis-khan, Batu-khan, and Attila are still synonymous with brilliance in military and administrative strategy. Less well known is the nomad’s role in linking the developing civilizations of the east and the west and their lasting contributions to world culture in general. UNESCO – EOLSS 1. -
Karakorum Himalaya: Sourcebook for a Protected Area
7 Karakorum Himalaya: Sourcebook for a Protected Area Nigel J. R. Allan 8 The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of IUCN. IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Pakistan 1 Bath Island Road, Karachi 75530 © 1995 by IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Pakistan All rights reserved ISBN 969-8141-13-8 Contents Preface v Introduction 1 1 HISTORY Natural Heritage 11 Geology 11 Glaciology 14 Associative Cultural Landscape 17 Local Ideas and Beliefs about Mountains 17 Culturally Specific Communication Networks 20 2 DESCRIPTION AND INVENTORY Physiography and Climate 23 Flora 24 Fauna 25 Juridical and Management Qualities 29 3 PHOTOGRAPHIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION Historial Photographs 33 Large Format Books 33 Landscape Paintings 33 Maps and Nomenclature 34 4 PUBLIC AWARENESS Records of Expeditions 37 World Literature and History 43 Tourism 52 Scientific and Census Reports 56 Guidebooks 66 International Conflict 66 5 RELATED BIBLIOGRAPHIC MATERIALS 69 Author Index 71 Place Index 81 iii iv4 5 Preface This sourcebook for a protected area has its origins in a lecture I gave at the Environment and Policy Institute of the East-West Center in Honolulu in 1987. The lecture was about my seasons of field work in the Karakorum Himalaya. Norton Ginsberg, the director of the Institute, alerted me to the fact that the Encyclopedia Britannica would be revising their entries on Asian mountains shortly and suggested that I update the Karakorum entry. The eventual publication of that entry under my name (Allan 1992), however, omitted most of the literature references I had accumulated. As my reference list continued to expand I decided to order them in some coherent fashion and publish them as a sourcebook to coincide with the IUCN workshop on mountain protected areas in Skardu in September 1994.