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Strategies for Provision of Secondary Reserve Capacity to Balance Short-Term Fluctuations of Variable Renewable Energy

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Strategies for Provision of Secondary Reserve Capacity to Balance Short-Term Fluctuations of Variable Renewable Energy Strategies for Provision of Secondary Reserve Capacity to Balance Short-Term Fluctuations of Variable Renewable Energy David-Constantin Radu Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI_2017-0073-MSC EKV1199 Division of Heat & Power SE-100 44, STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis EGI_2017-0073-MSC EKV1199 Strategies for Provision of Secondary Reserve Capacity to Balance Short-Term Fluctuations of Variable Renewable Energy David-Constantin Radu Approved Examiner Supervisor 2017-09-18 Miroslav Petrov -KTH/ITM/EGI Miroslav Petrov Commissioner Contact person Energynautics GmbH Eckehard Tröster Peter-Philipp Schierhorn Abstract Recent trends and projections show a massive shift in power generation towards variable renewable energy (VRE), especially wind and solar PV. Renewable energy technologies are expected, in the upcoming decades, to become the primary source of electricity production and this will attract inherent design and operational challenges of power systems. One such challenge is posed by the ability of power systems to cope with short-term fluctuations, or intermittency, of variable renewable energy technologies. Strategies linked to this issue are related to the use of one specific subset of power system ancillary services, namely the active power control mechanism, responsible for the activation of primary, secondary and tertiary or reserves. The scope of this thesis is to develop and present a methodology that comes as solution to sizing and allocation of secondary reserves. The first part of the thesis (i.e. dimensioning of system-wide secondary reserve requirement) is based on high-resolution load and VRE generation time series. Input data is processed to represent more accurately the challenges secondary control has to cope with; and statistically analyzed according to predefined security-of-supply levels. Supplementary requirements of secondary reserve (SR) due to VRE extensions are also estimated. The second part of the project (i.e. reserve allocation throughout a proposed generic grid model) treats the joint optimization of the active power economic dispatch during normal operation (previously available as part of a grid optimization software) and the secondary reserve capacity allocation problem. It is mathematically formulated as a linear programming model and bound by generating units’ technical constraints, as well by the physical limitations of the transmission network. The output of the SR sizing methodology, validated for a case study on the Czech Republic’s power system, serves as an input to the optimization tool subsequently developed. Sammanfattning Att upprätthålla en hög nivå av elförsörjningskvalitet till lägsta kostnad har alltid varit av största vikten för energisystemoperatörer. Medan förnybar energi blir mer tillgänglig, och med framtida utvecklingstrender och förväntade prognoser i åtanken, har den här situationen blivit ännu mer uppmärksammad och fått större betydelse. Förnybar energiteknik förväntas bli primärkällan för elproduktion under de kommande decennierna och kommer att utmana den nuvarande design och operationstrategier av dagens energisystem. Orsaken är att en ständig växande elproduktion baserat på solceller och vindkraft skapar en svårhanterad variabilitet i elsystemet som i sin tur översättas till produktionsprofiler med både stor frekvensvariation och begränsad styrbarhet. I detta sammanhang blir vikten av åtgärder för aktivt produktionskontroll och därmed utjämning av medfödda systemfluktuationer uppenbar. Strategier som löser denna frågan är beroende på aktiva systemkontrollmekanismer som kan delas upp i: primärt, sekundärt och tersiärt kontroll (eller således reserver). Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utveckla och testa en metod för optimal dimensionering och fördelning av sekundära reserver i ett nationellt kraftnät. Den första delen (dimensionering av sekundära reserver) tacklar komponenten av systemvarationer på kort sikt, oavsett den variabla kraftkällan (dvs. sol eller vind). De nämnda variationerna händer på en tidskala som är tillräcklig liten så att nödvändiga balanskorrigeringar kan ske via operativa reserver. Modellen är utvecklad runt högupplösningsbelastning och bildningstidsserier. Först, tidserienera applicerar en low-pass filter som tar bort stokastiska, högfrekventa spets för att kunna visa kraven för sekundära reserver under dess aktiveringstider. Användning av skillnaden mellan positiva och negativa fluktuationer leder till en optimering uppåt och neråt av sekundära reserver. Tidserierna klassificeras på grund av relevanta kriterier för varje fluktuationskälla. Analysen av den subsekventa fördelningen koncentrerar sig på de uppsättningar som delar samma statistiska egenskaper. En godtycklig önskad säkerhetsnivå (e.g. 95 %) beaktas och används för alla definerade kategorier, vilka summeras efteråt för att tydliggöra den totala kraven på kraftreserven. Slutligen utvecklas ett heuristisk tillvägagångsätt för att kunna uppskatta det ytterligare behovet av sekundära reserver in samband med den befintliga ökningen av variabel produktion i det studerade systemet. Metoden för dimensionering av sekundära reserver, som har validerats för Tjeckiens kraftsystem, fungerar som inmatning för optimeringsverktyget som har utvecklats därefter. Andra delen av projektet (alltså fördelning av reserver genom en föreslagen generisk nätmodell) behandlar punktoptimeringen för ekonomsik tilldelning av genererad elektricitet och problemet med fördelningen av sekundära reserver. Detta är matematiskt formulerad i form av en linear programmodell och är bunden av tekniska begränsnigar inom elgenereringsenheterna, samt fysiska begränsningar inom transmissionsnätverket. Modellen som avänds för utvecklingen av optimeringsverktyget är ett generisk eltnätverk med allmänna funktioner, likt ett typiskt central- amerikansk eller väst-afrikansk elnätverk (vattenkraftdominerad, hög men outvecklad solkraft och/eller vindkraft potential), med tanke på att elnätets generiska karaktär saknar den föreslagna reservfördelningsmetodens validering. -i- Table of Contents SAMMANFATTNING ...................................................................................................................................... I TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. II LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. V ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... VI GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................................................... VII PHYSICAL QUANTITIES ............................................................................................................................. IX 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 CONTEXT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 MOTIVATION AND THESIS OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 THESIS OUTLINE .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 VARIABLE GENERATION AND OPERATING RESERVES ............................................................ 8 2.1 RELIABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABLE GENERATION ...................................................................................................... 9 2.3 ANCILLARY SERVICES AND OPERATING RESERVES .............................................................................................. 11 2.4 IMPACT OF VARIABLE GENERATION ON OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS ......................... 15 3 PROVISION OF OPERATING RESERVES ....................................................................................... 17 3.1 ELECTRICITY MARKET DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 RESERVE PROCUREMENT VS. BALANCING MARKETS ........................................................................................... 22 3.3 THE IMBALANCE SETTLEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 23 3.4 PREQUALIFICATION FOR ACTIVE POWER RESERVE CAPACITY PROVISION .....................................................
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