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Boundary Layer Experiment—1983 Edwin W Roland B. Stull and Boundary Layer Experiment—1983 Edwin W. Eloranta Department of Meteorology University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 Abstract flat pasture by ANL. This system measured the three components of velocity, as well as the thermal structure Interactions between fair-weather cumulus clouds and mixed-layer of the lowest 1.5 km of the boundary layer. ANL also thermals were the focus of a one-month field experiment in Oklahoma. erected a 5 m tower equipped with chemistry and fast- This experiment, called Boundary Layer Experiment—1983 (BLX83), response turbulence sensors, installed a net radiometer, combined remote sensors, surface observations, balloon platforms, and aircraft measurements to study the kinematics at the top of the and launched kytoons that provided profiles of the daytime convective boundary layer. Emphasis was placed on the lowest 800 m of the boundary layer. In addition, a stereo study of the entrainment zone, and on the relationship between indi- camera system was used at the ANL site to provide vidual thermals as identified by lidar and turbulent motions and photographs of local cloud conditions. fluxes as measured by aircraft and sodar. 2) An unmanned Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM II) station, which was designed and operated by NCAR, and also was located at the ANL site. In addition to the 1. Introduction standard variables of mean pressure, temperature, hu- midity, rainfall, and wind speed and direction, this sta- A field experiment was conducted in Oklahoma for the pur- tion provided net radiation data. pose of measuring the interaction between the boundary 3) The UW lidar system (Kunkel et al, 1977; Sroga et al., layer and fair-weather cumulus clouds. This experiment, 1980), which was located on a small ridge approxi- called Boundary Layer Experiment—1983 (BLX83), ran mately 3 km south-southwest of the ANL site. The lidar from 25 May through 18 June 1983. made range height indicator (RHI) and plan position Four organizations participated in the experiment: the indicator (PPI) scans in the direction of the ANL site; University of Wisconsin (UW), Argonne National Labora- thus, the lidar scanned the boundary layer over the tory (ANL), the National Center for Atmospheric Research ANL sensors. An automatic, time-lapse camera photo- (NCAR), and the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). graphed the clouds along the field of view of the lidar. Additional support was provided by the Air Weather Service The NCAR Queen Air aircraft made 20 flights over the at Tinker Air Force Base, and by the Army at Ft. Sill. primary field site. The Queen Air was equipped with a turbu- Emphasis was placed on measuring the turbulence struc- lence gust probe, forward- and side-looking automatic cam- ture at the top of the boundary layer. In particular, cloud-base eras, a Johnson-Williams liquid water content sensor, a micro- fluxes and the nature of the entrainment zone were probed wave refractometer, a Lyman-alpha hygrometer, a dew-point using a sodar, lidar, kytoon, and aircraft. In order to prop- hygrometer, fast-response resistance thermometers, inertial erly scale these measurements within the framework of simi- navigation equipment, upward- and downward-looking visi- larity theories, supporting measurements were made of sur- ble and IR radiometers, and a radiometric skin temperature face fluxes, mixed-layer thickness, advection, and subsidence. sensor (RAF, 1981; Kelley and Lackman, 1976). Turbulence These latter measurements were aided by surface turbulence- sensors were sampled 20 times per second; other sensors were flux sensors, radiometers, Doppler radar, and a mesonet- sampled once per second. work of surface weather and rawinsonde stations. Most afternoons, the NSSL Doppler radar at Norman col- lected clear air boundary layer data every half hour. This data can provide one measure of boundary layer divergence and subsidence. In addition, NSSL had an array of surface 2. Equipment Stationary Automated Mesonetwork (SAM) stations in a tight pattern in the Oklahoma City area, and operated the Figure 1 shows the arrangement of BLX83 observing systems. KTVY instrumented 444 m tower to collect temperature, The primary field site was just southeast of Chickasha, Okla. humidity, and wind data. (approximately 45 km southwest of Norman). The following Surrounding the primary field site were 12 additional equipment was in operation at this site: PAM II stations arranged in a circle having a radius of 50 km (see Table 1). These second-generation PAM stations relayed 1) A three-component Doppler sodar system, placed in a 5 min average data to Boulder, Colo., via satellite. This circle of stations was split into two circles near Oklahoma City so that the urban influence could be isolated. © 1984 American Meteorological Society Beyond this circle of surface stations was a triangle of 450 Vol 65, No. 5, May 1984 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/06/21 02:42 AM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 451 FIG. 1. Location of instrument systems in Oklahoma during the BLX83 field experiment. 3. Operations The field program began on 25 May 1983 with some "shake- upper-air Rawinsonde Observation (RAOB) stations. down" soundings and initial operations of the sodar and flux Soundings were usually taken at 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 tower. The following day also was a "shakedown" day, with local time (Central Daylight Time = GMT — 5 h) on days a training flight and some limited lidar observations. Coor- the Queen Air flew data collection missions. The National dinated data collection began on 27 May and continued until Weather Service (NWS) at Will Rogers Airport took their 18 June (ANL terminated operations on 16 June). routine synoptic soundings at 0700 and 1900 local time. At The Operations Log and Data Inventory (Stull, 1983a) the southwest corner of the triangle, soundings were made describes each day's data collection periods and data avail- from one of two Ft. Sill sites, depending on Army commit- ability in detail. Descriptions of the equipment, schedules, ments. personnel, and experiments also are covered, along with TABLE 1. Positions of the 13 Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM II) stations and the four rawinsonde (RAOB) launch sites during BLX83. Sites FSI and FSW are considered as one site because only one or the other was used, depending on Army constraints. The PAM stations and the Canton RAOB equipment were provided by NCAR. Name Elevation Latitude Longitude No. (town) (m) (N) (W) Remarks PAM II: 1 Chickasha 325.8 35 02 03.1 97 51 24.4 Near sodar at primary field site 2 Will Rogers 375.8 35 21 21 97 36 02 16 km S of airport 3 Piedmont 384.0 35 39 07 97 45 31 0.8 km N of town 4 Luther 338.6 35 44 23 97 14 34 10 km NNW of town 5 Shawnee 312.1 35 21 00 96 57 00 At RAOB (SNL) site 6 Byars 338.9 34 52 55 97 09 17 5 km WNW of town 7 Ratliff 317.3 34 27 53 97 32 47 3 km NW of town 8 Duncan 370.9 34 28 31 98 02 58 11 km SW of town 9 Cache 424.0 34 39 00 98 41 24 20 km W of FSI 10 Carnegie 440.1 35 00 08 98 31 26 16 km SE of town 11 Binger 483.1 35 19 13 98 24 58 6 km W of town 12 Cherokee 489.2 35 33 22 98 14 22 2 km N of gift store 13 Cogar 475.8 35 21 14 98 10 08 5 km NW of town RAOB: SNL Shawnee 312.1 35 21 00 96 57 00 At airport CAN Canton 502.9 36 04 48 98 40 48 At abandoned airport FSI Ft. Sill 360.0 34 27 36 98 24 36 0600 and 1000 soundings FSW Cache 424.0 34 39 00 98 41 24 Near Ft. Sill, soundings by request OKC Oklahoma City 391.1 35 24 97 36 Routine 0000 GMT and 1200 GMT at Will Rogers airport Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/06/21 02:42 AM UTC 452 Vol. 65, No. 5, May 1984 TABLE 2. BLX 83 flight summary. Twenty NCAR Queen Air (N306D) flights were conducted during the BLX83 field program. Most of these flights were in the vicinity of Chickasha, Okla. Flight Date Start Duration Data rating (#) (1983) Type of mission (CDT) (hours) (subjective) 1 26 May Shakedown and training 1228 1.7 Poor 2 27 May Entrainment zone 1034 2.5 Excellent 3 28 May Entrainment zone 1425 3.6 Excellent 4 4 June Terrain mapping 1058 3.3 Excellent 5 7 June Training and refractivity 0930 1.3 Fair 6 7 June Cloud base 1217 3.3 Excellent 7 7 June Entrainment zone 1630 2.1 Very good 8 8 June Refractivity and cloud base 1409 3.5 Very good 9 9 June Refractivity and cloud base 1429 3.6 Excellent 10 10 June Cloud base 1258 1.1 Poor 11 12 June Cloud base 1006 2.7 Excellent 12 12 June Cloud base 1417 2.8 Excellent 13 14 June Entrainment zone 1406 3.3 Excellent 14 15 June Entrainment zone 0750 2.4 Good 15 15 June Cloud base 1319 2.4 Good 16 16 June Entrainment zone 1104 2.0 Very good 17 17 June Cloud base 1213 2.3 Excellent 18 17 June Cloud base 1536 1.8 Very good 19 18 June Landsat comparison 1045 1.8 Very good 20 18 June Cloud base 1405 2.4 Very good FIG. 2. Lidar-generated RHI scan obtained on 4 June 1983 at 1008 CDT, showing clear convective plumes along a path over the ANL site, which was located 3.3 km from the lidar.
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