Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry

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VIII International Scientific Conference

TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT TOXSE 2017

Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017

Book of Abstracts

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry University of Agriculture in Krakow

VIII International Scientific Conference

TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT

Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017

Book of Abstracts

Edited by: Tomáš Lošák, Monika Tabak, Dawid Tabak, Jacek Antonkiewicz

Computer type setting: Monika Tabak

Copyright © 2017 by Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow

Edition: 150 copies

Printed by: AlejeStudio, Druk Cyfrowy/Druk Wielkoformatowy/Studio Graficzne, Al. Juliusza Słowackiego 1, 31-159 Kraków

The abstracts have not been peer-reviewed; only minor editorial changes were introduced. Authors are responsible for the content and linguistic correctness of the abstracts.

ISBN 978-83-948965-0-8

CONFERENCE ORGANISER

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry of the University of Agriculture in Krakow

PATRONAGE

Prof. Włodzimierz Sady, PhD, DSc, Eng. – Rector of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland

Paweł Ciećko, MSc – Inspector of Environmental Protection of Malopolska Province, Poland

Commision "Soil and Human Health" – Polish Society of Soil Science

PARTNERS

Polish Society of Ecological Engineering Krakow Branch

Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague

Department of Environmentalistics and Natural Resources, Mendel University in Brno

Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University in Brno

Institute of Highway Technology and Innovation (IATI) - Competence Center: Technologies Helping Out Natural Management of Organic and Mineral Waste (TWPZO)

SPONSORS

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Prof. Florian Gambuś, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland; Chairman Jacek Antonkiewicz, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Ing. Jiří Balík, CSc., dr.h.c. – Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prof. Stanisław Baran, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland Prof. Jean Bernard Diatta, PhD, DSc, Eng. – Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland Prof. Tadeusz Filipek, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland Prof. Barbara Filipek-Mazur, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Krzysztof Gondek, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Barbara Gworek, Phd, DSc, Eng. – Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland Prof. Ing. Jaroslav Hlušek, CSc., dr.h.c. – Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic Hugh Martin, PhD – Royal Agricultural University, United Kingdom Prof. Czesława Jasiewicz, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, PhD – Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland Prof. Piotr Konieczka, PhD, DSc, Eng. – Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Prof. Michał Kopeć, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Ing. Peter Kováčik, CSc. – Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic Prof. Ing. Tomáš Lošák, PhD – Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic Prof. Jan Pawełek, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Czesława Rosik-Dulewska, PhD, DSc, Eng. – Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Prof. Beata Rutkowska, PhD, DSc, Eng. – Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland Doc. Ing. Pavel Ryant, PhD – Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic Ruben Sakrabani, PhD – Cranfield University, United Kingdom Prof. Stanisław Sienkiewicz, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Prof. Zofia Spiak, PhD, DSc, Eng. – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland Prof. Ing. Pavel Tlustoš, CSc. – Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prof. Barbara Wiśniowska-Kielian, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland Prof. Mirosław Wyszkowski, PhD, DSc, Eng. – University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Jacek Antonkiewicz, PhD, DSc, Eng. Chairman

Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Monika Tabak, PhD, Eng. MSc, Eng. Secretary Secretary

Jerzy Wieczorek, PhD, DSc, Eng. Vice-chairman

Tomasz Czech, PhD, Eng. Agnieszka Baran, PhD, Eng. Director of the CTT

Olga Gorczyca, PhD Treasurer

Iwona Spałek, MSc Małgorzata Koncewicz-Baran, Treasurer PhD, Eng.

Marcin Niemiec, PhD, Eng. VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Preface

Generation of pollutants, often of toxic nature, is a consequence of civilization development. These pollutants should be diagnosed and submitted to detoxification. Appearance of many chemical products, including toxic substances, contributes to the pollution of air, water, soil, plants and food. The main task for scientists, based on performed studies, is to discover and realize the threats, build responsibility and take actions to reduce pollutant emission, and also to eliminate pollutants from the environment as well as to inspire for searching new ways of prevention. In response to current environmental problems, the employees of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in the years 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013, initiated a cycle of scientific conferences. Results of the latest studies on toxic substances in the environment were presented during these conferences. This year’s, VIII International Scientific Conference “Toxic substances in the environment” , which takes place in Krakow in 14-15 September 2017, will focus on environmental protection, taking into account sources, transformations and the effect of toxic substances with respect to:  identification of risks,  primary production and gathering of raw materials,  secondary production and product use,  technology of environmental protection,  health and ecological risk,  methods of environmental sample testing,  legal aspects. During the conference, papers of authors from many national scientific centers and representatives of foreign scientific centers will be presented. Coorganizers of the conference are: Krakow Branch of Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (Krakow, Poland), Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition (Czech University of Life Science in Prague, Czech Republic), Department of Environmentalistics and Natural Resources (Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic) and Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic).

Florian Gambuś – Chairman of the Scientific Committee Jacek Antonkiewicz – Chairman of the Organising Committee

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow

VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Table of contents

Programme of the conference ...... 17 Poster session ...... 21 Abstracts ...... 30 Antonkiewicz J., Jasiewicz Cz., Koncewicz-Baran M., THE EFFECT OF LITHIUM IMPLEMENTATION ON HEAVY METAL UPTAKE BY MAIZE UNDER HYDROPONIC CONDITIONS ...... 30 Wpływ implementacji litu na pobieranie metali ciężkich przez kukurydzę w warunkach kultur hydroponicznych Antonkiewicz J., Kołodziej B., Bielińska E.J., USE OF MACRONUTRIENTS FROM MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE BY MULTIFLORA ROSE AND VIRGINIA FANPETALS ...... 31 Wykorzystanie makroskładników z komunalnych osadów ściekowych przez różę energetyczną i ślazowca pensylwańskiego Antonkiewicz J., Tabak M., Gambuś F., FURNACE ASH AND CARBIDE LIME AS SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS FOR PLANTS GROWING ON LANDFILLS OF THESE WASTES ...... 32 Popioły paleniskowe i wapno pokarbidowe jako źródło metali ciężkich dla roślin występujących na składowiskach tych odpadów Baran A., Bubak A., Wieczorek J., Jasiewicz Cz., HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS EXPOSURE FROM SOIL IN MALOPOLSKA PROVINCE ...... 33 Analiza ryzyka zdrowotnego związanego z narażeniem na metale ciężkie z gleby w Małopolsce Baran A., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Tarnawski M., Gondek K., CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF RYBNIK RESERVOIR – PRELIMINARY STUDIES ...... 35 Zawartość i skład materii organicznej w osadach dennych zbiornika Rybnik – badania wstępne Baran A., Wieczorek J., Jasiewicz Cz., THE USE OF A BATTERY OF BIOASSAYS IN ASSESSING THE TOXICITY OF SOILS ...... 36 Wykorzystanie baterii biotestów w ocenie toksyczności gleb Baran M., RESPONSIBILITY FOR POLLUTION OF SOIL, GROUND OR GROUNDWATER WITH THE PURSUIT OF ACTIVITIES CREATING A RISK OF DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT...... 37 Odpowiedzialność za zanieczyszczenie gleby, ziemi lub wód gruntowych w związku z prowadzeniem działalności stwarzających ryzyko szkody w środowisku Bartkowiak A., Lemanowicz J., Breza-Boruta B., Kalisz B., Zieliński A., Jamil Khan M., DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF A MUNICIPAL WASTE LANDFILL ...... 38 Określenie zanieczyszczenia chemicznego i biologicznego gleb w obrębie składowiska odpadów komunalnych Białk-Bielińska A., Mioduszewska K., Dołżonek J., Toński M., Stokowski M., Mulkiewicz E., Stepnowski P., ASSESSMENT OF MOBILITY HYDROLYTIC, HYDROLYTIC STABILITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 40 Ocena mobilności, stabilności hydrolitycznej i ekotoksyczności leków przeciwnowotworowych i ich produktów transformacji w środowisku

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Bobowiec A., Gruszka P., Tabak M., CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATER EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM WASTE AFTER MECHANICAL-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (STABILIZED WASTE) ...... 41 Skład chemiczny wodnych wyciągów przygotowanych z odpadów po procesie mechaniczno-biologicznego przetwarzania (stabilizatów) Borowska K., Koper J., Łyszczarz R., Dębska B., DISTRIBUTION OF SELENIUM IN SOILS AND PLANTS IN BYDGOSZCZ CANAL VALLEY ...... 42 Rozmieszczenie selenu w glebach i roślinach łąkowych w dolinie Kanału Bydgoskiego Burachevskaya M., Gromakova N., Minkina T., Sushkova S., Mandzhieva S., Batukaev A., STUDY OF COPPER AND ZINC COMPOUNDS IN HAPLIC CHERNOZEM UNDER MODEL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS BY TWO METHODS OF SEQUENTIAL FRACTIONATION ...... 43 Badania nad związkami miedzi i cynku w czarnoziemie przeprowadzone w warunkach eksperymentu modelowego, w oparciu o dwie metody frakcjonowania sekwencyjnego Ciećko P., Listwan R., CAUSES, CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN POLAND ...... 44 Przyczyny, charakterystyka powstawania zanieczyszczeń powietrza w Polsce Diatta J., Andrzejewska A., Rafałowicz T., REACTIVITY, EXCHANGEABILITY, SOLUBILITY – CHEMICAL TESTING FOR (GEO)REMEDIATION EVALUATION ...... 45 Reaktywność, wymienność, rozpuszczalność – badania chemiczne w celu oceny (geo)remediacji Diatta J., Grzebisz W., Bzowski Z., Biber M., AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BIOMASS ASH AND BIOGAS PULP COMPONENTS ON SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METALS ...... 46 Korzystny wpływ popiołu z biomasy i pulpy pofermentacyjnej na glebę zanieczyszczoną metalami ciężkimi Dołhańczuk-Śródka A., Ziembik Z., IMPACT OF INDUSTRY ON THE PRESENCE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 47 Wpływ przemysłu na obecność radioizotopów w środowisku Drobniewska A., Wawryniuk M., Sikorska K., Nałęcz-Jawecki G., EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOLABILE PHARMACEUTICALS ON THE PHOTODEGRADATION AND TOXICITY OF FLUOXETINE AND FLUVOXAMINE...... 48 Ocena wpływu fotolabilnych leków na fotodegradację i toksyczność fluaksetyny i fluwoksaminy Gondek K., Filipek-Mazur B., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Tabak M., EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE FORMULATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF Cu AND Zn IN SOIL – FORMS EXTRACTED WITH 1 M HCl ...... 49 Wpływ zmian w formulacji nawozów mineralnych na zawartość Cu i Zn w glebie – formy wyekstrahowane 1 M HCl Filipek-Mazur B., Tabak M., Gondek K., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE FORMULATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF Cu AND Zn IN SOIL – MOBILE FORMS AND ORGANIC MATTER-BOUND FORMS ...... 50 Wpływ zmian w formulacji nawozów mineralnych na zawartość Cu i Zn w glebie – formy mobilne i związane z materią organiczną Gaj R., Budka A., Bąk K., Izychard P., EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF SLURRY ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND ACCUMULATION OF SOIL NUTRIENTS ...... 51 Ocena wpływu wieloletniego stosowania gnojowicy na środowisko oraz akumulację składników w glebie

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Gębka K., Saniewska D., Bełdowska M., THE IMPACT OF INTENSE PRECIPITATION ON THE LEACHING OF LABILE FORM OF MERCURY FROM SOILS AND ITS INFLOW INTO BALTIC SEA ...... 52 Wpływ intensywnych opadów na wymywanie labilnej formy rtęci z gleb i jej dopływ do Morza Bałtyckiego Grabarczyk Ł., Białk-Bielińska A., Stolte S., Puckowski A., Stepnowski P., ECOTOXICITY EVALUATION OF CHIRAL FORMS AND METABOLITES OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICALS .... 53 Ocena toksyczności form chiralnych oraz metabolitów wybranych leków Grajewska A., Falkowska L., Saniewska D., Pawliczka I., ELIMINATION OF METHYLMERCURY FROM BALTIC GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS GRYPUS) WITH EXCREMENTS ...... 54 Eliminacja metylortęci z organizmu bałtyckiej foki szarej (Halichoerus grypus grypus) poprzez odchody Grudniewska K., Rzeczycka D. GENERAL RADIOACTIVITY OF SELECTED TYPES OF TEA ...... 55 Radioaktywność ogólna wybranych rodzajów herbat Gruszecka-Kosowska A., Baran A., Piwowar P., CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED METALS IN YERBA MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS, ST. HILLAIRE) ...... 56 Zawartości wybranych metali w Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St. Hillaire) i ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego Janus Ł., Radwan-Pragłowska J., Piątkowski M., Bogdał D., MICROWAVE-ASSISTED MODIFICATIONS OF FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED FROM WASTE BIOMASS ...... 58 Modyfikacje kwasów tłuszczowych otrzymanych z odpadowej biomasy w polu promieniowania mikrofalowego Jaremko D., SPECIATION OF COPPER AND ZINC IN GENETIC HORIZONS OF LUVISOLS ...... 59 Specjacja miedzi i cynku w poziomach genetycznych ornych gleb płowych Kaczmarski M., Jasiewicz Cz., Baran A., RECOVERY OF DREDGED MATERIAL FROM RZESZÓW RESERVOIR FOR BENEFICIAL USE AS A FERTILIZER AND SOIL CONDITIONER ...... 60 Wykorzystanie bagrowanych osadów dennych ze zbiornika w Rzeszowie jako nawóz oraz środek do poprawy właściwości gleby Kapelewska J., Kotowska U., Karpińska J., ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (EOCS) IN LANDFILL LEACHATE AND GROUNDWATER SAMPLES ...... 61 Ryzyko środowiskowe związane z obecnością nowo pojawiających się zanieczyszczeń organicznych (EOCs) w odciekach składowiskowych i wodach gruntowych Karczewska A., Dradrach A., Lewińska K., Gałka B., Siepak M., Szopka K., ARSENIC SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOTOXICITY IN HIGHLY ENRICHED SOILS OF ZŁOTY STOK ...... 62 Rozpuszczalność i fitotoksyczność arsenu w silnie wzbogaconych glebach Złotego Stoku Karczewska A., Lewińska K., Siepak M., Gałka B., A RELEASE OF ANTIMONY FROM SOILS AND ITS SPECIATION IN SOIL PORE WATER IN HISTORICAL MINE SITES ...... 63 Uwalnianie antymonu z gleb i jego specjacja w roztworach glebowych na obszarach historycznego górnictwa Katarzyńska-Banasik D., Kowalik K., Grzesiak M., Sechman A., EFFECT OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON STEROID CONTENT IN THE CHICKEN OVARY ...... 64 Wpływ nanocząstek srebra na zawartość steroidów w jajniku kury Kępka W., Antonkiewicz J., THE IMPACT OF FEED YEAST (YARROWIA LIPOLYTICA) ON BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS FROM SOIL, ASHES AND SEWAGE SLUDGE ...... 65 Wpływ drożdży paszowych (Yarrowia lipolytica) na biodostępność metali ciężkich z gleby, popiołów i osadów ściekowych

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Kisiel A., Kępczyńska E., ISOLATION OF RHIZOBACTERIA FROM SALINE SOILS AND THEIR USE TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM SALT STRESS ...... 66 Izolacja ryzobakterii z gleb zasolonych i ich wykorzystanie do ochrony roślin przed stresem solnym Klimkowicz-Pawlas A., Gajda A.M., Furtak K., Pasternak U., JOINT EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PAH COMPOUNDS ON SELECTED PARAMETERS OF SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ...... 67 Łączny wpływ różnych związków WWA na wybrane parametry aktywności biologicznej gleby Klimkowicz-Pawlas A., Maliszewska-Kordybach B., Smreczak B., SITE-SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE APPROACH – AGRICULTURAL AREA IN POLAND AS A CASE STUDY ...... 68 Ocena ryzyka ekologicznego w oparciu o metodę oceny dowodów – tereny użytkowane rolniczo w Polsce jako studium przypadku Kłusakiewicz E., Kalicki T., Horák J., Przepióra P., Frączek M., Chrabąszcz M., THE TRACE ELEMENTS IN FLOOD PLAIN ALLUVIA OF UPPER KAMIENNA RIVER VALLEY (HOLY CROSS MOUNTAINS) ...... 69 Pierwiastki śladowe w aluwiach równiny zalewowej Doliny Górnej Kamiennej (Góry Świętokrzyskie) Konieczka P., THE STRATEGY AND AN UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING ...... 70 Strategia i szacowanie niepewności pobierania próbek środowiskowych Kopeć M., Antonkiewicz J., Martin H., FERTILIZER VALUE OF COMPOSTS FROM COFFEE GROUNDS AND CORN ...... 71 Wartość nawozowa kompostów z dodatkiem fusów z kawy i kukurydzy Korzeniowska J., Stanisławska-Glubiak E., THE USEFULNESS OF PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, SALIX VIMINALIS AND ZEA MAYS FOR THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH NICKEL ...... 72 Przydatność Phalaris arundinacea, Salix viminalis i Zea mays do fitoremediacji gleb zanieczyszczonych niklem Košnář Z., Wernerová J., Jablonský I., Koudela M., Tlustoš P., INFLUENCE OF ZEA MAYS ON THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON REMOVAL IN SOIL AMENDED WITH PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS GROWN ON WASTE LIGNOCELLULOSIC SUBSTRATES ...... 73 Wpływ Zea mays na usuwanie wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych z gleby z dodatkiem Pleurotus ostreatus rosnącym na odpadowym podłożu lignocelulozowym Kotowska U., Świrydo A., REMOVAL OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS FROM WATER SAMPLES BY WOLFFIA ARRHIZA ...... 74 Usuwanie związków endokrynnych z próbek wodnych przez Wolffia arrhiza Kováčik P., VERMICOMPOST, PRODUCT OF BIOLOGICAL WASTE REVALUATING, SUBSTANCE DETERMINING PHYTOMAS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS ...... 75 Wermikompost, produkt biologicznego przetwarzania odpadów, substancja wpływająca na wielkość masy uprawianych roślin Kowalik K., Katarzyńska-Banasik D., Sechman A., EFFECT OF 4-NITROPHENOL (PNP) AND 3-METHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (PNMC) ON IODOTHYRONINE SECRETION FROM EXPLANTS OF THE THYROID GLAND OF THE HEN (GALLUS DOMESTICUS) ...... 76 Wpływ 4-nitrofenolu (PNP) i 3-metylo-4-nitrofenolu (PNMC) na sekrecję jodotyronin z eksplantów gruczołu tarczowego kury (Gallus domesticus) Kuziemska B., Wysokiński A., Jaremko D., Popek M., CONTENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN EDIBLE MUSHROOMS ...... 77 Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w grzybach jadalnych

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Libecki B., Kalinowski S., DETERMINATION OF COD IN SOLUTIONS BY MEANS OF DOUBLE- BEAM PEDD (PAIRED EMITTER-DETECTOR DIODES) DETECTOR ...... 78 Oznaczanie ChZT w roztworach za pomocą dwuwiązkowego detektora PEDD Lisińska M., "THE SECOND" LIFE OF MOBILE PHONES – THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF METAL RECOVERY ...... 79 „Drugie” życie telefonów komórkowych – ich wpływ na środowisko i możliwości odzysku metali Łabętowicz J., Antonkiewicz J., Jasiewicz Cz., Boligłowa E., Wolanin H., EVOLUTION OF METHODS AND CHEMICALS FOR CONTROLLING CROP PATHOGENS AS WELL AS HUMAN AND ANIMAL PARASITES FROM THE EARLIEST TO THE PRESENT TIMES ...... 80 Ewolucja metod i środków chemicznych w zwalczaniu patogenów roślin uprawnych oraz pasożytów ludzi i zwierząt od czasów najdawniejszych do współczesności Malarczyk-Matusiak K., Milchert E., ION EXCHANEGE RESINS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS IN EPOXIDATION OF VEGETABLE OILS ...... 81 Żywice jonowymienne jako alternatywa dla homogenicznych katalizatorów w epoksydacji olejów roślinnych Marciniak M., Kłos A., Rajfur M., COMPARISON OF EXPOSURE METHODS OF MOSSES AND LICHENS USED IN ACTIVE AIR BIOMONITORING ...... 82 Porównanie metod ekspozycji mchów i porostów stosowanych w aktywnym biomonitoringu powietrza Marczewska P., Szeremeta D., Sajewicz M., DETERMINATION OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE (HCH) ISOMERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ...... 83 Oznaczenie izomerów heksachlorocyklohesanu w próbkach środowiskowych techniką chromatografii gazowej Michno K., Słomka A., Fiedor E., Gregoraszczuk E., Kuta E., SPECIES AND METAL DEPENDENT TOLERANCE TO ZINC AND LEAD OF CELLS IN SUSPENSION CULTURE OF SELECTED VIOLA L. SPECIES ...... 84 Zależna od gatunku i metalu tolerancja na cynk i ołów komórek w kulturze zawiesinowej wybranych gatunków Viola L. Mierzejewska E., Baran A., Urbaniak M., THE INFLUENCE OF MCPA ON SOIL PHYTOTOXICITY AND THE PRESENCE OF GENES INVOLVED IN ITS BIODEGRADATION ...... 85 Wpływ MCPA na fitotoksyczność gleby oraz obecność genów uczestniczących w jego biodegradacji Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Gondek K., Klimkowicz-Pawlas A., Baran A., ECOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF SANDY SOIL WITH BIOCHAR AMENDMENT ...... 86 Ocena ekotoksyczności gleby lekkiej z dodatkiem biowęgla Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Gondek K., Szostek M., Pieniążek M., ASSESSMENT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BIOCHAR-AMENDED SOIL UNDER FIELD EXPERIMENT CONDITIONS ...... 87 Ocena zawartości wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych w glebie nawożonej biowęglem w warunkach doświadczenia polowego Mrowiec A., THE PRESENCE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT – REGULATIONS...... 88 Obecność substancji toksycznych w środowisku – regulacje prawne Nehring I., Staniszewska M., Falkowska L., Bodziach K., MATERNAL TRANSFER OF PHENOL DERIVATIVES BY BLOOD – RESEARCH ON SEALS AND HUMANS ...... 89 Przekazywanie z krwią pochodnych fenolu do kolejnego pokolenia – badania na fokach i ludziach

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Nehring I., Staniszewska M., Falkowska L., Bodziach K., PENETRATION AND ELIMINATION OF PHENOL DERIVATIVES IN SEABIRDS FROM COASTAL ZONE OF SOUTHERN BALTIC ...... 90 Wnikanie i eliminacja pochodnych fenolu u ptaków morskich ze strefy brzegowej południowego Bałtyku Niemiec M., Szeląg-Sikora A., Sikora J., CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE FROM PROCESSING OF WILD AND FARMED FISH IN THE CONTEXT OF OPTIMIZATION OF MANAGING NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES ...... 91 Skład chemiczny odpadów z przetwórstwa ryb hodowlanych i dzikożyjących w kontekście optymalizacji gospodarowania zasobami Oleszczuk P., Stefaniuk M., Zielińska A., Bogusz A., Różyło K., CO-APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH BIOCHAR TO REDUCE THE RISK RELATED TO CONTAMINANTS AND TOXICITY IN SEWAGE SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL ...... 92 Współstosowanie osadu ściekowego i biowęgla w kierunku obniżenia biodostępności zanieczyszczeń i toksyczności gleby użyźnionej osadem ściekowym Ostrowska A., Dziurka M., Biesaga-Kościelniak J., ARE PLANT GROWTH STIMULATORS POTENTIALLY HARMFUL? ...... 93 Czy stymulatory wzrostu i rozwoju roślin mogą być szkodliwe? Papuga K., Kaszubkiewicz J., BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS AND DETERMINATION OF DAILY HEAVY METALS INTAKE BY MAN, FOR SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE FROM THE AREA OF ZĄBKOWICKI COUNTY ...... 94 Współczynniki biokoncentracji i określenie dziennego pobrania metali ciężkich przez człowieka, dla wybranych płodów rolnych z terenu powiatu ząbkowickiego Paulauskas V., Sabienė N., Zaleckas E., FRACTIONATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTATE ...... 95 Frakcjonowanie metali śladowych w pulpie pofermentacyjnej Pieniążek R., Szostek M., Babiarz H., Białobrzeski T., Kucza J., EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITES OF APPLYING SPECIALIST REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF CENTRAL LANDFILL OF TOXIC WASTES IN JAWORZNO ...... 96 Ocena możliwości zastosowania specjalistycznych technologii remediacji terenów zdegradowanych na przykładzie centralnego składowiska odpadów toksycznych w Jaworznie Pieniążek R., Szostek M., Babiarz H., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Białobrzeski T., Ilek A., PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ISSUES ON THE EXAMPLE OF CENTRAL LANDFILL OF TOXIC WASTES IN JAWORZNO...... 97 Problematyka trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych na przykładzie centralnego składowiska odpadów toksycznych w Jaworznie Praus L., Száková J., Tlustoš P., SOIL AVAILABLE SELENIUM AS AFFECTED BY AGING OF 2- EXOGENOUS SELENATES (SeO4 ) IN A CHERNOZEM ...... 99 2- Wpływ procesu starzenia się egzogennych selenianów (SeO4 ) na zawartość dostępnego selenu w czarnoziemie Radwan-Pragłowska J., Janus Ł., Piątkowski M., Bogdał D., BIODEGRADATION STUDY OF POLY(SODIUM ASPARTATE) ...... 100 Badania biodegradacji poli(asparaginianu sodu) Rajfur M., ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBILITIES OF USING BARK FROM DECIDUOUS TREES AS A BIOMONITOR OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS .... 101 Ocena możliwości zastosowania kory drzew liściastych jako biomonitora zanieczyszczenia areozolu atmosferycznego metalami ciężkimi

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Ratajczyk J., Ratajczyk W., Rogowska J., Wolska L., REMOVAL OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) IN THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS ...... 102 Usuwanie związków z grupy trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych (TZO) w procesie oczyszczania ścieków Rogóż A., Tabak M., CONTENT OF ELEMENTS IN PASTURE SWARD – CONTENT OF MACROELEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE FODDER VALUE OF SWARD ...... 103 Zawartość pierwiastków w runi pastwiskowej – zawartość makroelementów i ich wpływ na wartość paszową runi Rogóż A., Tabak M., CONTENT OF ELEMENTS IN PASTURE SWARD – CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE FODDER VALUE OF SWARD ...... 104 Zawartość pierwiastków w runi pastwiskowej – zawartość pierwiastków śladowych oraz ich wpływ na wartość paszową runi Rusinowski Sz., Pogrzeba M., Krzyżak J., Clifton-Brown J., Paul McCalmont J., Kiesel A., Mangold A., Mos M., ACCLIMATION OF NEW MISCANTHUS HYBRIDS ON HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATED ARABLE LAND ...... 105 Aklimatyzacja nowych krzyżówek miskanta na terenie rolniczym zanieczyszczonym metalami ciężkimi Rutkowska B., Szulc W., EVALUATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS MOBILITY IN DIFFERENTIATED SOIL CONDITIONS ...... 106 Ocena mobilności metali ciężkich w zróżnicowanych warunkach glebowych Rzycka R., Polański J., SYNTHESIS OF 1,4-DISUBSTITUTED 1,2,3-TRIAZOLES IN WATER – ALTERNATIVE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT...... 107 Synteza 1,4-dwupodstawionych 1,2,3-triazoli w wodzie – alternatywa dla środowiska Sabiene N., Hofman J., Paulauskas V., INFLUENCE OF PAHS AND TRACE ELEMENTS CONTAMINATION ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND ECOTOXICITY ...... 108 Wpływ zanieczyszczenia WWA i metalami ciężkimi na aktywność mikrobiologiczną gleby i ekotoksyczność Senkała S., Polański J., PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES IN CATALYSIS AS THE METHOD OF REDUCTION OF PALLADIUM EMISSIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 110 Nanocząstki palladu w katalizie jako metoda redukcji emisji palladu do środowiska Sikora J., Niemiec M., Szeląg-Sikora A., Ujevic I., CONTENT OF ZINC, COPPER, NICKEL AND LEAD IN SELECTED PARTS OF ADRIATIC SEA ECOSYSTEM IN CROATIA ...... 111 Zawartość cynku, miedzi, niklu i ołowiu w wybranych elementach ekosystemu morskiego w Chorwacji Sitarz-Palczak E., Kalembkiewicz J., Galas D., COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL FLY ASH AND BIOMASS ASH GEOPOLYMERS ...... 112 Porównanie właściwości geopolimerów na bazie lotnego popiołu ze spalania węgla i biomasy Škarpa P., Ryant P., AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF POPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) WITH SELENIUM ...... 113 Rolnicza biofortyfikacja maku (Papaver somniferum L.) selenem Sobera-Madej S., Wołoszynowska M., APPLICATION OF THE ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OF WATER CONTAMINATED WITH CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ...... 114 Zastosowanie metod pogłębionego utleniania do oczyszczania wód zanieczyszczonych substancjami chemicznymi Soja M., Pogrzeba M., Krzyżak J., Rusinowski Sz., Nowak K., Szada-Borzyszkowska A., ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS, BASED ON MAGNETOMETRIC AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS USING THE CO_EST METHOD ...... 115 Szacowanie rozkładu metali ciężkich w glebach w oparciu o magnetometryczne i chemiczne analizy z użyciem metody Co_Est

13 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Stobiński M., Szarłowicz K., Kubica B., ACTIVITY OF NATURAL RADIOISOTOPES AND ARTIFICIAL 137Cs IN SOIL SAMPLES TAKEN FROM SOME POLISH NATIONAL PARKS ... 116 Aktywność naturalnych radioizotopów i sztucznego 137Cs w próbkach gleb pobranych z obszarów polskich parków narodowych Stanisławska-Glubiak E., Korzeniowska J., TIME FACTOR INFLUENCE ON THE HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN CONTAMINATED SOILS ...... 117 Wpływ czynnika stresowego na zmiany zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach zanieczyszczonych Sushkova S., Minkina T., Mandzhieva S., Antonenko E., Deryabkina I., Batukaev A., BENZO[A]PYRENE (BAP) BIODEGRADATION LEVEL AND BIOACCUMULATION FEATURES BY SPRING BARLEY ...... 118 Poziom biodegradacji benzo[a]pirenu i właściwości bioakumulacyjne jęczmienia jarego Symanowicz B., Kalembasa S., Toczko M., Skwarek K., THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION OF THE FORECROP ON THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH ZINC IN SPRING BARLEY CULTIVATION ...... 119 Wpływ zróżnicowanego nawożenia przedplonu potasem na aktywność enzymatyczną gleby zanieczyszczonej cynkiem w uprawie jęczmienia jarego Szarłowicz K., Stobiński M., Kubica B., GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SEDIMENTS USING THE 210Pb METHOD ...... 120 Geochronologia osadów dennych z zastosowaniem metody 210Pb Szostek R., Ciećko Z., INFLUENCE OF SOIL POLLUTION WITH FLUORINE ON THE CONTENT OF AMINO ACIDS IN AERIAL MASS OF MAIZE AND YELLOW LUPINE ...... 121 Oddziaływanie zanieczyszczenia gleby fluorem na zawartość aminokwasów w masie nadziemnej kukurydzy i łubinu żółtego Szulc W., Rutkowska B., Ptasiński D., POSSIBILITIES TO USE MAIZE FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED BY HEAVY METALS ...... 122 Możliwości wykorzystania kukurydzy do fitoremediacji gleb zanieczyszczonych metalami ciężkimi Świsłowski P., Rajfur M., MUSHROOMS AS BIOMONITORS OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN FOREST AREAS ...... 123 Grzyby jako biomonitory zanieczyszczenia terenów leśnych metalami ciężkimi Tabak M., BIOAVAILABILITY OF SULFUR FROM WASTE FORMED DURING GAS DESULFURIZATION ...... 124 Biodostępność siarki pochodzącej z odpadu siarkowego otrzymanego w procesie odsiarczania gazu Tabak M., Koncewicz-Baran M., Filipek-Mazur B., CONTENT OF IRON IN PLANTS AND SOIL AFTER APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ENRICHED WITH THIS ELEMENT ...... 125 Zawartość żelaza w roślinach i glebie po zastosowaniu nawozów mineralnych wzbogaconych w ten pierwiastek Tarnawski M., Baran A., Koniarz T., Grela J., Piszczek M., Koroluk A., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TOXICITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS COLLECTED FROM ROŻNÓW RESERVOIR AS A FIRST STEP IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THEIR QUALITY ...... 126 Skład chemiczny oraz toksyczność osadów dennych zbiornika Rożnów jako pierwszy etap w ocenie ich jakości Tatuśko N., Diatta J., Chudzińska E., BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORMS OF Zn AND Pb IN SCOTS PINE NEEDLES AS AN INDEX OF RESISTANCE OR SENSITIVITY ...... 127 Biologicznie aktywne formy Zn i Pb w igłach sosny zwyczajnej jako wskaźnik odporności lub wrażliwości

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Toński M., Białk-Bielińska A., Dołżonek J., Borecka M., Wojsławski J., Paszkiewicz M., Stepnowski P., DEVELOPEMENT OF THE LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICALS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN WATER SAMPLES ...... 129 Opracowanie metody oznaczeń końcowych wybranych farmaceutyków oraz ich produktów transformacji w próbkach wodnych za pomocą techniki LC-MS/MS Tlustoš P., Kubátová P., Balík J., Száková J., THE EXPECTATIONS AND THE CONTEMPORARY RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL PHYTOEXTRACTION FROM CONTAMINATED SOILS ...... 130 Oczekiwania i obecne wyniki badań nad fitoekstrakcją metali ciężkich z zanieczyszczonych gleb Vollmann J., Lošák T., Hlušek J., REDUCTION OF CADMIUM CONTENT IN SOYBEAN SEED ...... 131 Ograniczanie zawartości kadmu w nasionach soi Wawrzkiewicz M., ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF TOXIC AZO DYES FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATERS ...... 132 Metody adsorpcyjne w usuwaniu toksycznych barwników azowych ze ścieków przemysłu włókienniczego Wcisło E., HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN REMEDIATION OF INDUSTRIALLY CONTAMINATED SOIL ...... 133 Ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego w remediacji terenów poprzemysłowych Wieczorek J., Baran A., Mazurek R., Urbański K., Klimkowicz-Pawlas A., POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTING ZINC, CADMIUM AND LEAD ACCUMULATION IN SOILS ...... 134 Ocena ryzyka ekologicznego oraz zdolności gleb do akumulacji cynku, kadmu i ołowiu Wieczorek K., Turek A., Wolf W., ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN THE UPPER PART OF BZURA RIVER ...... 135 Ocena zanieczyszczenia gleb w górnym odcinku Bzury Wojsławski J., Toński M., Białk-Bielińska A., Stepnowski P., Dołżonek J., THE ASSESSMENT OF IMIZADOLIUM IONIC LIQUIDS MOBILITY IN SOIL ...... 136 Ocena mobilności imizadazoliowych cieczy jonowych w glebie Wojtasik B., ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS AND RIVERS BASED ON MEIOBENTHIC BIOFACTORS: MEIOECO, MEIOTEST AND CRECTEST ...... 138 Ocena stanu ekologicznego zbiorników wodnych i rzek podstawie biowskaźników meiobentosowych: MeioEco, MeioTest oraz CrecTest Wojtasik B., Zbawicka M., Grabarczyk L., Kurpińska M., THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROTECHNICAL CONCRETE ON DREISSENA POLYMORPHA (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) LIFE CONDITION ...... 140 Wpływ betonu hydrotechnicznego na kondycję życiową Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Wołoszynowska M., DETERMINATION OF AFLATOXIN CONTENT IN WALNUTS ...... 141 Oznaczanie zawartości aflatoksyn w orzechach włoskich Wołowicz A., Hubicki Z., COPPER – ADVANTAGES, RISKS AND REMOVAL METHODS ...... 142 Miedź – korzyści, zagrożenia i metody usuwania Woźniak L., Kud K., GM PLANTS AS A CONTEMPORARY FORM OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ...... 143 GMO jako współczesna forma zanieczyszczenia środowiska

15 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Wójcik M., Stachowicz F., Masłoń A., POSSIBILITY OF RECYCLING OF BIOMASS ASHES IN SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT ...... 144 Możliwość recyklingu popiołów ze spalania biomasy w gospodarce osadami ściekowymi Wysokiński A., Kuziemska B., Łozak I., DYNAMICS OF UPTAKE AND COEFFICIENT OF NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY OATS DETERMINED WITH THE USE OF ISOTOPE 15N – PRELIMINARY RESULTS ...... 145 Dynamika pobierania oraz wykorzystanie azotu przez owies określone z wykorzystaniem izotopu 15N – wyniki wstępne Wysokiński A., Kuziemska B., Łozak I., THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS NITROGEN DOSES ON COPPER AND ZINC ACCUMULATION IN YELLOW LUPINE BIOMASS ...... 146 Wpływ zróżnicowanych dawek azotu na akumulację miedzi i cynku w biomasie łubinu żółtego Wyszkowski M., Brodowska M.S., INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES AND SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH COPPER ON THE CONTENT OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAIZE ...... 147 Wpływ różnych substancji i zanieczyszczenia gleby miedzią na zawartość niektórych pierwiastków śladowych w kukurydzy Wyszkowski M., Sivitskaya V., CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAIZE AFTER APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES TO SOIL CONTAMINATED BY HEATING OIL...... 148 Zawartość pierwiastków śladowych w kukurydzy po aplikacji różnych substancji do gleby zanieczyszczonej olejem opałowym Zieleźnik-Rusinowska P., Szopiński M., Sitko K., Gieroń Ż., Małkowski E., RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT, ACCUMULATION OF Cd IN SHOOTS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF THIS ELEMENT IN THE XYLEM SAP IN BARLEY ...... 149 Zależności między stopniem rozwoju włośników, akumulacją Cd w pędach a zawartością tego metalu w soku ksylemowym jęczmienia Ziembik Z., Dołhańczuk-Śródka A., ASSESSMENT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN RADIOISOTOPE CONCENTRATIONS IN MOSS AND SOIL ...... 150 Zależności pomiędzy zawartościami radioizotopów w mchach i w glebie Index of authors' names ...... 151 Notes ...... 155

16 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Programme of the conference "Perla" Hotel, 180 B Zakopiańska Street, Krakow

13 Sep 2017 (Wednesday) 15:00 – 19:00 Arrival and accommodation of the participants 17:30 – 19:00 Dinner 19:30 – 21.30 Sightseeing Krakow, the “Rynek Underground" 14 Sep 2017 (Thursday) 8:00 – 10:00 Registration of the participants 10:00 – 10:20 Opening of the conference 10:20 – 10:40 Plenary lecture Paweł Ciećko, Ryszard Listwan Causes, characteristics of formation of air pollutants in Poland Przyczyny, charakterystyka powstawania zanieczyszczeń powietrza w Polsce 10:40 – 11:00 Plenary lecture Piotr Konieczka The strategy and an uncertainty estimation for environmental sampling Strategia i szacowanie niepewności pobierania próbek środowiskowych PANEL I - IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 11:00 – 11:30 Coffee break, poster session 11:30 – 13:00 Lecture session I 11:30 – 11:45 Marina Burachevskaya, Natalya Gromakova, Tatyana Minkina, Svetlana Sushkova, Saglara Mandzhieva, Abdulmalik Batukaev Study of copper and zinc compounds in haplic chernozem under model experimental conditions by two methods of sequential fractionation Badania nad związkami miedzi i cynku w czarnoziemie przeprowadzone w warunkach eksperymentu modelowego, w oparciu o dwie metody frakcjonowania sekwencyjnego 11:45 – 12:00 Patrycja Marczewska, Dariusz Szeremeta, Mieczysław Sajewicz Determination of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in environmental samples by gas chromatography Oznaczenie izomerów heksachlorocyklohesanu w próbkach środowiskowych techniką chromatografii gazowej 12:00 – 12:15 Iga Nehring, Marta Staniszewska, Lucyna Falkowska, Karina Bodziach Penetration and elimination of phenol derivatives in seabirds from coastal zone of Southern Baltic Wnikanie i eliminacja pochodnych fenolu u ptaków morskich ze strefy brzegowej południowego Bałtyku 12:15 – 12:30 Agnieszka Grajewska, Lucyna Falkowska, Dominika Saniewska, Iwona Pawliczka Elimination of methylmercury from baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus grypus) with excrements Eliminacja metylortęci z organizmu bałtyckiej foki szarej (Halichoerus grypus grypus) poprzez odchody

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12:30 – 12:45 Zbigniew Ziembik, Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka Assessment of relations between radioisotope concentrations in moss and soil Zależności pomiędzy zawartościami radioizotopów w mchach i w glebie 12:45 – 13:00 Discussion 13:00 – 14:00 Lunch 14:00 – 15:30 Lecture session II 14:00 – 14:15 Małgorzata Rajfur Assessment of possibilities of using bark from deciduous trees as a biomonitor of atmospheric aerosol contamination with heavy metals Ocena możliwości zastosowania kory drzew liściastych jako biomonitora zanieczyszczenia areozolu atmosferycznego metalami ciężkimi 14:15 – 14:30 Barbara Wojtasik Environmental status of freshwater reservoirs and rivers based on meiobenthic biofactors: MeioEco, MeioTest and CrecTest Ocena stanu ekologicznego zbiorników wodnych i rzek podstawie biowskaźników meiobentosowych: MeioEco, MeioTest oraz CrecTest) 14:30 – 14:45 Agata Drobniewska, Milena Wawryniuk, Katarzyna Sikorska, Grzegorz Nałęcz- Jawecki Evaluation of the influence of photolabile pharmaceuticals on the photodegradation and toxicity of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine Ocena wpływu fotolabilnych leków na fotodegradację i toksyczność fluaksetyny I fluwoksaminy 14:45 – 15:00 Anna Białk-Bielińska, Katarzyna Mioduszewska, Joanna Dołżonek, Michał Toński, Marcin Stokowski, Ewa Mulkiewicz, Piotr Stepnowski Assessment of mobility, hydrolytic stability and ecotoxicity of anticancer drugs and their transformation products in the environment Ocena mobilności, stabilności hydrolitycznej i ekotoksyczności leków przeciwnowotworowych i ich produktów transformacji w środowisku 15:00 – 15:15 Johann Vollmann, Tomáš Lošák, Jaroslav Hlušek Reduction of cadmium content in soybean seed Ograniczanie zawartości kadmu w nasionach soi 15:15 – 15:30 Discussion PANEL II - THE EFFECT OF WASTE ON THE ENVIRONMENT 15:30 – 16:00 Coffee break, poster session 16:00 – 17:45 Lecture session 16:00 – 16:15 Marcin Niemiec, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Jakub Sikora Chemical composition of waste from processing of wild and farmed fish in the context of optimization of managing non-renewable resources Skład chemiczny odpadów z przetwórstwa ryb hodowlanych i dziko-żyjących w kontekście optymalizacji gospodarowania zasobami 16:15 – 16:30 Jean Diatta, Witold Grzebisz, Zbigniew Bzowski, Maria Biber Ameliorative effect of biomass ash and biogas pulp components on soil contaminated with heavy metals Korzystny wpływ popiołu z biomasy i pulpy pofermentacyjnej na glebę zanieczyszczoną metalami ciężkimi

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16:30 – 16:45 Rafał Pieniążek, Małgorzata Szostek, Henryk Babiarz, Tomasz Białobrzeski, Jarosław Kucza Evaluation of the possibilites of applying specialist remediation technologies on the example of central landfill of toxic wastes in Jaworzno Ocena możliwości zastosowania specjalistycznych technologii remediacji terenów zdegradowanych na przykładzie centralnego składowiska odpadów toksycznych w Jaworznie 16:45 – 17:00 Patryk Oleszczuk, Magdalena Stefaniuk, Anna Zielińska, Aleksandra Bogusz, Krzysztof Różyło Co-application of sewage sludge with biochar to reduce the risk related to contaminants and toxicity in sewage sludge-amended soil Współstosowanie osadu ściekowego i biowęgla w kierunku obniżenia biodostępności zanieczyszczeń i toksyczności gleby użyźnionej osadem ściekowym 17:00 – 17:15 Elżbieta Sitarz-Palczak, Jan Kalembkiewicz, Dagmara Galas Comparative study on the characteristics of coal fly ash and biomass ash geopolymers Porównanie właściwości geopolimerów na bazie lotnego popiołu ze spalania węgla i biomasy 17:15 – 17:30 Magdalena Lisińska "The second" life of mobile phones – their impact on the environment and the possibilities of metal recovery „Drugie” życie telefonów komórkowych – ich wpływ na środowisko i możliwości odzysku metali 17:30 – 17:45 Discussion 19:00 Formal dinner 15 Sep 2017 (Friday) PANEL III – PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES 9:00 – 11:00 Lecture session 9:00 – 9:15 Pavel Tlustoš, Pavla Kubátová, Jiří Balík, Jiřina Száková The expectations and the contemporary results of heavy metal phytoextraction from contaminated soils Oczekiwania i obecne wyniki badań nad fitoekstrakcją metali ciężkich z zanieczyszczonych gleb 9:15 – 9:30 Sylwia Sobera-Madej, Małgorzata Wołoszynowska Application of the advanced oxidation processes for treatment of water contaminated with chemical substances Zastosowanie metod pogłębionego utleniania do oczyszczania wód zanieczyszczonych substancjami chemicznymi 9:30 – 9:45 Urszula Kotowska, Anna Świrydo Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water samples by Wolffia arrhiza Usuwanie związków endokrynnych z próbek wodnych przez Wolffia arrhiza 9:45 – 10:00 Kornelia Malarczyk-Matusiak, Eugeniusz Milchert Ion exchange resins as an alternative to homogenous catalysts in epoxidation of vegetable oils Żywice jonowymienne jako alternatywa dla homogenicznych katalizatorów w epoksydacji olejów roślinnych

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10:00 – 10:15 Svetlana Sushkova, Tatiana Minkina, Saglara Mandzhieva, Elena Antonenko, Irina Deryabkina, Abdulmalik Batukaev Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) biodegradation level and bioaccumulation features by spring barley Poziom biodegradacji benzo[a]pirenu i właściwości bioakumulacyjne jęczmienia jarego 10:15 – 10:30 Monika Wawrzkiewicz Adsorptive removal of toxic azo dyes from textile wastewaters Metody adsorpcyjne w usuwaniu toksycznych barwników azowych ze ścieków przemysłu włókienniczego 10:30 - 10:45 Anna Wołowicz, Zbigniew Hubicki Copper – advantages, risks and removal methods Miedź – korzyści, zagrożenia i metody usuwania 10:45 – 11:00 Discussion PANEL IV – HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT 11:00 – 11:30 Coffee break, poster session 11:30 – 13:30 Lecture session 11:30 – 11:50 Plenary lecture Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Barbara Maliszewska-Kordybach, Bożena Smreczak Site-specific risk assessment based on weight of evidence approach – agricultural area in Poland as a case study Ocena ryzyka ekologicznego w oparciu o metodę oceny dowodów – tereny użytkowane rolniczo w Polsce jako studium przypadku 11:50 – 12:10 Plenary lecture Mariusz Baran Responsibility for pollution of soil, ground or groundwater with the pursuit of activities creating a risk of damage to the environment Odpowiedzialność za zanieczyszczenie gleby, ziemi lub wód gruntowych w związku z prowadzeniem działalności stwarzających ryzyko szkody w środowisku 12:10 – 12:25 Eleonora Wcisło Human health risk assessment in remediation of industrially contaminated soil Ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego w remediacji terenów poprzemysłowych 12:25 – 12:40 Justyna Kapelewska, Urszula Kotowska, Joanna Karpińska Environmental risk associated with the presence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in landfill leachate and groundwater samples Ryzyko środowiskowe związane z obecnością nowo pojawiających się zanieczyszczeń organicznych (EOCs) w odciekach składowiskowych i wodach gruntowych 12:40 – 12:55 Leszek Woźniak, Krzysztof Kud GM plants as a contemporary form of environmental pollution GMO jako współczesna forma zanieczyszczenia środowiska 12:55 – 13:30 Discussion and summing up of the conference, conclusions 13:30 – 14:30 Lunch

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Poster session

1 Jacek Antonkiewicz, Czesława Jasiewicz, Małgorzata Koncewicz-Baran The effect of lithium implementation on heavy metal uptake by maize under hydroponic conditions Wpływ implementacji litu na pobieranie metali ciężkich przez kukurydzę w warunkach kultur hydroponicznych 2 Jacek Antonkiewicz, Barbara Kołodziej, Elżbieta Jolanta Bielińska Use of macronutrients from municipal sewage sludge by multiflora rose and virginia fanpetals Wykorzystanie makroskładników z komunalnych osadów ściekowych przez różę energetyczną i ślazowca pensylwańskiego 3 Jacek Antonkiewicz, Monika Tabak, Florian Gambuś Furnace ash and carbide lime as sources of heavy metals for plants growing on landfills of these wastes Popioły paleniskowe i wapno pokarbidowe jako źródło metali ciężkich dla roślin występujących na składowiskach tych odpadów 4 Agnieszka Baran, Anicenta Bubak, Jerzy Wieczorek, Czesława Jasiewicz Health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure from soil in Malopolska Province Analiza ryzyka zdrowotnego związanego z narażeniem na metale ciężkie z gleby w Małopolsce 5 Agnieszka Baran, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Marek Tarnawski, Krzysztof Gondek Content and composition of organic matter in bottom sediments of Rybnik reservoir – preliminary studies Zawartość i skład materii organicznej w osadach dennych zbiornika Rybnik – badania wstępne 6 Agnieszka Baran, Jerzy Wieczorek, Czesława Jasiewicz The use of a battery of bioassays in assessing the toxicity of soils Wykorzystanie baterii biotestów w ocenie toksyczności gleb 7 Agata Bartkowiak, Joanna Lemanowicz, Barbara Breza-Boruta, Barbara Kalisz, Andrzej Zieliński, M. Jamil Khan Determination of chemical and biological contamination of soil in the impact zone of a municipal waste landfill Określenie zanieczyszczenia chemicznego i biologicznego gleb w obrębie składowiska odpadów komunalnych 8 Aneta Bobowiec, Patrycja Gruszka, Monika Tabak Chemical composition of water extracts obtained from waste after mechanical-biological treatment (stabilized waste) Skład chemiczny wodnych wyciągów przygotowanych z odpadów po procesie mechaniczno- biologicznego przetwarzania (stabilizatów) 9 Katarzyna Borowska, Jan Koper, Roman Łyszczarz, Bożena Dębska Distribution of selenium in soils and plants in Bydgoszcz Canal valley Rozmieszczenie selenu w glebach i roślinach łąkowych w dolinie Kanału Bydgoskiego 10 Jean Diatta, Agnieszka Andrzejewska, Tomasz Rafałowicz Reactivity, exchangeability, solubility – chemical testing for (geo)remediation evaluation Reaktywność, wymienność, rozpuszczalność – badania chemiczne w celu oceny (geo)remediacji

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11 Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka, Zbigniew Ziembik Impact of industry on the presence of radioisotopes in the environment Wpływ przemysłu na obecność radioizotopów w środowisku 12 Barbara Filipek-Mazur, Monika Tabak, Krzysztof Gondek, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek Effect of changes in the formulation of mineral fertilizers on the content of Cu and Zn in soil – mobile forms and organic matter-bound forms Wpływ zmian w formulacji nawozów mineralnych na zawartość Cu i Zn w glebie – formy mobilne i związane z materią organiczną 13 Renata Gaj, Anna Budka, Krzysztof Bąk, Paulina Izychard Evaluation of the effect of long-term application of slurry on the environment and accumulation of soil nutrients Ocena wpływu wieloletniego stosowania gnojowicy na środowisko oraz akumulację składników w glebie 14 Karolina Gębka, Dominika Saniewska, Magdalena Bełdowska The impact of intense precipitation on the leaching of labile form of mercury from soils and its inflow into Baltic Sea Wpływ intensywnych opadów na wymywanie labilnej formy rtęci z gleb i jej dopływ do Morza Bałtyckiego 15 Krzysztof Gondek, Barbara Filipek-Mazur, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Monika Tabak Effect of changes in the formulation of mineral fertilizers on the content of Cu and Zn in soil – forms extracted with 1 M HCl Wpływ zmian w formulacji nawozów mineralnych na zawartość Cu i Zn w glebie – formy wyekstrahowane 1 M HCl 16 Łukasz Grabarczyk, Anna Białk-Bielińska, Stefan Stolte, Alan Puckowski, Piotr Stepnowski Ecotoxicity evaluation of chiral forms and metabolites of selected pharmaceuticals Ocena toksyczności form chiralnych oraz metabolitów wybranych leków 17 Katarzyna Grudniewska, Daria Rzeczycka General radioactivity of selected types of tea Radioaktywność ogólna wybranych rodzajów herbat 18 Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska, Agnieszka Baran, Paweł Piwowar Concentrations and health risk assessment of selected metals in Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St. Hillaire) Zawartości wybranych metali w Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis, St. Hillaire) i ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego 19 Łukasz Janus, Julia Radwan-Pragłowska, Marek Piątkowski, Dariusz Bogdał Microwave-assisted modifications of fatty acids obtained from waste biomass Modyfikacje kwasów tłuszczowych otrzymanych z odpadowej biomasy w polu promieniowania mikrofalowego 20 Dawid Jaremko Speciation of copper and zinc in genetic horizons of luvisols Specjacja miedzi i cynku w poziomach genetycznych ornych gleb płowych

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21 Mateusz Kaczmarski, Czesława Jasiewicz, Agnieszka Baran Recovery of dredged material from Rzeszów reservoir for beneficial use as a fertilizer and soil conditioner Wykorzystanie bagrowanych osadów dennych ze zbiornika w Rzeszowie jako nawóz oraz środek do poprawy właściwości gleby 22 Anna Karczewska, Agnieszka Dradrach, Karolina Lewińska, Bernard Gałka, Marcin Siepak, Katarzyna Szopka Arsenic solubility and phytotoxicity in highly enriched soils of Złoty Stok Rozpuszczalność i fitotoksyczność arsenu w silnie wzbogaconych glebach Złotego Stoku 23 Anna Karczewska, Karolina Lewińska, Marcin Siepak, Bernard Gałka A release of antimony from soils and its speciation in soil pore water in historical mine sites Uwalnianie antymonu z gleb i jego specjacja w roztworach glebowych na obszarach historycznego górnictwa 24 Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik, Kinga Kowalik, Małgorzata Grzesiak, Andrzej Sechman Effect of silver nanoparticles on steroid content in the chicken ovary Wpływ nanocząstek srebra na zawartość steroidów w jajniku kury 25 Wojciech Kępka, Jacek Antonkiewicz The impact of feed yeast (Yarrowia lipolytica) on bioavailability of heavy metals from soil, ashes and sewage sludge Wpływ drożdży paszowych (Yarrowia lipolytica) na biodostępność metali ciężkich z gleby, popiołów i osadów ściekowych 26 Anna Kisiel, Ewa Kępczyńska Isolation of rhizobacteria from saline soils and their use to protect plants from salt stress Izolacja ryzobakterii z gleb zasolonych i ich wykorzystanie do ochrony roślin przed stresem solnym 27 Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Anna Maria Gajda, Karolina Furtak, Urszula Pasternak Joint effect of different PAH compounds on selected parameters of soil biological activity Łączny wpływ różnych związków WWA na wybrane parametry aktywności biologicznej gleby 28 Edyta Kłusakiewicz, Tomasz Kalicki, Jan Horák, Paweł Przepióra, Marcin Frączek, Mariusz Chrabąszcz The trace elements in flood plain alluvia of upper Kamienna river valley (Holy Cross Mountains) Pierwiastki śladowe w aluwiach równiny zalewowej doliny górnej Kamiennej (Góry Świętokrzyskie) 29 Michał Kopeć, Jacek Antonkiewicz, Hugh Martin Fertilizer value of composts from coffee grounds and corn Wartość nawozowa kompostów z dodatkiem fusów z kawy i kukurydzy 30 Jolanta Korzeniowska, Ewa Stanisławska-Glubiak The usefulness of Phalaris arundinacea, Salix viminalis and Zea mays for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with nickel Przydatność Phalaris arundinacea, Salix viminalis i Zea mays do fitoremediacji gleb zanieczyszczonych niklem

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31 Zdeněk Košnář, Johanka Wernerová, Ivan Jablonský, Martin Koudela, Pavel Tlustoš Influence of Zea mays on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal in soil amended with Pleurotus ostreatus grown on waste lignocellulosic substrates Wpływ Zea mays na usuwanie wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych z gleby z dodatkiem Pleurotus ostreatus rosnącym na odpadowym podłożu lignocelulozowym 32 Peter Kováčik Vermicompost, product of biological waste revaluating, substance determining phytomas of cultivated plants Wermikompost, produkt biologicznego przetwarzania odpadów, substancja wpływająca na wielkość masy uprawianych roślin 33 Kinga Kowalik, Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik, Andrzej Sechman Effect of 4-nitrophenol (PNP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC) on iodothyronine secretion from explants of the thyroid gland of the hen (Gallus domesticus) Wpływ 4-nitrofenolu (PNP) i 3-metylo-4-nitrofenolu (PNMC) na sekrecję jodotyronin z eksplantów gruczołu tarczowego kury (Gallus domesticus) 34 Beata Kuziemska, Andrzej Wysokiński, Dawid Jaremko, Maria Popek Content of selected heavy metals in edible mushrooms Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w grzybach jadalnych 35 Bartosz Libecki, Sławomir Kalinowski Determination of COD in solutions by means of double-beam PEDD (paired emitter-detector diodes) detector Oznaczanie ChZT w roztworach za pomocą dwuwiązkowego detektora PEDD 36 Jan Łabętowicz, Jacek Antonkiewicz, Czesława Jasiewicz, Elżbieta Boligłowa, Hubert Wolanin Evolution of methods and chemicals for controlling crop pathogens as well as human and animal parasites from the earliest to the present times Ewolucja metod i środków chemicznych w zwalczaniu patogenów roślin uprawnych oraz pasożytów ludzi i zwierząt od czasów najdawniejszych do współczesności 37 Michał Marciniak, Andrzej Kłos, Małgorzata Rajfur Comparison of exposure methods of mosses and lichens used in active air biomonitoring Porównanie metod ekspozycji mchów i porostów stosowanych w aktywnym biomonitoringu powietrza 38 Klaudia Michno, Aneta Słomka, Elżbieta Fiedor, Ewa Gregoraszczuk, Elżbieta Kuta Species and metal dependent tolerance to zinc and lead of cells in suspension culture of selected Viola L. species Zależna od gatunku i metalu tolerancja na cynk i ołów komórek w kulturze zawiesinowej wybranych gatunków Viola L. 39 Elżbieta Mierzejewska, Agnieszka Baran, Magdalena Urbaniak The influence of MCPA on soil phytotoxicity and the presence of genes involved in its biodegradation Wpływ MCPA na fitotoksyczność gleby oraz obecność genów uczestniczących w jego biodegradacji 40 Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Krzysztof Gondek, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka Baran Ecotoxicity assessment of sandy soil with biochar amendment Ocena ekotoksyczności gleby lekkiej z dodatkiem biowęgla

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41 Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Krzysztof Gondek, Małgorzata Szostek, Marcin Pieniążek Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar-amended soil under field experiment conditions Ocena zawartości wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych w glebie nawożonej biowęglem w warunkach doświadczenia polowego 42 Agata Mrowiec The presence of toxic substances in the environment – regulations Obecność substancji toksycznych w środowisku – regulacje prawne 43 Iga Nehring, Marta Staniszewska, Lucyna Falkowska, Karina Bodziach Maternal transfer of phenol derivatives by blood – research on seals and humans Przekazywanie z krwią pochodnych fenolu do kolejnego pokolenia – badania na fokach i ludziach 44 Agnieszka Ostrowska, Michał Dziurka, Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak Are plant growth stimulators potentially harmful? Czy stymulatory wzrostu i rozwoju roślin mogą być szkodliwe? 45 Krzysztof Papuga, Jarosław Kaszubkiewicz Bioconcentration factors and determination of daily heavy metals intake by man, for selected agricultural produce from the area of Ząbkowicki county Współczynniki biokoncentracji i określenie dziennego pobrania metali ciężkich przez człowieka, dla wybranych płodów rolnych z terenu powiatu ząbkowickiego 46 Valdas Paulauskas, Nomeda Sabienė, Ernestas Zaleckas Fractionation of trace elements in anaerobic digestate Frakcjonowanie metali śladowych w pulpie pofermentacyjnej 47 Rafał Pieniążek, Małgorzata Szostek, Henryk Babiarz, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Tomasz Białobrzeski, Anna Ilek Persistent organic pollutants issues on the example of central landfill of toxic wastes in Jaworzno Problematyka trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych na przykładzie centralnego składowiska odpadów toksycznych w Jaworznie 48 Lukáš Praus, Jiřina Száková, Pavel Tlustoš 2- Soil available selenium as affected by aging of exogenous selenates (SeO4 ) in a Chernozem 2- Wpływ procesu starzenia się egzogennych selenianów (SeO4 ) na zawartość dostępnego selenu w czarnoziemie 49 Julia Radwan-Pragłowska, Łukasz Janus, Marek Piątkowski, Dariusz Bogdał Biodegradation study of poly(sodium aspartate) Badania biodegradacji poli(asparaginianu sodu) 50 Joanna Ratajczyk, Wojciech Ratajczyk, Justyna Rogowska, Lidia Wolska Removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the sewage treatment process Usuwanie związków z grupy trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych (TZO) w procesie oczyszczania ścieków 51 Antoni Rogóż, Monika Tabak Content of macroelements in pasture sward and their effect on the fodder value Zawartość makroelementów w runi pastwiskowej i ich wpływ na wartość paszową

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52 Antoni Rogóż, Monika Tabak Content of trace elements in pasture sward with respect to their content in soil and their effect on the fodder value Zawartość pierwiastków śladowych w runi pastwiskowej na tle ich zawartości w glebie oraz ich wpływ na wartość paszową 53 Szymon Rusinowski, Marta Pogrzeba, Jacek Krzyżak, John Clifton-Brown, Jon Paul McCalmont, Andreas Kiesel, Anja Mangold, Michal Mos Acclimation of new Miscanthus hybrids on heavy metals contaminated arable land Aklimatyzacja nowych krzyżówek miskanta na terenie rolniczym zanieczyszczonym metalami ciężkimi 54 Beata Rutkowska, Wiesław Szulc Evaluation of trace elements mobility in differentiated soil conditions Ocena mobilności metali ciężkich w zróżnicowanych warunkach glebowych 55 Roksana Rzycka, Jarosław Polański Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in water – alternative for the environment Synteza 1,4-dwupodstawionych 1,2,3-triazoli w wodzie – alternatywa dla środowiska 56 Nomeda Sabiene, Jakub Hofman, Valdas Paulauskas Influence of PAHs and trace elements contamination on soil microbiological activity and ecotoxicity Wpływ zanieczyszczenia WWA i metalami ciężkimi na aktywność mikrobiologiczną i ekotoksyczność gleby 57 Sandra Senkała, Jarosław Polański Palladium nanoparticles in catalysis as the method of reduction of palladium emissions to the environment Nanocząstki palladu w katalizie jako metoda redukcji emisji palladu do środowiska 58 Jakub Sikora, Marcin Niemiec, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Ivana Ujevic Content of zinc, copper, nickel and lead in selected parts of Adriatic Sea ecosystem in Croatia Zawartość cynku, miedzi, niklu i ołowiu w wybranych elementach ekosystemu morskiego w Chorwacji 59 Petr Škarpa, Pavel Ryant Agronomic biofortification of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) with selenium Rolnicza biofortyfikacja maku (Papaver somniferum L.) selenem 60 Maciej Soja, Marta Pogrzeba, Jacek Krzyżak, Szymon Rusinowski, Katarzyna Nowak, Alicja Szada-Borzyszkowska Assessment of heavy metal distribution in soils, based on magnetometric and chemical analysis using the Co_Est method Szacowanie rozkładu metali ciężkich w glebach w oparciu o magnetometryczne i chemiczne analizy z użyciem metody Co_Est 61 Ewa Stanisławska-Glubiak, Jolanta Korzeniowska Time factor influence on the heavy metal concentration changes in contaminated soils Wpływ czynnika stresowego na zmiany zawartości metali ciężkich w glebach zanieczyszczonych

26 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

62 Marcin Stobiński, Katarzyna Szarłowicz, Barbara Kubica Activity of natural radioisotopes and artificial 137Cs in soil samples taken from some Polish national parks Aktywność naturalnych radioizotopów i sztucznego 137Cs w próbkach gleb pobranych z obszarów polskich parków narodowych 63 Barbara Symanowicz, Stanisław Kalembasa, Martyna Toczko, Korneliusz Skwarek The effect of different potassium fertilization of the forecrop on the enzymatic activity of soil contaminated with zinc in spring barley cultivation Wpływ zróżnicowanego nawożenia przedplonu potasem na aktywność enzymatyczną gleby zanieczyszczonej cynkiem w uprawie jęczmienia jarego 64 Katarzyna Szarłowicz, Marcin Stobiński, Barbara Kubica Geochronology of sediments using the 210Pb method Geochronologia osadów dennych z zastosowaniem metody 210Pb 65 Radosław Szostek, Zdzisław Ciećko Influence of soil pollution with fluorine on the content of amino acids in aerial mass of maize and yellow lupine Oddziaływanie zanieczyszczenia gleby fluorem na zawartość aminokwasów w masie nadziemnej kukurydzy i łubinu żółtego 66 Wiesław Szulc, Beata Rutkowska, Dominik Ptasiński Possibilities to use maize for phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals Możliwości wykorzystania kukurydzy do fitoremediacji gleb zanieczyszczonych metalami ciężkimi 67 Paweł Świsłowski, Małgorzata Rajfur Mushrooms as biomonitors of heavy metals contamination in forest areas Grzyby jako biomonitory zanieczyszczenia terenów leśnych metalami ciężkimi 68 Monika Tabak Bioavailability of sulfur from waste formed during gas desulfurization Biodostępność siarki pochodzącej z odpadu siarkowego otrzymanego w procesie odsiarczania gazu 69 Monika Tabak, Małgorzata Koncewicz-Baran, Barbara Filipek-Mazur Content of iron in plants and soil after application of mineral fertilizers enriched with this element Zawartość żelaza w roślinach i glebie po zastosowaniu nawozów mineralnych wzbogaconych w ten pierwiastek 70 Marek Tarnawski, Agnieszka Baran, Tomasz Koniarz, Jerzy Grela, Monika Piszczek, Agnieszka Koroluk Chemical properties and toxicity of bottom sediments collected from Rożnów reservoir as a first step in the assessment of their quality Skład chemiczny oraz toksyczność osadów dennych zbiornika Rożnów jako pierwszy etap w ocenie ich jakości 71 Natalia Tatuśko, Jean Diatta, Ewa Chudzińska Biologically active forms of Zn and Pb in Scots pine needles as an index of resistance or sensitivity Biologicznie aktywne formy Zn i Pb w igłach sosny zwyczajnej jako wskaźnik odporności lub wrażliwości

27 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

72 Michał Toński, Anna Białk-Bielińska, Joanna Dołżonek, Marta Borecka, Jerzy Wojsławski, Monika Paszkiewicz, Piotr Stepnowski Development of the LC-MS/MS method for the determination of selected pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in water samples Opracowanie metody oznaczeń końcowych wybranych farmaceutyków oraz ich produktów transformacji w próbkach wodnych za pomocą techniki LC-MS/MS 73 Jerzy Wieczorek, Agnieszka Baran, Ryszard Mazurek, Krzysztof Urbański, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas Potential ecological risk assessment and predicting zinc, cadmium and lead accumulation in soils Ocena ryzyka ekologicznego oraz zdolności gleb do akumulacji cynku, kadmu i ołowiu 74 Kinga Wieczorek, Anna Turek, Wojciech Wolf Assessment of soil contamination in the upper part of Bzura River Ocena zanieczyszczenia gleb w górnym odcinku Bzury 75 Jerzy Wojsławski, Michał Toński, Anna Białk-Bielińska, Piotr Stepnowski, Joanna Dołżonek The assessment of imidazolium ionic liquids mobility in soil Ocena mobilności imidazoliowych cieczy jonowych w glebie 76 Barbara Wojtasik, Małgorzata Zbawicka, Lucyna Grabarczyk, Marzena Kurpińska The influence of hydrotechnical concrete on Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) life condition Wpływ betonu hydrotechnicznego na kondycję życiową dreissena Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) 77 Małgorzata Wołoszynowska Determination of aflatoxin content in walnuts Oznaczanie zawartości aflatoksyn w orzechach włoskich 78 Marta Wójcik, Feliks Stachowicz, Adam Masłoń Possibility of recycling of biomass ashes in sewage sludge management Możliwość recyklingu popiołów ze spalania biomasy w gospodarce osadami ściekowymi 79 Andrzej Wysokiński, Beata Kuziemska, Izabela Łozak Dynamics of uptake and coefficient of nitrogen utilization by oats determined with the use of isotope 15N – preliminary results Dynamika pobierania oraz wykorzystanie azotu przez owies określone z wykorzystaniem izotopu 15N – wyniki wstępne 80 Andrzej Wysokiński, Beata Kuziemska, Izabela Łozak The influence of various nitrogen doses on copper and zinc accumulation in yellow lupine biomass Wpływ zróżnicowanych dawek azotu na akumulację miedzi i cynku w biomasie łubinu żółtego 81 Mirosław Wyszkowski, Marzena S. Brodowska Influence of different substances and soil contamination with copper on the content of some trace elements in maize Wpływ różnych substancji i zanieczyszczenia gleby miedzią na zawartość niektórych pierwiastków śladowych w kukurydzy

28 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

82 Mirosław Wyszkowski, Veranika Sivitskaya Content of trace elements in maize after application of different substances to soil contaminated by heating oil Zawartość pierwiastków śladowych w kukurydzy po aplikacji różnych substancji do gleby zanieczyszczonej olejem opałowym 83 Paulina Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, Michał Szopiński, Krzysztof Sitko, Żaneta Gieroń, Eugeniusz Małkowski Relationships between the root hair development, accumulation of Cd in shoots and the concentration of this element in the xylem sap in barley Zależności między stopniem rozwoju włośników, akumulacją Cd w pędach a zawartością tego metalu w soku ksylemowym jęczmienia

29 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE EFFECT OF LITHIUM IMPLEMENTATION ON HEAVY METAL UPTAKE BY MAIZE UNDER HYDROPONIC CONDITIONS WPŁYW IMPLEMENTACJI LITU NA POBIERANIE METALI CIĘŻKICH PRZEZ KUKURYDZĘ W WARUNKACH KULTUR HYDROPONICZNYCH

Jacek Antonkiewicz, Czesława Jasiewicz, Małgorzata Koncewicz-Baran Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

In view of the lack of scientific literature about effects of lithium on the uptake of other elements by plants, studies were undertaken to determine the effect of lithium on trace elements uptake. The research was carried out under hydroponic conditions. Maize, ‘KB-270’ c.v, was chosen as test plant. The experimental design comprised 10 objects: the control and nine levels of lithium concentration in the nutrient solution (1.0-256.0 mg Li ∙ dm-3 of the nutrient solution). The Hoagland nutrient solution containing Fe, Zn, Mn, Zn and Cu in the form of sulphate (VI) salts was used in all objects. In individual plant parts (leaves, inflorescences, stems, roots) the content of Fe, Zn, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb was determined. Uptake of heavy metals and values of correlation coefficients between the content of Li and determined metals in individual parts of maize were calculated. The concentration of heavy metals was dependent on lithium concentration in the nutrient solution and on the index part of the plant. The above-ground parts and roots had significantly higher concentration of Mn, Ni, Cu and Pb at concentrations of 64.0, 128, and 256 mg Li ∙ dm-3 in the nutrient solution in comparison to lower lithium doses (1.0-32.0 mg Li ∙ dm-3). Addition of lithium to the nutrient solution, regardless of dose, caused a decrease in Fe, Zn and Cd content in maize roots in relation to the control. Statistical significance of correlation coefficients was calculated between lithium content in above-ground parts and nickel (0.6534), copper (0.3718) and lead (0.4511) content, and in roots, in addition to the statistically significant correlation between Li and Ni (0.3392) and Cu (0.6535), a positive correlation between Li and Fe (0.3909) and the negative correlation between Li and Pb (-0.4577) were found.

Keywords: lithium, heavy metals, hydroponics, maize

References: Antonkiewicz J., Jasiewicz C., Koncewicz-Baran M., Bączek-Kwinta R. 2017. Determination of lithium bioretention by maize under hydroponic conditions. Archives of Environmental Protection (in press). Yalamanchali R.C. 2012. Lithium, an emerging environmental contaminant, is mobile in the soil-plant system. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science At Lincoln University. Lincoln University, pp. 49.

30 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

USE OF MACRONUTRIENTS FROM MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE BY MULTIFLORA ROSE AND VIRGINIA FANPETALS WYKORZYSTANIE MAKROSKŁADNIKÓW Z KOMUNALNYCH OSADÓW ŚCIEKOWYCH PRZEZ RÓŻĘ ENERGETYCZNĄ I ŚLAZOWCA PENSYLWAŃSKIEGO

Jacek Antonkiewicz1, Barbara Kołodziej2, Elżbieta Jolanta Bielińska 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-1202 Kraków, 2Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland 3Institute of Soil Science, Environment Engineering and Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-069 Lublin, Poland [email protected], [email protected]

Municipal sewage sludge contains many valuable nutrients which can be used for energy crop cultivation. Using high doses of sewage sludge can be a cause of environmental pollution, especially with biogenes. Rosa multiflora and Virginia fanpetals are plants with high nutrient requirements. The use of municipal sewage sludge for energy crop cultivation will allow for nutrient recycling from this organic waste. The aim of the research was to assess the use of macronutrients from municipal sewage sludge by multiflora rose cultivar ‘Jatar’ and by Virginia fanpetals. The six-year field experiment involved four levels of fertilization with sewage sludge at doses of 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 Mg DM sludge ∙ ha-1. The sewage sludge was applied once before planting the energy crops. Due to the low potassium content in the sewage sludge, supplemental potassium fertilization (100 kg K ∙ ha-1 in the form of 40% potassium chloride (KCl)) was applied on all plots. The research evaluated the amount of yield, uptake and use of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na from sewage sludge by the energy crops. It was established that increasing doses of sewage sludge significantly increased the yield of multiflora rose and Virginia fanpetals biomass. In addition, the yield of Virginia fanpetals was one and a half times higher than that of multiflora rose. Increasing doses of sewage sludge had a significant effect on the increase in the content and uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na by these plants. The highest macronutrient uptake with the yield of multiflora rose and Virginia fanpetals was observed at the dose of 60 Mg DM ∙ ha-1. The research results indicate that, compared to multiflora rose, Virginia fanpetals used more N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na from sewage sludge. The research shows that Virginia fanpetals, on account of higher yields, bioaccumulation and uptake of macronutrients, is a more effective species in ‘cleaning’ the substrate of excess biogenes that might pose a threat to the environment.

Keywords: multiflora rose, Virginia fanpetals, macronutrients, phytoremediation, sewage sludge

References: Antonkiewicz J., Kołodziej B., Bielińska E. 2016. The use of reed canary grass and giant miscanthus in the phytoremediation of municipal sewage sludge. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23(10): 9505-9517. Nabel M., Temperton V.M., Porter H., Lücke A., Jablonowski N.D. 2016. Energizing marginal soils – The establishment of the energy crop Sida hermaphrodita as dependent on digestate fertilization, NPK, and legume intercropping. Biomass and Bioenergy 87: 9-16.

31 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

FURNACE ASH AND CARBIDE LIME AS SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS FOR PLANTS GROWING ON LANDFILLS OF THESE WASTES POPIOŁY PALENISKOWE I WAPNO POKARBIDOWE JAKO ŹRÓDŁO METALI CIĘŻKICH DLA ROŚLIN WYSTĘPUJĄCYCH NA SKŁADOWISKACH TYCH ODPADÓW

Jacek Antonkiewicz, Monika Tabak, Florian Gambuś Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Furnace ash and carbide lime deposited at landfills are a potential source of trace elements for plants growing there. During waste disposal, in variable atmospheric conditions and with the participation of microorganisms, uncontrolled processes leading to changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of waste occur. These changes can pose a threat to the environment due to the release of pollutants, including heavy metals. The aim of the research was to compare the heavy metal content in furnace ash and in carbide lime as well as to evaluate the availability of these metals to bushgrass occurring on these landfills. The scope of the research covered a furnace ash landfill (10 samples) and a carbide lime landfill (7 samples). The total content of Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni in the tested waste was extremely varied and depended on the analyzed material. It was established that the content of Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni was higher in carbide lime than in furnace ash. Only Cd content was higher in ash than in lime. Because of the specific properties of the tested waste (alkaline reaction, high salinity), the percent of metals in forms extractable with 1 M HCl was also varied and amounted to (on average) 21, 46, 45, 68, 50 and 24% for Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni, respectively, in relation to the total content. In relation to the total content, a higher percentage of soluble forms of Cr, Zn, Pb and Ni was found in carbide lime, and of Cu and Cd in furnace ash. Heavy metal content in bushgrass was also varied and depended on the type of waste. A higher content of Cr, Zn, Cd and Ni was determined in biomass of plants growing on furnace ash, and Cu and Pb – in plants growing on carbide lime. Heavy metal content in bushgrass covering the landfill sites was lower than the amounts found in meadow plants. Under these research conditions, bushgrass showed high adaptation to the excessive concentrations of phytotoxic elements in the environment. This may be associated with the mechanisms of reduction of uptake of these metals from the waste. However, this conclusion should be studied further.

Keywords: heavy metals, furnace ash landfill, carbide lime landfill, bushgrass (Calamagrostis epigejos L.)

32 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS EXPOSURE FROM SOIL IN MALOPOLSKA PROVINCE ANALIZA RYZYKA ZDROWOTNEGO ZWIĄZANEGO Z NARAŻENIEM NA METALE CIĘŻKIE Z GLEBY W MAŁOPOLSCE

Agnieszka Baran1, Anicenta Bubak2, Jerzy Wieczorek1, Czesława Jasiewicz1 1University of Agriculture in Krakow 2Cenia-Ekspertyzy Anicenta Bubak [email protected]

Nowadays rapid urbanization and industrialization have released toxic chemicals such as heavy metals into the environment, threatening human health. Numerous pollution assessment methods for assessing the level of pollution in sampling sites varied according to the values of national environmental standards or natural background values are frequently used today. However, these methods ignore the actual relations between toxic chemical and human health. Health risk analysis evaluates the probability of deleterious effects by constructing conceptual risk models in terms of risk sources (pollutants in various environmental media), exposure routes, and risk receptors (the sensitive population). Human health risk assessment involves several general procedures including: 1) identification of risk sources and receptors, 2) exposure assessment, 3) toxicity analysis and 4) risk characterization. The aim of the study was to determine potential health risk relating to heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) exposure from soil in the Malopolska area. The main sources of soil pollution with heavy metals in this area are big industrial plants, transportation, the power industry, and burning coal in individual home furnaces. Additionally, an important source of heavy metals in the north-western part of the area is the mining-metallurgical activity involving processing of zinc and lead ores. Compared to other regions of Poland, soils located in the north-western part of Malopolska are distinguished by increased concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead. Sample collection points were set by the equal squares method (with sides 7.5 km long) using a GPS device. In total, 320 points were set. At those points, soil samples were collected from the level of 10 cm with the use of an Eijkelkamp sampler of soil surface layers. Heavy metals content was determined using a Perkin-Elmer Optima 7300 DV – an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES). Human health risks were assessed by adapting US EPA methodology. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) evaluation in the case of noncancerogenic effect showed a low risk for each metal by soil oral contact on the residents. The hazard index (HI) obtained for the metals were generally below 1, indicating no cancer adverse health effects, to most unlikely. Zinc was the main noncarcinogenic trace element or contaminant responsible for the health risk. The study showed that carcinogenic risk value (from 2.97E-07 to 1.47E-04) was generally higher then acceptable values. The US EPA considers acceptable risk range of 1E-06 to 1E-04. Special approach was used for lead (children).

Keywords: human health risk assessment, Hazard Quotient, hazard index, cancer risk, Cd, Pb, Zn

References: Baran A., Wieczorek J. Mazurek R., Urbański K., Klimkowicz-Pawlas A. 2016. Potential ecological risk assessment and predicting zinc accumulation in soils. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. DOI: 10.1007/s10653- 017-9924-7.

33 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Wcisło E., Bronder J., Bubak A. et al. 2016. Human health risk assessment in restoring safe and productive use of abandoned contaminated sites. Environment International 94: 436-448.

The work was financed by: grant no. N N305 107640 provided by the National Science Centre, Poland and from the subsidy for science granted by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

34 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF RYBNIK RESERVOIR – PRELIMINARY STUDIES ZAWARTOŚĆ I SKŁAD MATERII ORGANICZNEJ W OSADACH DENNYCH ZBIORNIKA RYBNIK – BADANIA WSTĘPNE

Agnieszka Baran, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Marek Tarnawski, Krzysztof Gondek University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

Bottom sediments are an important part of aquatic ecosystems as they play a significant role in their functioning by affecting the chemical composition of waters. They also participate in the circulation of elements and are a place where living organisms live. The structure of sediment makes them a natural geosorbent in which pollutants entering the aquatic environment are accumulated. Organic matter is one of the most important components of bottom sediments, because it determines their physical, chemical, and biological properties, and is largely responsible for sorption properties of bottom sediments. The effect of various forms of organic matter is also visible in the research on bioaccumulation of xenobiotics. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate qualitative and quantitative composition of organic matter in sediments collected from Rrybnik reservoir; (2) to evaluate the effect of organic matter on the content of pollutants and toxicity of sediments. The Rybnik reservoir is located in the Upper Silesian area on the Ruda River. The Silesian area is one of the key urban centers in Poland, with enormous concentration of industry, mainly hard coal mining, electric power industry, transportation, coking and briquetting plants, companies producing machinery, metals, chemicals and building materials. The main function of the reservoir is to use water for surface cooling of water discharged from the condensers of Rybnik Power Station S.A. and flood control. The top layer (0-15 cm) of the sediment was collected from three set locations: 1 – inlet (backwater station), 2 – middle and 3 – outlet. The samples were collected using an Ekman sampler. The following compounds of carbon were analyzed: total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), carbon extracted (Cext.), carbon of humic acids (Cha), carbon of fulvic acids (Cfa) and non-hydrolysing carbon (Cnh.) In conclusion, in order to identify the degree of contamination of sediments, it is important to assess content and composition of organic matter. We found that organic matter is likely to be an important factor which controls metal distribution and mobility in the studied sediments. Moreover we found that sediments of the Rybnik reservoir are contaminated with heavy metals and PAHs, which is an effect of intensive human impact of the area where the reservoir is located.

Keywords: bottom sediments, composition of organic carbon, xenobiotic, toxicity

This scientific work is financed by the National Science Center, Poland: research grant no. 2016/21/B/ST10/02127 (2017-2020) “Assessment of the bottom sediment organic matter on bioavailability and toxicity of chemical compounds”.

35 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE USE OF A BATTERY OF BIOASSAYS IN ASSESSING THE TOXICITY OF SOILS WYKORZYSTANIE BATERII BIOTESTÓW W OCENIE TOKSYCZNOŚCI GLEB

Agnieszka Baran, Jerzy Wieczorek, Czesława Jasiewicz University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

Biotests are a useful tool whose application enables a fuller assessment of risk resulting from the presence of chemical substances in soils and their bioavailability and interactions. Many authors emphasize that biotests are a good complement to chemical analyses in procedures of quality assessment of soils. Due to the fact that organisms differ in sensitivity to various substances, it is essential to select appropriate test organisms. It is important for organisms to belong to different taxonomic groups and to represent different links of the trophic chain. The aim of the study was to use 3 biotests: Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit and Microtox in the assessment of soil toxicity in the Malopolska province (Poland). This area is characterized by a great diversity of geological structures, types of land use and intensity of industrial development. Sample collection points were set by equal squares method (with sides 7.5 km long) using a GPS device. In total, 320 points were set. At those points, soil samples were collected from the level of 10 cm with the use of an Eijkelkamp sampler of soil surface layers. Based on the obtained results, 39% of soils were classified as class II as low toxic samples, 37% of the analysed soils were in class III, meaning that these were toxic samples posing an acute hazard. Class I (non-toxic) samples were determined for 11% of the studied soils. Class IV (highly toxic samples) and class V (very highly toxic samples) were represented by a total of 15% of soils. We demonstrated that low toxic samples, classified as class II, prevailed among the soils collected from arable lands (44% of samples), grasslands (44% of samples) and wastelands (43% of samples). Soils classified as class III (toxic samples) and IV (highly toxic samples) dominated in forest. Ecological risk assessment, based on toxicity classes and hazard quotient (HQ), revealed that 34% of the analysed soils were characterised by a low, 31% by moderate, 15% by high and 9% by very high risk. The lack of ecological risk was revealed in 11% of the studied soils. The soil toxicity was to a great extent caused by their strong acidification. Almost 70% of soil samples had acid and very acid pH. Moreover, the areas of north-western Malopolska are most exposed to chemical degradation connected with soil contamination by heavy metals and PAHs. To sum up, our results represent one of the stages of research on selection of proper battery of bioassays used for the soil quality assessment and show the advisability of bioassays application as a complementary tool of chemical analysis for the assessment and ecotoxicological classification of soils. Owing to their specific character, ecotoxicological studies provide a good supplement for chemical research concerning the procedures of soil quality assessment and the process of their proper management.

Keywords: bioassay, Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit, Microtox, quality of soils

The work was financed by: grant no. N N305 107640 provided by the National Science Centre, Poland and from the subsidy for science granted by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

36 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

RESPONSIBILITY FOR POLLUTION OF SOIL, GROUND OR OF GROUNDWATER WITH THE PURSUIT OF ACTIVITIES CREATING A RISK OF DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ ZA ZANIECZYSZCZENIE GLEBY, ZIEMI LUB WÓD GRUNTOWYCH W ZWIĄZKU Z PROWADZENIEM DZIAŁALNOŚCI STWARZAJĄCYCH RYZYKO SZKODY W ŚRODOWISKU

Mariusz Baran Chair of Environmental Law, Jagiellonian University [email protected]

Directive 2010/75/EC of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) („IED”) in the case of activities involving the use, production or release of substances that cause risks and the possibility of soil and groundwater contamination at the site of installation, impose on the operator the obligation to prepare and submit to the competent authority the initial report before starting operation of an installation or before the change of the integrated permit for the first time after 7 January 2013. The initial report contains the information needed to determine the state of soil and groundwater contamination to make a quantitative comparison with the state after the end of the activity. The IED provisions, as well as the Polish law, require the preparation of an initial report on the potential for soil or groundwater contamination with substances that cause a risk. The initial report contains at least the following information: a) information on current use and, if available, past use of the site; b) current information, if available, on measurements of soil and groundwater reflect the state at the time the report is drawn up or, alternatively, information on new soil and groundwater measurements taking into account the possibility of contamination of soil and groundwater with hazardous substances, which will be used, produced or released by the installation concerned. The study will discuss the conditions for liability for pollution of soil, ground or groundwater in pursuit of activities creating a risk of damage in the environment and the role and position of the initial report in the enforcement from the operators bear the responsibility for damages to the environment.

Keywords: responsibility; pollution of soil, ground and groundwater; initial report

37 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF A MUNICIPAL WASTE LANDFILL OKREŚLENIE ZANIECZYSZCZENIA CHEMICZNEGO I BIOLOGICZNEGO GLEB W OBRĘBIE SKŁADOWISKA ODPADÓW KOMUNALNYCH

Agata Bartkowiak1, Joanna Lemanowicz2, Barbara Breza-Boruta3, Barbara Kalisz4, Andrzej Zieliński5, M. Jamil Khan6 1Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, 2Sub-Department of Biochemistry, 3Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Bernardyńska 6, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland 4Department of Soil Science and Land Reclamation, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland 5Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics University of Agriculture in Krakow, Łobzowska 24, 31-140 Krakow, Poland 6Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, DIKhan, 29050, KP, Pakistan [email protected]

The aim of the study was to assess the environmental contamination of soil by heavy metals and microorganisms and the activity of redox enzymes in soil surface horizons under the impact of municipal landfill in Bydgoszcz. Research material included 10 soil samples collected from depths 0-15 cm in different sectors of the landfill. A location far from the municipal waste landfill sites and not being in the zone of their effect was determined as control point. Some physicochemical properties were determined according to commonly used procedures in soil science laboratories. The total concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd) was determination by ICP-MS Thermo iCAP 7000 Series. The activity of selected redox and hydrolases enzymes was determined: the activity of dehydrogenases with the Thalmann method (1968), catalase with the Johnson and Temple method (1964), alkaline and acid phosphatase with the method of Tabatabai and Bremner (1969). Assessment of the number of bacteria and fungi was carried out using Koch’s Plate dilution method (on the selective media according to Atlas 1997). Occurrence of the indicator bacteria Clostridium perfringens was estimated by the most probable number method (MPN), using the media and procedures recommended by PN-EN 26461-2:2001. Based on the analysis of variance, there was a significant impact of the soil sampling site on the content of the heavy metals analyzed, the activity of the enzymes studied and the number of the bacteria. Under Regulation of the Minister of Environment (2002) on soil quality and earth quality standards, the content of heavy metals in the soils studied, exposed to the effect of municipal landfill sites, makes it possible to classify them as unpolluted soils.

Keywords: municipal landfill, heavy metals, microorganisms, enzymes, soil

References: Atlas R.M. 1997. Handbook of Microbiological Media. Third edition. CRC Press Book, Boca Raton. Johnson J.I., Temple K.L. 1964. Some variables affecting the measurements of catalase activity in soil. Soil Science Society America 28: 207-216. Journal of Laws No 165, item 1359. 2002. Regulation of the Minister of Environment dated 9 September 2002 on standards for soil quality and land quality standards (in Polish).

38 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Tabatabai M.A., Bremner J.M. 1969. Use of p–nitrophenol phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology Biochemistry 1: 301-307. Thalmann A. 1968. Zur methodic derestimung der Dehydrogenaseaktivität i Boden mittels Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid (TTC). Landwirtsch Forschung 21: 249-258.

39 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ASSESSMENT OF MOBILITY, HYDROLYTIC STABILITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF ANTICANCER DRUGS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT OCENA MOBILNOŚCI, STABILNOŚCI HYDROLITYCZNEJ I EKOTOKSYCZNOŚCI LEKÓW PRZECIWNOWOTWOROWYCH I ICH PRODUKTÓW TRANSFORMACJI W ŚRODOWISKU

Anna Białk-Bielińska, Katarzyna Mioduszewska, Joanna Dołżonek, Michał Toński, Marcin Stokowski, Ewa Mulkiewicz, Piotr Stepnowski Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland [email protected]

The risk of unintentional release of chemicals into the environment exists throughout their use cycle. This poses a real threat to the environment and thus to human health. Although this applies to a wide variety of chemicals worldwide, our attention has been paid to the selected pharmaceutical agents (antineoplastic agents) and their transformation products (including their metabolites and degradation products), mainly because of their high cytotoxicity and increasing number of cancer diseases in the last 30 years, with increasing use of these drugs. However, knowledge of their environmental risk, compared to other drug classes (such as antibiotics or estrogens), is clearly limited. Nevertheless, it seems that the potential risk that may arise from the presence in the environment of such toxic chemicals to eukaryotic cells should motivate to take appropriate action and fill this knowledge gap. For these reasons, the main aim of this study was to provide information on the environmental fate (mobility and hydrolytic stability) and potential effects (by performing ecotoxicological tests) that can be generated in the environment not only from the residues of selected anticancer drugs (eg. 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, imatinib, tamoxifen) but also from their selected metabolites and/or transformation products (eg. 7-hydroxymethotrexate, N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoksifen (endoxifen)), which are excreted from the human body and/or produced as a result of different environmental processes. The results of this study will provide important insights into the behavior of these compounds in the environment and the effects that their presence may pose in the environment. Thus, this data can be used to assess their environmental risks.

Keywords: anticancer drugs, sorption, hydrolysis, ecotoxicity, metabolites, risk assessment

Financial support was provided by the Polish Ministry of Research and Higher Education under grants 0012/IP3/2015/73 (Iuventus Plus).

40 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM WASTE AFTER MECHANICAL-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (STABILIZED WASTE) SKŁAD CHEMICZNY WODNYCH WYCIĄGÓW PRZYGOTOWANYCH Z ODPADÓW PO PROCESIE MECHANICZNO-BIOLOGICZNEGO PRZETWARZANIA (STABILIZATÓW)

Aneta Bobowiec, Patrycja Gruszka, Monika Tabak Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Even though the share of selectively collected waste has increased in recent years, a significant part of waste is still not collected selectively. Mixed municipal waste is subjected to mechanical-biological treatment (MBT). The aim of mechanical processes is to separate a fraction which requires further biological treatment from waste which can be used, for example, for production of alternative fuels (Reference document… 2006). The finest fraction of waste is subjected to biological treatment. The aim of MBT is to decrease the mass of waste to be stored, to decrease the content of water and organic matter in this waste, thereby reducing its susceptibility to biological decomposition, odor emission, leaching. MBT leads to production of stabilized waste. In Poland, up to January 2016, it was possible to utilize stabilized waste that met specific requirements (among other things, low content of organic compounds and low respiratory activity) in waste recovery processes (Regulation… 2012). Currently, the regulation allowing such utilization of stabilized waste is not valid, the waste is disposed of on landfills. The attention is paid to the fact that low quality of stabilized waste (resulting, among other things, from heavy metal presence) excludes its use outside the landfill. The aim of the research was to determine chemical properties of water extracts prepared from stabilized waste obtained in the process of mechanical-biological treatment of mixed municipal waste. Properties of the water extracts were compared with properties of extracts from the waste after mechanical treatment and from composts. The pH values of the materials were similar. The composts were characterized by the lowest values of electrolytic conductivity, and the waste after mechanical treatment – by the highest. The extracts obtained from the waste after mechanical treatment contained the highest amounts of organic carbon. The extracts obtained from stabilized waste contained less heavy metals (except Cu) than the extracts prepared from waste after mechanical treatment. Less Fe but more Cr and Ni were leached from the stabilized waste than from the composts; the quantities of Zn and Mn were similar.

Keywords: compost, stabilized waste, mechanical-biological treatment of waste (MTB)

References: Reference document on best available techniques for the waste treatments industries. August 2006. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/wt_bref_0806.pdf (accessed on-line on 27 Jun 2017). Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 11 September 2012 on mechanical-biological treatment of mixed municipal waste. Journal of Laws 2012 item 1052.

41 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DISTRIBUTION OF SELENIUM IN SOILS AND PLANTS IN BYDGOSZCZ CANAL VALLEY ROZMIESZCZENIE SELENU W GLEBACH I ROŚLINACH ŁĄKOWYCH W DOLINIE KANAŁU BYDGOSKIEGO

Katarzyna Borowska1, Jan Koper1, Roman Łyszczarz2, Bożena Dębska3 1Department of Soils Science, Soils Protection and Biochemistry, 2Department of Meadow Cultivation, 3Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Technology and Science in Bydgoszcz [email protected]

In the recent years (Winkel et.al. 2015) more attention has been devoted to the manufacture of foodstuffs or animal fodders rich in bioavailable nutrients, especially in microelements. With reference to selenium this strategy embraces not only enriching pastures, but also fertilizing crop plants with selenium. The aim of the present research was to determine the selenium content in soil and the meadow plants of grasslands in the valley of the Bydgoszcz Channel. Soil and plant samples were taken in June 2012 from 17 test points, diversified in terms of the groundwater level, from a meadow complex in RZD Minikowo, belonging to the University of Technology and Science in Bydgoszcz. This area is located on a peat-muck soil with muck thickness of 20 cm (on average), representative for the meadow complex located in the valley of the Bydgoszcz Channel. The selenium content in soil and plant biomass samples was determined with the fluorometric method of Watkinson (1966). The content of phytoavailable selenium (Se (IV), Se (VI)) was assayed using part of 5-step sequential analysis, according to Wang and Chen (1989) modified by Chao and Sanzolone (2003). The soil pH values were in the slightly alkaline range. Total selenium content in the investigated soils ranged from 0.382 to 0.744 mg∙kg-1. Selenate and selenite fractions content was 0.019-0.047 mg∙kg-1 and 0.020-0.042 mg∙kg-1, respectively. Total selenium and its phytoavailable fractions content in the soil under study was highly positively correlated with the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen. The percentage of phytoavailable fractions of selenium in the soil did not exceed 10.7% of total soil selenium. We found no correlations between the content of selenium and its fractions in soil and plant biomass with the level of groundwater.

Keywords: selenium, phytoavailable selenium fractions, soils, plant biomass

References: Chao T.T., Sanzolone R.F. 1989. Fractionation of soil selenium by sequential partial dissolution. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53(2): 385-392. Wang M.C., Chen H.M. 2003. Forms and distribution of selenium at different depths and among particle size fractions of three Taiwan soils. Chemosphere 52: 585-593. Watkinson, J.H., 1966. Fluorometric determination of selenium in biological material with 2,3-diaminonaphtalene. Analytical Chemistry 38: 92-97. Winkel L.H.E., Vriens B., Jones G.D., Schneider L.S., Pilon-Smits E., Banuelos S. 2015. Selenium cycling across soil-plant-atmosphere interfaces – a critical review. Nutrients (7): 4199-4239.

42 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

STUDY OF COPPER AND ZINC COMPOUNDS IN HAPLIC CHERNOZEM UNDER MODEL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS BY TWO METHODS OF SEQUENTIAL FRACTIONATION BADANIA NAD ZWIĄZKAMI MIEDZI I CYNKU W CZARNOZIEMIE PRZEPROWADZONE W WARUNKACH EKSPERYMENTU MODELOWEGO, W OPARCIU O DWIE METODY FRAKCJONOWANIA SEKWENCYJNEGO

Marina Burachevskaya1, Natalya Gromakova1, Tatyana Minkina1, Svetlana Sushkova1, Saglara Mandzhieva1, Abdulmalik Batukaev2 1Ivanovskii Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia 2Chechen State University, Russia [email protected]

The uncertainty of methods for determining heavy metal compounds, as well as problems in the comparison of the methods used, require further studies in this field. The aim of the research is to study the fractional composition of Cu and Zn compounds in soil under model contamination conditions using different fractional methods. Haplic Chernozem artificially contaminated with Cu and Zn acetates at rates of 300 -1 –1 and 2000 mg∙kg . The soil has the following properties (g∙kg ): Corg 0.37; CaCO3 0.04; clay 2.81; -1 pHH2O 7.6; exchangeable bases (cmol∙kg ): Ca 31.0, Mg 6.0. Distribution of Cu and Zn forms in soil at the use of sequential fractionation by the Miller method modified by Berti and Jacobs (1996) and the Tessier method (Tessier et al. 1979) are revealed. A significant increase in the content of the most mobile exchangeable fraction of Cu amounted to 2-4 times (from 0.5-1% of the sum of fractions in uncontaminated soil to 2% in contaminated soil) and of Zn to 3-5 times (from 1% to 3-5%) by both fractional methods. Aluminosilicates make the largest contribution to the adsorption and retention of Cu and Zn (up to 67-72%). Organic matter is important for Cu (up to 29-38%), and Fe-Mn oxides for Zn (up to 25-39%). The differences of Cu and Zn compounds are related to the metal affinity for soil phases, as well as to the selectivity and extraction capacity of the reagents used in methods. The Tessier method is more suitable for the separation of the total technogenic component from soils contaminated with Cu and Zn. The Miller method is more informative at the determination of loosely bound metal compounds because of the use of weaker extractants.

Keywords: heavy metals, fractionation methods, soils

References: Miller P., Martens D., Zelazny L. 1986. Effect of sequence in extraction of trace metals from soils Soil Science Society of America Journal 50: 598-601. Tessier A., Campbell P., Bisson M. 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry 51: 844-850.

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, no. 5.948.2017/PP, RFBR, no. 163400573.

43 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CAUSES, CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN POLAND PRZYCZYNY, CHARAKTERYSTYKA POWSTAWANIA ZANIECZYSZCZEŃ POWIETRZA W POLSCE

Paweł Ciećko, Ryszard Listwan Provincial Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (Wojewódzki Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska), Plac Szczepański 5; 31-011 Kraków, Poland [email protected], [email protected]

Over-normative concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 dusts and concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene are indicators of poor air quality. Air quality is low in the entire Poland, but particularly high exceedances of permissible levels occur in southern Poland. One of the main causes of exceedances of permissible concentrations od sulfur dioxide in Silesia and south-western Malopolska is the practice of delivery (to the points of sale) of solid fuels, brown coal and waste fuels containing excess of sulfur. In the winter period, it is a significant problem for air quality. Special attention should be paid to the fact that in many places in Malopolska (usually small towns), due to the burning of poor-quality fuels in low-efficient installations, permissible concentrations of cancerogenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air are exceeded more than ten times. In this regard, in the heating season, the threat to health in many small towns is much higher than in Tarnów or even in Kraków. The main goals of the air protection programme are, among other things: 1. Effective reduction of emissions of dusts associated with individual heating of buildings. 2. Emphasizing a list of effective actions undertaken to reduce low emission (effective: urban network, thermomodernization and change of heat sources in private buildings; low effective: solars, a large part of road investments). What conditions the effectiveness of air protection? Publication of outstanding legal acts. Main postulates of legal changes: 1. Regulation of the quality parameters for solid fuels allowed to be sold in Poland. 2. Determination of technical parameters and the amount of pollutant emission for new solid fuel boilers. 3. Making it possible for the city council to introduce a low emission zone.

Keywords: air, pollution

References: Environment. 2016. Statistical information and elaborations. Sentral Statistical Office of Poland, Warsaw, pp. 560.

44 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

REACTIVITY, EXCHANGEABILITY, SOLUBILITY – CHEMICAL TESTING FOR (GEO)REMEDIATION EVALUATION REAKTYWNOŚĆ, WYMIENNOŚĆ, ROZPUSZCZALNOŚĆ – BADANIA CHEMICZNE W CELU OCENY (GEO)REMEDIACJI

Jean Diatta, Agnieszka Andrzejewska, Tomasz Rafałowicz Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71F, 60-625 Poznan [email protected]

Soil contamination with heavy metals and the relevant must for remediation run preponderantly via the evaluation of the metal fractions (reactive, exchangeable, soluble) which could be more or less mobile and potentially impact the biota (microorganisms and plants). The research compared some chemical extractants (composition) as well as ratios for assessing their efficiency to extract Cu, Zn, Cd from basically different soil materials: 8 lacustrine sediments, 7 urban soils and 10 metallurgically contaminated soils. They were tested for pH, organic carbon, cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Next the testing schedule described below was applied.

0.005 mol 1 mol Ratio -3 -3 0.10 mol 1 mol 0.10 mol 1 mol DTPA ∙ dm , CH COONH ∙ dm , -3 -3 -3 -3 Soil:Extractant 3 4 HNO ∙ dm HNO ∙ dm HCl ∙ dm HCl ∙ dm pH 7.3 pH 7.0 3 3 Lindsay, Norvell 1:2 (1978) Modified Modified Modified Modified Modified 1:5 Modified Jackson Ho, Egashira Gupta, Hani Lehman Rinkis 1:10 (1958) (2001) (1989) (1984) (1963)

Data revealed that the wider the soil-to-extractant ratio the highest the concentrations of Cu, -3 Zn, Cd. Next, 1 mol HCl dm was the most efficient as compared to 1 mol CH3COONH4 (the least efficient). For cadmium (Cd), the following ranges were operationally established: Lacustrine sediments:

1 mol HCl > 1mol HNO3 > 0.10 mol HCl > 0.10 mol HNO3 > 0.005 mol DTPA > 1 mol CH3COONH4 Urban soils:

1 mol HCl > 1mol HNO3 > 0.10 mol HCl > 0.10 mol HNO3 > 0.005 mol DTPA > 1 mol CH3COONH4 Metallurgical soils

1 mol HCl > 1mol HNO3 > 0.005 mol DTPA > 0.10 mol HCl > 0.10 mol HNO3 > 1 mol CH3COONH4

Soil models for further (geo)remediation requirement have been formulated.

Keywords: reactivity, exchangeability, solubility, chemical tests, soils, heavy metals

References: Diatta J.B. 1998. Comparison of NH4OAc and NH4-EDTA differing in concentration and pH for Cu and Zn extraction in soils contaminated by a Copper Smelter. Polish Journal of Soil Science 31(1): 25-32. Jackson M. L. 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J, 214-221. Kociałkowski W., Komisarek J. 1989. Ekstrakcja Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe z gleby przy zastosowaniu DTPA o różnym pH. Prace Komisji Nauk Rolniczych i Komisji Nauk Leśnych. Vol. LXVII, PWN Warszawa – Poznań.

45 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF BIOMASS ASH AND BIOGAS PULP COMPONENTS ON SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METALS KORZYSTNY WPŁYW POPIOŁU Z BIOMASY I PULPY POFERMENTACYJNEJ NA GLEBĘ ZANIECZYSZCZONĄ METALAMI CIĘŻKIMI

Jean Diatta1, Witold Grzebisz1, Zbigniew Bzowski2, Maria Biber1 1Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71F, 60-625 Poznan 2Department of Environment Monitoring, Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland [email protected]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil remediation potential of organo-mineral components: biogas pulp mixture with 9 plant biomass ashes on soil formerly contaminated with Cu (377.8 mg∙kg-1), Zn (936.5 mg kg-1), Pb (667.2 mg∙kg-1) and Cd (17.4 mg∙kg-1). The components consisted of 7 wood and 2 crop ashes. A sum up of these components is reported in the table below.

Organic-mineral components (1:1 ratio, i.e. biogas:ash) Abbreviation 1 Biogas pulp BioP 2 Birch (Betula) Birch 3 Hornbeam (Carpinus) Hornbeam 4 Maple (Acer) Maple 5 Oak (Quercus) Oak 6 Biogas pulp + Pine (Pinus) Pine 7 Poplar (Populus) Poplar 8 Red Oak (Quercus rubra) Red Oak 9 Rape straw (Brassica napus) Rape 10 Wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) Wheat

These components were applied to the contaminated soils at the rates equivalent to 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 t∙ha-1. They were next mixed, moistened with distilled water and incubated for 3 months. Soil samples were collected three times and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total, reactive and bioavailable Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. Ameliorative and heavy metal remediative effects depended largely on the type of organic- mineral components, soil pH and alterations in the cation exchange capacity (CEC). By increasing the rates of plant ashes and respective components, a significant increase in the soil pH was observed. This creates the opportunity of using ashes to regulate the pH of acidic soils. The average efficiency of soil remediation along with heavy metals immobilization reached 94.0% for components and 92.9% for ashes. This creates the opportunity for promoting the application of much more components (plant ashes mixed with biogas pulp) than pure ashes for remediating areas contaminated with heavy metals.

Keywords: soil, heavy metals, biogas pulp, biomass ash, remediation

References: Antonkiewicz J. 2009. Wykorzystanie popiołów paleniskowych do wiązania metali ciężkich występujących w glebie. Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 41: 398-405. Ciesielczuk T., Kusza G., Nemś A. 2011. Nawożenie popiołami z termicznego przekształcenia biomasy źródłem pierwiastków śladowych dla gleb. Ochrona środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 49:219-225.

46 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

IMPACT OF INDUSTRY ON THE PRESENCE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN THE ENVIRONMENT WPŁYW PRZEMYSŁU NA OBECNOŚĆ RADIOIZOTOPÓW W ŚRODOWISKU

Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka, Zbigniew Ziembik Independent Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Opole University, ul. kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole [email protected]

Some areas of human technical activity involve release of radioactive isotopes into the environment. The most important types of such activity include: nuclear industry (from uranium ore exploration to nuclear weapons testing and nuclear power plant emissions), coal and ore mining, energy production and phosphate and mineral fertilizers. Much less important are: oil and natural gas excavation and processing, iron and non-ferrous metallurgy, rare earth metals processing and production of building materials (Dołhańczuk-Śródka et al. 2015). The intensive development of these industries and energy sector results in the enrichment of the environment with radioisotopes released in these activities. For these reasons, it is necessary to assess possible threats arising from the accumulation of natural and artificial radioisotopes in the environment, as well as to study their retention, migration, circulation in the trophic chains and their impact on the biosphere. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the contribution of radioisotopes released as a result of human technical activity on local levels of radioisotope content. The soils of forest ecosystems and the plants growing in them, as well as arable and wasteland soil, were mainly studied. During the study, the activity concentrations of the representative radioisotopes that could alter the local level of radioactivity were determined. The radioisotope composition of the surface and slightly deeper layers of the soil was compared allowing identification of radioisotopes that originated from atmospheric deposition. Owing to periodic agrotechnical measures leading to mixing of the surface layers, the duration of such deposition can be determined. The type of isotope falling with dust allows for assessment of the source of its origin and the enrichment level can be regarded as a measure of the process intensity.

Keywords: radionuclides, environment, industry

References: Dołhańczuk-Śródka A., Ziembik Z., Kusza G. 2015. Wykorzystanie metod statystycznych do opisu migracji izotopów promieniotwórczych w środowisku przyrodniczym. WNT, Warszawa, ISBN 978-83-7926-263-2.

47 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOLABILE PHARMACEUTICALS ON THE PHOTODEGRADATION AND TOXICITY OF FLUOXETINE AND FLUVOXAMINE OCENA WPŁYWU FOTOLABILNYCH LEKÓW NA FOTODEGRADACJĘ I TOKSYCZNOŚĆ FLUOKSETYNY I FLUWOKSAMINY

Agata Drobniewska, Milena Wawryniuk, Katarzyna Sikorska, Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw [email protected]

A significant number of pharmaceuticals resulting from point and diffuse pollution is present in the aquatic environment (Giebułtowicz and Nałęcz-Jawecki 2014, Stankiewicz et al. 2015). In therapeutics, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are the most widely used antidepressants. Direct and/or indirect photocatalytic degradation is likely to be the most important mechanism of their elimination in freshwaters. Photodegradation of antidepressants has been studied by numerous investigators. However, only few studies determined the toxicity of photoproducts. Diclofenac, non steroidal anti inflammatory drug, and triclosan, an antibacterial and antifungal agent used in medicine and many cosmetics products, are photolabile compounds detected in high concentrations in municipal wastewaters. Their direct photodegradation led to the formation of reactive intermediates including radicals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of photolabile pharmaceuticals on the photodegradation and toxicity of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine. The process was evaluated both by chemical analytical methods and bioassay. HPLC with photodiode detector was used for monitoring the degradation of the target compounds, while HPLC MS/MS systems were applied for identification of degradation products. Ecotoxicity of samples before and after irradiation was assessed with the Spirotox assay with a ciliated protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum. As a positive control of the indirect photodegradation, water with humic acids was used. The results show that fluoxetine, chlorpromazine and triclosan were very toxic to S. ambiguum. Humic acid and diclifenac, in used concentration, were not toxic to organisms and their addition to fluoxetine and fluvoxamine solutions had no effect on the toxicity of pharmaceuticals before irradiation. The toxicity of irradiated mixtures of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine with chlorpromazine, diclofenac, triclosan and humic acid were lower than the toxicity of non-irradiated samples.

Keywords: pharmaceuticals in the environment, photodegradation, Spirotox

References: Giebułtowicz J., Nałęcz-Jawecki G. 2014. Occurrence of antidepressant residues in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata rivers and in tap water in Warsaw (Poland). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 104: 103-9. Stankiewicz A., Giebułtowicz J., Stankiewicz U., Wroczyński P., Nałęcz-Jawecki G. 2015. Determination of selected cardiovascular active compounds in environmental aquatic samples – Methods and results, a review of global publications from the last 10 years. Chemosphere 138: 642-56.

Research was financed by the Medical University of Warsaw, from the Grant for Young Scientists managed by Milena Wawryniuk (FW14/PM1/16).

48 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE FORMULATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF Cu AND zn IN SOIL – MOBILE FORMS AND ORGANIC MATTER-BOUND FORMS WPŁYW ZMIAN W FORMULACJI NAWOZÓW MIENRALNYCH NA ZAWARTOŚĆ Cu I Zn W GLEBIE – FORMY MOBILNE I ZWIĄZANE Z MATERIĄ ORGANICZNĄ

Barbara Filipek-Mazur, Monika Tabak, Krzysztof Gondek, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

Increasing deficiency of microelements in soils results from: a reduction in doses of natural fertilizes, a decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers containing the so-called ballast, a reduction in the emission of industrial pollutants as well as cultivation of high-yielding cultivars (Stanisławska- Glubiak and Korzeniowska 2007). Microelement deficiency in soil may result in a reduction in the amount and deterioration of plant yield quality. The aim of the research was to determine the availability of copper and zinc in soil after application of Salmag (solid mineral fertilizer, a mixture of ammonium nitrate with calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate) enriched with salts of these elements (Cu and Zn were introduced in doses 0.5%, 1% and 5%). The laboratory experiment was conducted for 120 days on light and medium soils, in two series (non-limed and limed). Mobile forms -3 -3 of copper and zinc were extracted with a mixture of 0.1 mol∙dm NH2-OH-HCl and 1 mol∙dm -3 NH4OAc (pH 6.0), whereas organic matter-bound forms – with 0.025 mol∙dm NH4-EDTA (pH 4.6) (Zeien and Brümmer 1989). We observed an increase in the content of both of the studied fractions of copper and zinc in the soils, especially after application of fertilizers enriched with 1% and 5% addition of each element. Direction and strength of the liming effect on the availability of elements depended on the soil agronomic category and on the studied form of elements.

Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer, microelements, copper, zinc, soil

References: Stanisławska-Glubiak E., Korzeniowska J. 2007. Zasady nawożenia mikroelementami roślin uprawnych. Studia i Raporty IUNG – PIB, 8: 99-109. Zeien H., Brümmer G.W. 1989. Chemische Extraktion zur Bestimmung von Schwermetallbindungsformen in Böden. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 59: 505-510.

This Research was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland and the Company Grupa Azoty ZAK Spółka Akcyjna.

49 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF SLURRY ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND ACCUMULATION OF SOIL NUTRIENTS OCENA WPŁYWU WIELOLETNIEGO STOSOWANIA GNOJOWICY NA ŚRODOWISKO ORAZ AKUMULACJĘ SKŁADNIKÓW W GLEBIE

Renata Gaj, Anna Budka, Krzysztof Bąk, Paulina Izychard Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego str. 71F, 60-625 Poznań, Poland [email protected]

The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of a long-term application of swine slurry and post-fermentation sludge from a biogas plant on the environment as well as on the accumulation of mineral constituents in the soil. Experiments were carried out on two farms belonging to Poldanor SA. Agricultural Enterprise. The above farms are situated in two villages: Giżyno and Miętno in Western-Pomerania Voivodeship. The total area of these farms is 870.62 ha. Post-fermentation sludge from a biogas plant was used in the farm in Giżyno, while on fields in Miętno farm swine slurry was applied. Chemical properties of the soil such as content of nitrogen, available forms of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and soil reaction as well as ground water quality were subjected to thorough analyses. Long-term application of slurry and sludge exerted a distinct effect on the decline in the soil reaction, although this impact was smaller in comparison with mineral fertilization. The reaction of the examined soils was acid. The content of both available phosphorus and mineral nitrogen in soils of the two farms increased. Majority of the fields fertilized both with the slurry and sludge was characterized by high available phosphorus content posing a threat to surface and underground waters. No relationship was determined between the kind of the applied fertilization and microelement concentration (B, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe) which, in most cases, showed average concentrations in the examined soils. Ground water quality was found to have improved which was the result of certain pro-environmental investments undertaken by the Poldanor SA. Agricultural Enterprise. The obtained mineral constituent balances indicated a surplus of phosphorus, a significant deficiency of potassium and – depending on the examined field – a surplus or shortage of nitrogen in the analyzed soils.

Keywords: slurry, post-fermentation sludge, phosphorus balance

50 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE IMPACT OF INTENSE PRECIPITATION ON THE LEACHING OF LABILE FORM OF MERCURY FROM SOILS AND ITS INFLOW INTO THE BALTIC SEA WPŁYW INTENSYWNYCH OPADÓW NA WYMYWANIE LABILNEJ FORMY RTĘCI Z GLEB I JEJ DOPŁYW DO MORZA BAŁTYCKIEGO

Karolina Gębka, Dominika Saniewska, Magdalena Bełdowska Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Gdansk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography [email protected]

For several years mercury has been recognized as a one of the most dangerous world pollutants. Despite all the restrictions, the concentration of the metal is not stable over the years in the environment. Mercury can get into the human organism through the consumption of sea food/fishes, respiratory system and skin (Bose-O’Reilly et al. 2010, HELCOM 2010). Rivers are the main source of mercury in the Baltic Sea. Due to this, the size and management of river basins have a huge impact on the level of mercury contamination in the coastal region (Saniewska et al. 2014). Moreover, the increase of concentration of Hg in the river water was recorded after intense rainfall enhancing surface runoff. The aim of this work was to estimate the impact of seasonal changes and intense precipitation on the leaching of labile form of Hg from soils. The samples were collected in the Reda river (southern Baltic Sea). The material was collected seasonally in 2015 from three depths of soil layer (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm) and from river sediment. The content of labile form of mercury was analyzed by thermal desorption on DMA analyzer. Due to the combustion of the samples in different temperatures, the labile and stable form of mercury were detected (Saniewska and Bełdowska 2017). The analysis revealed that more than 50% of the total form of mercury was released as a labile form of Hg. A twofold increase of labile form of Hg in source of Reda river after flooding was detected. The leaching of labile mercury from soil and transfer to the river sediment was caused by the increase of the water level in the river. Moreover, the intense precipitation changed in the contribution share in both stable and labile form of mercury in soil and sediment of the Reda.

Keywords: labile mercury, river basins, Baltic Sea, leaching

References: Bose-O’Reilly S., McCarty KM., Steckling N., Lettmeier B. 2010. Mercury exposure and children’s health. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 40: 186-215. HELCOM. 2010. Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. An integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 120B. Saniewska D., Bełdowska M., Bełdowski J., Jędruch A., Saniewski M., Falkowska L. 2014. Mercury loads into the sea associated with extreme flood. Environmental Pollutution 191: 93-100. Saniewska D., Bełdowska M. 2017. Mercury fractionation in soil and sediment samples using thermo- desorption method. Talanta 168: 152-161.

51 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE FORMULATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF Cu AND Zn IN SOIL – FORMS EXTRACTED WITH 1 M HCl WPŁYW ZMIAN W FORMULACJI NAWOZÓW MINERALNYCH NA ZAWARTOŚĆ Cu I Zn W GLEBIE – FORMY WYEKSTRAHOWANE 1 M HCl

Krzysztof Gondek, Barbara Filipek-Mazur, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Monika Tabak Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland [email protected]

The most important indicators of soil fertility are: pH and the availability of assimilable forms of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and recently, also of sulfur (Grzebisz et al. 2007). In agricultural holdings obtaining high yields, special attention is paid to the content of microelements in the soil, which, due to the large amount of biomass produced, was taken up in significant amounts. The problem of microelement deficiencies in the soil may first appear in non- livestock holdings, i.e. ones which do not use natural fertilization of soil. As an alternative, the formulation of mineral fertilizers can be changed by supplementing it with microelement salts. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of copper and zinc available to plants after the application of Salmag enriched with salts of these elements. Salmag used in the laboratory experiment was enriched with 0.5%, 1%, and 5% of copper and zinc salts.The experiment was carried out for 120 days in light and medium soil and two series with liming and no liming. The results show that the content of available forms of Cu and Zn (extracted with 1 mol∙dm-3 HCl) was determined not only by the amount of microelements added to the fertilizer, but also by the agronomic categoryof the soil and its pH. Different availability of the elements was observed during the experiment depending on the soil texture and pH value.

Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer, microelements, copper, zinc, soil

References: Grzebisz W., Barłóg P., Waszak M., Łukowiak R. 2007. Homeostaza żywieniowa a odporność roślin uprawnych na stresy biotyczne. Fragmenta Agronomica XXIV, 3(95): 136-143.

This Research was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland and the Company Grupa Azoty ZAK Spółka Akcyjna.

52 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ECOTOXICITY EVALUATION OF CHIRAL FORMS AND METABOLITES OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICALS OCENA TOKSYCZNOŚCI FORM CHIRALNYCH ORAZ METABOLITÓW WYBRANYCH LEKÓW

Łukasz Grabarczyk1, Anna Białk-Bielińska1, Stefan Stolte2, Alan Puckowski1, Piotr Stepnowski1 1Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk 2UFT – Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strase, D-28359 Bremen [email protected]

Nowadays, many different kinds of pharmaceuticals are emitted to the environment. One of the most commonly used both in medicine and veterinary are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), among which the most popular are naproxen, ibuprofen and ketoprofen. Their presence in the environment has been already proved all over the world (Koumaki et al. 2017). The prevalence of their occurrence determines the need for ecotoxicity evaluation of these compounds. It is important to remember that most currently used drugs are chiral and they are sold as racemates. Chiral forms mostly have different chemical and biological properties, which has an important influence on drugs activity (Nguyen et al. 2006). It suggests that chirality can also have an influence on ecotoxicity of drugs. It is suspected that the ecotoxicity is determinated by the ratio of (S) and (R) forms in the same way as the activity of drugs (Xu et al. 2010). Due to this fact, it is necessary to evaluate the ecotoxicity of (S) and (R)-isomers. It allows to define which form is responsible for negative effects resulting from exposure to drugs. Another issue is the ecotoxicity of drug metabolites. Pharmaceuticals can be released to the environment both in native forms and as metabolites. What is more, they can be degraded by diverse processes like photolysis or hydrolysis. Newly created forms of drugs may be less or more toxic than their original forms, which makes it necessary to evaluate their ecotoxicity (Borgatta et al. 2015). However, the available literature data on this topic is very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effect of chiral form and metabolites of selected pharmaceuticals using tests such as Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Chlorella vulgaris, Vibrio fischeri and Arthrobacter globiformis ecotoxicity test.

Keywords: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, ecotoxicity, chiral drugs, metabolites, pharmaceuticals

References: Borgatta M., Decosterd L.A., Waridel P., Buclin T., Chevre N. 2015. The anticancer drug metabolites endoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen induce toxic effects on Daphnia pulex in a two-generation study. Science of the Total Environment 520: 232-240. Koumaki E., Mamais D., Noutsopoulos C. 2017. Environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in river water/sediment system. Journal of Hazardous Materials 323: 233-241. Nguyen L.A., He H., Pham-Huy C. 2006. Chiral Drugs: an overview. International Journal of Biomedical Science 2(2): 85-100. Xu D., Wen Y., Wang K. 2010. Effect of chiral differences of metolachlor and its (S)-isomer on their toxicity to earthworms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73: 1925-1931.

Financial support was provided by the Polish National Science Center under the Grant 2015/17/B/NZ8/02481.

53 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ELIMINATION OF METHYLMERCURY FROM BALTIC GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS GRYPUS) WITH EXCREMENTS ELIMINACJA METYLORTĘCI Z ORGANIZMU BAŁTYCKIEJ FOKI SZAREJ (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS GRYPUS) POPRZEZ ODCHODY

Agnieszka Grajewska1, Lucyna Falkowska1, Dominika Saniewska1, Iwona Pawliczka2 1Department of Marine Chemistry and Envirenmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, 2 Hel Marine Station Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk [email protected]

Methylmercury is classified as Endocrine Disrupting Compound, which means that it may interfere with the body's endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive and neurological effects on living organisms. Being at the top of the trophic chain, marine mammals are most exposed to effects caused by pollutants present in the environment. Grey seals are therefore highly sensitive to environmental changes, so they can be treated as indicators of pollutants transformations at the highest level of the trophic chain. Seals are exposed to methylmercury mainly through the diet. However, not whole dose is absorbed by the animal. The rest can be excreted with feces or incorporated into fur and claws. The aim of this study was to determine what portion of the methylmercury dose taken with food can be eliminated with excrements. The Hel Marine Station is permanently inhabited by a group of seals consisting of 4 females and 2 males. Up to 4 seal pups are born there every year. All offspring, having been nursed by the mothers and having learnt the ability to catch live Fish, are released into the wild. Samples of excrement were collected from females and males forming breeding herd, as well as from puppies which were born in that time at the station. Samples from adult seals were collected throughout the year, while samples from newborn seals covered the period from birth to the release of seals, taking into account different phases of life – feeding by the female, physiological fasting and learning to hunt live fish. In all Samales, methylmercury concentrations were measured using atomic fluorescence spectroscopy after chromatographic separation (MERX-M, Brooks Rand).

Keywords: methylmercury, baltic grey seal, excrement

54 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

GENERAL RADIOACTIVITY OF SELECTED TYPES OF TEA RADIOAKTYWNOŚĆ OGÓLNA WYBRANYCH RODZAJÓW HERBAT

Katarzyna Grudniewska, Daria Rzeczycka Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland [email protected]

The study investigated the general radioactivity of dried tea and its infusions. Three samples of different species of tea originating in China were tested, including green (1), black (2), white (3). The radiochemical activity was determined using a scintillation probe SSU-3W52 connected to the RUM-2. Before the test, all samples were dried to a constant weight in an oven at 105°C for 24 h. They were then milled on a ball mill and packed into string bags for a period of 21 days to be stabilized. Tea infusions were prepared according to the manufacturer's procedure.

Table 1. Results of general measurements of tea radioactivity Brewing Radioactivity Radioactive Radioactive Loss of Sample Tea Colour method of dried tea tea grounds tea infusion radioactivity no. [ºC] [min] [Bq∙kg-1] [Bq∙dm-3] [%] 1 Que She green 80 1 42.43 33.35 0.498 21.39

2 Saga black 98 2 30.22 18.87 0.311 37.56

3 Yin Zhen white 75 4 28.19 17.30 0.540 38.65

The results in Table 1 show that the overall radioactivity of dried tea ranged from 28.19 to 42.43 Bq∙kg-1. This value decreased according to the following tea series: green > black > white. It is also noted that the total radioactivity of tea after brewing tea leaves decreased and depended on the time of brewing tea. The calculated percentage of eluted radionuclides was within the limit of 21.39-38.65%. The tested tea has a small radioactive content, but the values do not exceed the maximum permitted radionuclide activity for imported products in the European Union (Rozporządzenie... 1990). Also, the total radioactivity of the tea infusions tested ranged between 0.311 and 0.540 Bq∙dm-3, which is considered by WHO to be safe for human consumption (WHO 2011).

Key words: general radioactivity, tea (green, white, black)

References: Rozporządzenie Rady (EWG) nr 737/90 z dnia 22 marca 1990 r. WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition, 9.Radiological aspects, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011.

55 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED METALS IN YERBA MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS, ST. HILLAIRE) ZAWARTOŚCI WYBRANYCH METALI W YERBA MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS, ST. HILLAIRE) I OCENA RYZYKA ZDROWOTNEGO

Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska1, Agnieszka Baran2, Paweł Piwowar2 1Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world mainly because of its pleasant aroma, flavor, and potential positive effect on mood. Recently, there has been a growing interest in Yerba Mate tea. There are many reports of the positive effect of Yerba Mate tea on the human body. It has been shown to lower blood cholesterol, exert a protective effect on the liver, stimulate the central nervous system, helps in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. However, due to contamination of the environment, Yerba Mate tea might contain toxic elements. Thus, concentrations of selected elements were determined in Yerba Mate tea and infusions, which were used next to assess the potential health risk for consumers, according to the US EPA methodology (2007). Total concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd in 15 types of Yerba Mate tea leaves were analysed. Metal concentrations were also analysed in three Yerba Mate infusions. Infusion experiments used 25 g of Yerba Mate tea leaves and 200 cm3 water for each of the three infusions. Metal concentrations in the solutions from tea leaves and brews were determined using Atomic Emission Spectrometry in Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma (ICP-AES) on JY 238 Ultrace apparatus (Jobin Von Emission). Non-carcinogenic risk values were calculated according to the equitation: HQ=EDI/RfD. Reference Dose (RfD) values were taken from the US EPA (2016). Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) were calculated using the formula: EDI [mg ∙ kg-1 bw ∙ day-1] = -1 -3 (C×EF×ED×FIR)/(WAB×TA×1000), where: C – element content (mg∙kg or mg∙dm ), EF – exposure -1 3 - frequency (365 d∙year ), ED – exposure duration (70 years), FIR – tea ingestion rate (0.6 dm ∙person 1 -1 ∙day ), WAB – average body weight (70 kg for an adult), TA – average exposure time (EF×ED). Hazard index (HI) was calculated as the sum of the HQ values. The highest concentration in Yerba Mate tea leaves was for Mn and then for Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd. The highest contraction variation was found for Cr (V=57%) and the lowest for Cu (V=13%). Infusion experiments showed that most elements were released in the first infusion. The non-carcinogenic risk was higher for women than for men in case of every infusion and for all three infusions. The HQ values decreased in the following order for the 1st infusion: Mn>Ni>Cu>Zn>Cd>Fe>Pb>Cr, for the 2nd infusion: Mn>Cu>Ni>Zn>Cd>Fe>Pb>Cr, for the 3rd infusion: Mn>Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd>Fe>Pb>Cr, for all three infusions: Mn>Ni>Cu>Zn>Cd>Fe>Pb>Cr, and for Yerba Mate tea leaves: Mn>Cd>Zn>Pb>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cr. The HQ and HI values were <1, which means that there is no significant non-carcinogenic risk for Yerba Mate tea consumers. Our research and calculations showed that concentrations of analysed elements caused no significant non-carcinogenic risk for consumers during daily consumption of the three infusions of the Yerba Mate tea.

Keywords: Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, risk assessment, tea leaves, infusions

56 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

References: USEPA. 2007. Concepts, Methods and Data Sources for Cumulative Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Chemicals, Exposures and Effects: A Resource Document, EPA/600/R-06/013F Washington (DC). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA. USEPA. 2016. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1), May 2016. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.

57 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED MODIFICATIONS OF FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED FROM WASTE BIOMASS MODYFIKACJE KWASÓW TŁUSZCZOWYCH OTRZYMANYCH Z ODPADOWEJ BIOMASY W POLU PROMIENIOWANIA MIKROFALOWEGO

Łukasz Janus, Julia Radwan-Pragłowska, Marek Piątkowski, Dariusz Bogdał Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology [email protected]

Biodegradable polymers are easily enzymatically cleaved substances, resulting in soluble degradation products, which are an interesting alternative to synthetic materials. Polymers such as cellulose, starch and chitosan can be modified with acylating agents derived from oils which can be found in waste biomass as well as plant oils. Fatty acid chlorides, which are one of the most reactive forms of acylating agents, can be synthesized in a simple process. Firstly, free fatty acids must be obtained from biomass. Next, fatty acid chlorides can be synthetized by reaction with SOCl2, PCl3 or PCl5. In this study a simple way of fatty acid chlorides synthesis from fatty acids contained in waste biomass and pure oils is presented. These materials and their derivatives offer a wide range of applications. Fatty acid chlorides can be used for chemical modification of natural polymers, changing their bioactivity, biodegradability, hydrophobic and physicochemical properties. Synthesis of fatty acids from oil by basic hydrolysis and acidification of the reaction mixture is a classical method of free fatty acid production. In each trial 100 g of each of the following reactants waste canola oil, extracted walnut oil, lard and coconut oil were placed in 400 ml reaction vessel. 150 g of water and stoichiometric amount of solid KOH were added. The reaction mixtures were heated for 60 min under microwave radiation. Next 10% solution of H2SO4 was gradually added to the mixed soap solution to reach pH=1. After phase separation organic layer was dried with anhydrous MgSO4. Microwave-assisted synthesis of fatty acid chlorides was performed by reaction of PCl5 in petroleum ether with a mixture of fatty acids. Reactions yields depending on the oil source were between 86-92%. Results show that fatty acids obtainment from both waste biomass and fresh vegetable oils is suitable for the production of acid chlorides. Moreover microwave radiation used during synthesis has reduced energy consumption during the hydrolysis reaction of oils and the synthesis of fatty acid chlorides. Additionally very reactive fatty acid derivatives are suitable for the chemical modification of naturally occurring polymers, enabling the incorporation of fatty acid molecules into the polymer chain, which allows to obtain a number of new polymers.

Keywords: waste biomass, fatty acids, microwave-assisted synthesis, Green Chemistry, acylating agents

References: Dickschat J. 2017. Lipids: fatty acids and derivatives, polyketides and isoprenoids. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13: 793-794.

58 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

SPECIATION OF COPPER AND ZINC IN GENETIC HORIZONS OF LUVISOLS SPECJACJA MIEDZI I CYNKU W POZIOMACH GENETYCZNYCH ORNYCH GLEB PŁOWYCH

Dawid Jaremko Chair of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Department of Agronomy, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities [email protected]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the total content of copper and zinc and the speciation analysis of these metals in different genetic horizons of arable Luvisoils. The material for analysis was taken from morphologically differentiated three soil profiles located in the Siedlce Upland. Soil samples were dissolved in aqua regia using a microwave mineralizer. The content of the heavy metals in the obtained extracts was determined by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry). The copper and zinc speciation analysis was performed by sequential extraction, according to the BCR procedure, and heavy metal concentrations in the extracts were also determined by the ICP-AES method. In order to demonstrate the biogeochemical affinity of the investigated heavy metals with the other elements (the analysis also included macroelements, microelements and trace elements), the analysis of linear correlations of the total contents and their respective forms was performed. The mean content of copper was 9.12 mg∙kg-1 (range 2.35-17.2 mg∙kg-1) and zinc 29.4 mg∙kg-1 (range 14.4-41.5 mg∙kg-1). The total content of tested heavy metals did not exceed the limit value in soils described by Polish law. The dominant fraction for both metals was the residual fraction, which consisted of forms strongly bound to the soil solid phase. Easily available forms (exchange and acid soluble fraction) constituted a small percentage of the total content of the analyzed metals. Among the potentially mobile and bioavailable forms, the copper reductible and zinc oxidisable fractions dominated. The total content of Cu, Zn was positively correlated with the total content of most of the other elements. There were also significant relationships between the quantity of particular forms of these heavy metals and other investigated elements.

Keywords: speciation, copper, zinc, Luvisols

References: Jaremko D., Kalembasa D. 2011. Specjacja niklu w ornych glebach płowych opadowo-glejowych Wysoczyzny Siedleckiej. Inżynieria Ekologiczna 27: 19-26.

59 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

RECOVERY OF DREDGED MATERIAL FROM RZESZÓW RESERVOIR FOR BENEFICIAL USE AS A FERTILIZER AND SOIL CONDITIONER WYKORZYSTANIE BAGROWANYCH OSADÓW DENNYCH ZE ZBIORNIKA W RZESZOWIE JAKO NAWÓZ ORAZ ŚRODEK DO POPRAWY WŁAŚCIWOŚCI GLEBY

Mateusz Kaczmarski1, Czesława Jasiewicz2, Agnieszka Baran2 1Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Ecosystems Management, The Jan Grodek State Vocational Academy in Sanok 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics,University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

Bottom sediments are materials excavated during dredging of water bodies, ponds, natural streams, channels, and ditches. If the bottom sediment contains or is contaminated with dangerous substances, then it is subjected to the Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment of 11 May 2015 on the recovery of waste outside an installation and equipment. However, if the bottom sediment is not contaminated with toxic substances, it can be used as a fertilizer and a soil improvement agent. The bottom sediment from Rzeszow reservoir was found to be free of toxic substances and therefore it could be used as an agent to improve soil properties. The use of bottom sediments from Rzeszow reservoir for agricultural purposes was investigated under field conditions in the years 2011-2013. The influence of bottom sediment introduced into the light soil on the physicochemical and chemical properties of soil was examined. The impact of the applied sludge on the yielding of two energetic plants, giant miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) and virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita), was evaluated. The experimental design included 3 levels of addition of bottom sediment to soil plus a control object without the above sludge. Doses of the sediment were calculated on the basis of the hydrolytic acidity of the soil and the content of calcium carbonate in the sediment. The bottom sediment was characterized by alkalinity (pHKCl 7.89), and the soil was very acidic (pHKCl 4.53). The samples were collected in autumn of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and the following parameters were determined: pH in 1 mol KCl∙dm-3, hydrolytic acidity (H), the sum of basic cations (S), soil sorption capacity (T) and saturation of the sorption base (V). The study showed that the addition of bottom sediment to soil increased the pH value of the soil. In addition, the introduction of bottom sediment reduced hydrolytic acidity and increased the content of alkaline cations, soil sorption capacity and saturation of the soil sorption complex. Overall, the addition of bottom sediment to soil improved the physicochemical properties of the soil, and the improvement was observed in subsequent years of the experiment. The bottom sediment from the Rzeszów reservoir may be successfully used as a soil improvement agent.

Keywords: bottom sediments, soil conditioner, properties of soil, Rzeszów reservoir

60 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (EOCs) IN LANDFILL LEACHATE AND GROUNWATER SAMPLES RYZYKO ŚRODOWISKOWE ZWIĄZANE Z OBECNOŚCIĄ NOWOPOJAWIAJĄCYCH SIĘ ZANIECZYSZCZEŃ ORGANICZNYCH (EOCs) W ODCIEKACH SKŁADOWISKOWYCH I WODACH GRUNTOWYCH

Justyna Kapelewska, Urszula Kotowska, Joanna Karpińska Zakład Chemii Środowiska, Instytut Chemii, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku [email protected]

Despite the actions taken to reduce the impact of deposited waste on the environment, still water leachates pose a serious threat to the environment waters and soils. In the case of an insufficient insulation system between the mass of landfilled waste and the soil environment, organic pollutants can easily seep into groundwaters, causing their contamination. In recent years, particular attention of analysts has been drawn to emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), due to the negative impact on living organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically carry out research on these compounds in the aqueous environment objects. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the presence and concentration ranges of the endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachate and groundwater samples from northeast Poland. Consequently, we measured the concentrations of 18 EOCs from different groups: antimicrobial preservatives (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, buthylparaben), sunscreen agents (benzophenone, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor), insect repellents (N,N-diethyltoluamide), antiseptics (triclosan), industrial chemicals (bisphenol A), surfactants (4-n-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol), hormones (estrone, 17-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol), non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (diclofenac), anticonvulsants (carbamazepine) in landfill leachates from three MSW landfill sites and groundwaters from two MSW landfill sites. Other specific objectives of the present study were to estimate the environmental risk of the target EOCs to the Polish aquatic environment (groundwater samples).

Keywords: emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), groundwater, leachate, environmental risk, GC-MS

The project was financed by the National Science Centre, based on the decisions DEC-2013/09/N/ST10/02544.

61 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ARSENIC SOLUBILITY AND PHYTOTOXICITY IN HIGHLY ENRICHED SOILS OF ZŁOTY STOK ROZPUSZCZALNOŚĆ I FITOTOKSYCZNOŚĆ ARSENU W SILNIE WZBOGACONYCH GLEBACH ZŁOTEGO STOKU

Anna Karczewska1, Agnieszka Dradrach2, Karolina Lewińska3, Bernard Gałka1, Marcin Siepak4, Katarzyna Szopka1 1Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2Department of Agroecosystems and Green Areas Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 3Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 4Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland [email protected]

Arsenic is a metalloid potentially toxic to humans and biota, including plants. Extremely high concentrations of As in soils occur in the area of gold and arsenic mining and processing in Złoty Stok (Karczewska et al. 2013). In this study, we examined the phytotoxicity of soil pore water extracted from As-rich soils. Soil material was collected from the sites that represented mine dumps and a valley polluted by the spills from tailings impoundments. Soil samples – untreated, acidified, limed, and treated with various amendments, such as Fe-rich wastes and beech litter – were incubated for 140 days at various moisture (80% and 100% of maximum water capacity). It has already been proved that all the factors involved in the study may considerably affect the solubility of arsenic in soils (Lewińska 2011, Wenzel 2013). The samples of soil pore water were collected with Macrorhizon suction samplers after various periods of incubation (2 d, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d, 140 d). Total concentrations of As and the shares of its reduced species, As(III), were determined in soil pore water, together with dissolved organic carbon, pH and Eh values. Particularly high concentrations of As were found in soil solutions collected from those soils that were treated with the beech litter and incubated for a long time in anoxic conditions. Phytotoxicity of soil pore water was examined in the Phytotoxkit® assay, which is a test of chronic toxicity to plants based on inhibition of seeds germination and roots elongation. White mustard Sinapis alba was used as the test plant species. The highest phytotoxicity (100% inhibition of seed germination) was found in those samples of pore water that contained the highest concentrations of As. The results differed strongly among the treatments, indicating that the phytotoxicity of soils extremely rich in arsenic may be controlled by remediation measures and by environmental conditions.

Keywords: Macrorhizon, soil solution, Phytotoxkit, incubation

References: Karczewska A., Krysiak A., Mokrzycka D., Jezierski P., Szopka K. 2013. Arsenic distribution in soils of a former As mining area and processing. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 22(1): 175-181. Lewińska K. 2011. Solubility and phytoavailability of arsenic in contaminated soils in view of their future biological reclamation. PhD Thesis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science (in Polish). Wenzel W.W. 2013. Arsenic. In: Heavy metals in soils. Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Alloway B.J. (ed.). Springer Netherlands, 241-282.

This research was funded by National Science Centre of Poland; Project No. 2016/21/B/ST10/02221.

62 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

A RELEASE OF ANTIMONY FROM SOILS AND ITS SPECIATION IN SOIL PORE WATER IN HISTORICAL MINE SITES UWALNIANIE ANTYMONU Z GLEB I JEGO SPECJACJA W ROZTWORACH GLEBOWYCH NA OBSZARACH HISTORYCZNEGO GÓRNICTWA

Anna Karczewska1, Karolina Lewińska2, Marcin Siepak3, Bernard Gałka1 1Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 2Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 3Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland [email protected]

Environmental behaviour of antimony, a toxic metalloid, remains poorly recognized. It is known that transformations of Sb in the environment are similar to those of arsenic, but their responses to various factors may be different (Filella 2011). Reduced Sb form, Sb (III), is much more toxic than Sb(V), and this form usually dominates in anoxic conditions (Clemente 2013). High concentrations of Sb in soils occur in the areas of contemporary or historical mining and processing of antimony ores, as well as in the sites where other metals and arsenic were mined and processed. There are several such sites in the Sudetes, with enhanced Sb concentrations in soils, up to 427 mg∙kg-1 (Lewińska et al. 2017), although much lower than those reported from other sites in the world. In this study, we examined the factors that may affect the release of Sb from soil solid phase into the pore water. Soil samples particularly rich in Sb were collected from 6 historical mining sites in the Sudetes. Soils were treated with various amendments, including acidic or alkaline solutions, Fe-rich materials and beech litter, and incubated for 1 month at various moisture (80% and 100%). The samples of soil pore water were collected periodically using the Macrorhizon suction samplers. Total Sb, as well as Sb(III) and Sb(V) concentrations were determined by HPLC-ICP-QQQ (Siepak et al. 2016). In some cases, the total concentrations of Sb in pore water were higher than 100 μg∙dm-3, considerably exceeding the threshold for good quality underground water and drinking water (5 μg∙dm-3). Soil amendment with Fe-rich material reduced Sb solubility, particularly in the initial stage of the experiment. At the beginning of incubation, the contributions of Sb(III) were extremely low (<1%), and tended to increase in certain conditions, depending on pH, Eh and treatment.

Keywords: Sb, solubility, incubation, Macrorhizon, HPLC-ICP-QQQ

References: Clemente R. 2013. Antimony. In: Heavy metals in soils. Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Alloway B.J. (ed.). Springer Netherlands, 497-506. Filella M. 2011. Antimony interactions with heterogeneous complexants in waters, sediments and soils: a review of data obtained in bulk samples. Earth-Science Reviews 107(3): 325-341. Lewińska K., Karczewska A., Siepak M., Gałka B., Stysz M., Kaźmierowski C. 2017. Recovery and leachability of antimony from mine- and shooting range soils. Journal of Elementology 22(1): 79-90. Siepak M., Lewińska K., Karczewska A., Gałka B. 2016. Speciation of antimony in pore water of shooting range soils - the effects of remediative soil amendments. Proceedings of TraceSpec 2016, Gdańsk. P.19, 88.

This research was funded by National Science Centre of Poland; Project No. 2014/13/B/ST10/02978.

63 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EFFECT OF SILVER NANOPARTCILES ON STEROID CONTENT IN THE CHICKEN OVARY WPŁYW NANOCZĄSTEK SREBRA NA ZAWARTOŚĆ STEROIDÓW W JAJNIKU KURY

Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik, Kinga Kowalik, Małgorzata Grzesiak, Andrzej Sechman Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

As the prevalence of nanotechnology and nanomaterials is getting greater, there has been an increasing public interest in information concerning the safety of products containing nanoparticles. Thus, the general concern is whether the “nano” may affect the environment or the human health. One of the most commonly used nanoparticles are silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are present in many customer products. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effect of AgNPs on progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone content in the chicken ovarian tissues. The experiment was performed on 36 laying hens which received per os 1ml∙kg-1 b.w. of colloidal solution of AgNPs in two sizes: 13 nm (10 ppm) and 50 nm (100 ppm) for 7 or 14 consecutive days. Birds were decapitated 2 h after ovulation and the following tissues were isolated: prehierarchical follicles (1-4 mm, 4-8 mm) and theca and granulosa layers from the preovulatory follicles (F3-F1). Tissues were homogenized in liquid nitrogen and dissolved in phosphate buffer just before radioimmunoassay analysis (RIA). Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test and considered to be significant at P<0.05. RIA analysis revealed that there were no changes in steroid content in the chicken ovary after 1 week of AgPN treatment. However, after 2 weeks administration of 50 nm AgNPs testosterone content increased in 4-8 mm prehierarchical follicles, while estradiol level diminished significantly in 1-4 mm prehierarchical follicles following 13 and 50 nm AgNPs treatment. The obtained results suggest that AgNPs alter the steroid content in prehierarchical chicken ovarian follicles and this group of follicles is more vulnerable to silver nanoparticles treatment than preovulatory ones.

Keywords: steroids, chicken, ovary, silver nanoparticles

Research supported by grant of National Science Centre, Poland: 2014/15/N/NZ9/01435.

64 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE IMPACT OF FEED YEAST (YARROWIA LIPOLYTICA) ON BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS FROM SOIL, ASHES AND SEWAGE SLUDGE WPŁYW DROŻDŻY PASZOWYCH (YARROWIA LIPOLYTICA) NA BIODOSTĘPNOŚĆ METALI CIĘŻKICH Z GLEBY, POPIOŁÓW I OSADÓW ŚCIEKOWYCH

Wojciech Kępka, Jacek Antonkiewicz Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków [email protected], [email protected]

Heavy metal pollution is a growing problem mainly caused by industrialization, which concerns particularly developing countries. Mining, metallurgical industry, waste storage, transport, industrial emission and agriculture are examples of industries that produce large quantities of heavy metals. The problem of heavy metal pollution is basically associated with acute toxicity linked with chosen metals (Cu, Hg or Cd). Thus, they remain in nature for a long time and are accumulated through the food chain, which creates a threat to public health (Baran and Antonkiewicz 2017). Yarrowia lipolytica is one of the most extensively studied non-conventional yeasts which is currently used as a model for the study of protein secretion, peroxisome biogenesis, dimorphism, degradation of hydrophobic substrates, and several new fields (Groenewald et al. 2014). The aim of the study was to show an effective degree of biosorption of heavy metals from soil-ash and soil-sewage sludge mixtures by Yarrowia lipolytica. Studies on the possibility of using yeast Y. lipolytica were carried out under a strict three-year pot experiment. Two types of soil were used in the experiment. One of them had a natural content of heavy metals, another of them had the higher content of heavy metals. Ash from biomass and municipal sewage sludge were introduced to the soil. The test plant during the experiment was maize (Zeay mays L.). An analysis of the chemical composition of the soil and plant biomass found that Y. lipolytica yeast supplement affected the immobilization of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb in the soil. As a result, maize took up smaller quantities of these pollutants.

Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica, heavy metals, bioremediation, sewage slugde, fly ash

References: Baran A., Antonkiewicz J. 2017. Phtytotoxicity and extractability of heavy metals from industrial wastes. Environment Protection Engineering 44(2): 143-155. DOI: 10.5277/epe170212. Groenewald M., Boekhout T., Neuvéglise C., Gaillardin C., Van Dijck P. W., Wyss M. 2014. Yarrowia lipolytica: safety assessment of an oleaginous yeast with a great industrial potential. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 40(3): 187-206.

65 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ISOLATION OF RHIZOBACTERIA FROM SALINE SOILS AND THEIR USE TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM SALT STRESS IZOLACJA RYZOBAKTERII Z GLEB ZASOLONYCH I ICH WYKORZYSTANIE DO OCHRONY ROŚLIN PRZED STRESEM SOLNYM

Anna Kisiel, Ewa Kępczyńska Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin [email protected]

More than 6% of the world’s total land area is salt-affected and salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect modern agriculture. Soil salinity stresses plants in two ways: high concentrations of salts in the soil solution make it difficult for roots to uptake water, and high concentrations of salts within plants can be toxic (Bui 2013). Howewer, about 1% of the species of plants, halophytes, can grow in coastal or inland saline soils (Manousaki and Kalogerakis 2011). In the rhizosphere of all plants, including halophytes, there are bacteria that promote plant growth. These bacteria, known as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), may protect plants against abiotic stress, including salinity, e.g. through changes in oxidative status of the plant (Glick 2012). The aim of this study was (1) to isolate, select and identify PGPR from rhizosphere of plants growing on the dunes of the Baltic Sea coast, (2) to investigate the effect of bacteria inoculation of Medicago sativa seedlings on growth and the level of H2O2 and catalase activity under conditions of salt stress. Of the 72 isolated strains 10 were able to grow in the presence of sodium chloride at a concentration of 400 mM. Molecular identification of bacteria based on the fragment of the 16S rRNA gene showed their similarity to the strains belonging to Pseudomonas koronensis, P. migulae, P. umsongensis and P. baetica. Two strains (P. koronensis 2R3 and 3R3) were shown to effectively protect M. sativa seedlings from high concentrations of NaCl (300 mM). Inoculation with these two strains caused changes in plant oxidative status, which was mainly due to an increase in catalase activity. In summary, the rhizosphere of halophytes may be the source of bacteria which positively affect other plants, in particular to protect them against the harmful effects of salt.

Keywords: salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, oxidative status

References: Bui E.N. 2013. Soil salinity: a neglected factor in plant ecology and biogeography. Journal of Arid Environments 92: 14-25. Glick R. 2012. Plant growth-promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Scientifica. Manousaki E., Kalogerakis N. 2011. Halophytes – an emerging trend in phytoremediation. International Journal of Phytoremediation 13: 959-969.

66 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

JOINT EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PAH COMPOUNDS ON SELECTED PARAMETERS OF SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ŁĄCZNY WPŁYW RÓŻNYCH ZWIĄZKÓW WWA NA WYBRANE PARAMETRY AKTYWNOŚCI BIOLOGICZNEJ GLEBY

Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas1, Anna Maria Gajda2, Karolina Furtak2, Urszula Pasternak1 1Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, 2Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute [email protected]

Most ecotoxicological studies focus on exposure and effects of single compounds. However, organisms in a polluted environment are generally exposed to many pollutants, some of which have drastically different chemical properties, modes of toxicity and potential to interact. One of the group of pollutants which may exhibit toxic activity towards biological elements of the soil environment are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs belong to nonionic organic chemicals characterized by narcosis as a mode of toxic action. It is expected that toxicity of these compounds in the mixture should be additive; the combined effect of chemicals should be equal to the sum of each chemicals effect alone. The aim of the study was to evaluate the joint toxicity of the mixture of five PAHs on soil biological activity. Selected PAH compounds (fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene and -3 chrysene) of different properties (Sw: 2-1900 µg∙dm , log Kow: 4.18-5.86) were spiked to the soils at the levels of 10, 50, 100 and 500 mg of individual hydrocarbon per kg of dry soil. The activity of enzymes (dehydrogenases – EC 1.1, acid phosphatase – EC 3.1.3.2, alkaline phosphatase – EC 3.1.3.1) and the potential of nitrification were selected for evaluation of the reaction of microorganisms to soil pollution with PAHs. The experiment was conducted under strictly controlled temperature (20±2°C) and humidity conditions (55% of WHC) for two weeks. The toxic effect of the PAH mixture on soil microorganisms was expressed as an index of inhibition/stimulation (II/S) and as an index of soil resistance (RS). The measured parameters differed in sensitivity to the PAH presence in soils; the highest values of II/S index were observed for the nitrification potential and alkaline phosphatase activity (-0.52 and -0.28, respectively). Soil resistance was related to the level of PAH mixture and the properties of the investigated soils.

Keywords: mixture of pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, enzymatic activity, nitrification potential

Financial support from the IUNG Statutory Research Project 3.11 “Interactions of pollutants in mixtures in relation to different soil conditions” is kindly acknowledged.

67 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

SITE-SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE APPROACH – AGRICULTURAL AREA IN POLAND AS A CASE STUDY OCENA RYZYKA EKOLOGICZNEGO W OPARCIU O METODĘ OCENY DOWODÓW – TERENY UŻYTKOWANE ROLNICZO W POLSCE JAKO STUDIUM PRZYPADKU

Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Barbara Maliszewska-Kordybach, Bożena Smreczak Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute [email protected]

The agricultural regions are often located in the vicinity of highly urbanized/industrialized areas and may be exposed to emission of various pollutants. The occurrence of contaminants in soil above certain levels entails multiple negative consequences for the agricultural ecosystem and for the food chain. For assessing the hazard from chemical contamination, the ecological risk assessment (ERA) procedures are recently applied. ERA methods are often generic and based on simple comparison of soil concentrations with soil screening values (SSV). Recently, the importance of Weight of Evidence (WoE) methods, taking into account the specific environmental conditions and exposure in a given area Has been emphasized. WoE is a process of combining information from multiple lines of evidence (LoE) to reach a conclusion about an environmental system or stressor. The aim of the study was the implementation of Triad procedure for evaluation of the risk in the agricultural area exposed to different PAH contamination/emission sources. The Triad method is a specific form of WoE approaches and is based on simultaneous and integrated deployment of chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological information in the risk assessment. This methodology has been recently recommended for the site-specific risk assessment of terrestrial ecosystems. The study area covered the territory of arable land in the South-West part of Upper Silesia region in Poland. The measured concentration of PAHs were evaluated according to the Polish guidelines. A battery of biotests was applied to describe ecotoxicological and ecological characteristics of the research area; the results were integrated in different LoE, and the integrated risk indexes were calculated. ERA assessment according to the generic approach indicated that almost 60% of the research area is under ecological risk. Incorporation of the Triad method into risk assessment procedure allowed for a more realistic determination and delineation of only one site of high risk located in the vicinity of coke plant.

Keywords: ecological risk assessment, weight of evidence, Triad approach, agricultural soils, contamination

The studies were partly supported from the National Science Centre project No UMO-2011/03/B/ST10/05015 and the IUNG Statutory Research Project 3.11.

68 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE TRACE ELEMENTS IN FLOOD PLAIN ALLUVIA OF UPPER KAMIENNA RIVER VALLEY (HOLY CROSS MOUNTAINS) PIERWIASTKI ŚLADOWE W ALUWIACH RÓWNINY ZALEWOWEJ DOLINY GÓRNEJ KAMIENNEJ (GÓRY ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE)

Edyta Kłusakiewicz1, Tomasz Kalicki1, Jan Horák2,3, Paweł Przepióra1, Marcin Frączek1, Mariusz Chrabąszcz1 1Department of Geomorphology, Geoarchaeology and Environmental Management, Institute of Geography, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 2Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, 3Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic [email protected]

The research area is located in the upper course of Kamienna River, downstream of Skarżysko-Kamienna, near Marcinków (Świętokrzyskie Province). The valley is filled with the Quaternary deposits 20-30 m thick (Filonowicz 1979), mainly fluvioglacial sands and gravels of the Oder glaciations. Sandy-gravel alluvia of braided river created two levels of the Pleistocene terraces. The Holocene flood plain of Marcinków surroundings is a significantly complicated structure caused by the presence of several alluvial bodies from different ages. The flood plain alluvia were investigated by some sedimentological and geochemical methods (determination of pH as well as concentration of carbonates and elements). These analyses showed several regularities connected with the accumulation of trace elements. Increased concentrations of As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn are clearly visible especially in layers where a significant amount of organic matter or/and clay fraction occurs. Therefore, peat deposits which had been accumulated as palaeochannel fill since the Late Glacial and Holocene transition were enriched not only in the mentioned trace elements, but also macronutrients, such as S, K, Fe and P. Periodic floods, often covering almost the whole flood plain in historical and modern time, caused a significant geochemical accumulation in overbank and flood channels deposits. Human impact has a rather direct meaning, and it is usually limited to topsoils. It can be connected with a relatively poorly developed agriculture (As, Zn, Cu, Pb) or impact of the nearby railway (Pb, Zn). In some cases, a relation between Old-Polish Industry Region’s activity and enrichment of Fe and other heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu etc.) can occur.

Keywords: flood plain alluvia, trace elements

References: Filonowicz P. 1979. Objaśnienia do Szczegółowej mapy geologicznej Polski. Arkusz Skarżysko-Kamienna 1:50 000. Wydawnictwo Geologiczne, Warszawa.

69 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE STRATEGY AND AN UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING STRATEGIA I SZACOWANIE NIEPEWNOŚCI ETAPU POBIERANIA PRÓBEK ŚRODOWISKOWYCH

Piotr Konieczka Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology [email protected]

Chemical analysis always begins by defining the analytical problem pertaining to the object under analysis. Information obtained as a result of the analysis is aimed at answering the question asked during the formulation of the problem. The knowledge of the analytical problem is necessary in the selection of an appropriate strategy of sample collection. Regardless of the method and conditions of sample collection, an analyst must be sure that the analytical sample represents the entire tested material and that it will be possible to solve the problem on the basis of its analysis. If an analyst is to formulate correct conclusions on the properties of an object, of which only a part is analyzed, this part must be a faithful reflection of this object. A representative sample is a sample collected in a way ensuring that its chemical composition is as similar as possible to the average composition of the total quantity of the material under analysis. Collecting a representative sample is very important in chemical analysis due to the fact that the analytical methods used allow testing of a more or less limited number of samples of the entire material, which is to be assessed on the basis of results of the analysis. The fact is that the total uncertainty of the analysis includes both sample collection uncertainty caused by heterogeneity of the analyzed material and uncertainty of final determination. The selection of the method for determining the main sources of uncertainty of the sampling stage leads to various methods/ways of their estimation. The sampling plan should be prepared in accordance with recommendations contained in standard EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (point 5.7). A poorly constructed sampling plan leads to a situation in which the results of determinations performed at the laboratory become useless/unreliable, and this, in turn, may bring financial, health, and environmental consequences.

Keywords: sampling, uncertainty, environmental samples, validation

References: Bodnar M., Namieśnik J., Konieczka P. 2013.Validation of sampling procedure. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51: 117-126. Bodnar M., Konieczka P., Namieśnik J. 2015. Sampling strategies: Statistics of sampling. In: Analytical separation science. First Edition. Anderson J.L., Berthod A. (eds.). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Gy P. 1998. Sampling for analytical purposes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester. ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.

70 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

FERTILIZER VALUE OF COMPOSTS OBTAINED WITH ADDITION OF COFFEE GROUNDS AND CORN WARTOŚĆ NAWOZOWA KOMPOSTÓW Z DODATKIEM FUSÓW Z KAWY I KUKURYDZY

Michał Kopeć1, Jacek Antonkiewicz1, Hugh Martin2 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland 2Principal Lecturer in Agricultural Science, Royal Agricultural University Cirencester Gloucestershire, UK [email protected]

Management of catering waste, including coffee grounds, is becoming an important economic issue. Coffee grounds contain not only organic compounds but also mineral compounds, including macronutrients and micronutrients. The purpose of the study was to determine the fertilizer value of composts obtained using coffee grounds. The composts were prepared on the basis of vegetable raw material, coffee grounds with the addition of biochar or effluent obtained during yeast production. The composting process was carried out for 140 days. The content of macronutrients and trace elements was determined in the product with regard to the admissible values for organic fertilizers. Composts with a very high proportion of coffee grounds meet the criteria regarding the minimum NPK and organic matter content in the fertilizer aspect. Coffee grounds are characterized by a low content of heavy metals which in practice can cause their dilution in biological processing products. Utilization of the effluent from a yeast factory for irrigation of composted biomass is not possible on an industrial scale. A small addition of this waste leads to significant salinity of the compost.

Keywords: biochar, coffee grounds, compost, fertilizer value

References: Gondek K., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Baran A., Szostek M., Pieniążek R., Pieniążek M., Stanek-Tarkowska J., Noga T. 2016. The effect of low-temperature conversion of plant materials on the chemical composition and ecotoxicity of biochars. Waste and Biomass Valorization 8(3): 599-609. DOI:10.1007/s12649-016-9621-2. Khan N., Clark I., Sánchez-Monedero M.A., Shea S., Meier S., Qi F., Kookana R.S., Bolan N. 2016. Physical and chemical properties of biochars co-composted with biowastes and incubated with a chicken litter compost, Chemosphere 142: 14-23. Saveyn H., Eder P. 2014. End-of-waste criteria for biodegradable waste subjected to biological treatment (compost & digestate): Technical proposals. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

71 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE USEFULNESS OF PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, SALIX VIMINALIS AND ZEA MAYS FOR THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH NICKEL PRZYDATNOŚĆ PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, SALIX VIMINALIS I ZEA MAYS DO FITOREMEDIACJI GLEB ZANIECZYSZCZONYCH NIKLEM

Jolanta Korzeniowska, Ewa Stanislawska-Glubiak Department of Weed Science and Soil Tillage Systems in Wroclaw, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute in Pulawy [email protected]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Phalaris arundinacea, Salix viminalis and Zea mays for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with nickel. A two-year microplot experiment was carried out with plants growing on Ni-contaminated soil. Microplots measuring 1×1×1m, were filled with Haplic Luvisols soil. Simulated soil contamination with Ni was introduced in −1 the following doses: 0 – no metals, Ni1 – 60, Ni2 – 100 and Ni3 – 240 mg∙kg . The phytoremediation potential of plants was evaluated using a tolerance index, bioaccumulation factor, and translocation factor. None of the tested plants was a species with high Ni phytoremediation potential. All of them demonstrated a total lack of usefulness for phytoextraction. However, they can be in some way useful for phytostabilization. Z. mays accumulated large amounts of Ni in the roots, which made it useful for phytostabilization, but at the same time showed little tolerance to this metal. For this reason, it can be successfully used only on soils medium-contaminated with Ni, where a large yield decrease did not occur. Its biomass may be safely used as cattle feed, as the Ni transfer from roots to shoots was strongly restricted. P. arundinacea and S. viminalis accumulated too little Ni in the roots to be considered as typical phytostabilization plants. However, they may be helpful for phytostabilization due to their high tolerance to Ni. These plants can grow in the soil contaminated with Ni, acting as a protection against soil erosion or the spread of contamination.

Keywords: soil contamination, nickel, phytostabilization, maize, reed canary grass, willow

72 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

INFLUENCE OF ZEA MAYS ON THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON REMOVAL IN SOIL AMENDED WITH PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS GROWN ON WASTE LIGNOCELLULOSIC SUBSTRATES WPŁYW ZEA MAYS NA USUWANIE WIELOPIERŚCIENIOWYCH WĘGLOWODORÓW AROMATYCZNYCH Z GLEBY Z DODATKIEM PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS ROSNĄCYM NA ODPADOWYM PODŁOŻU LIGNOCELULOZOWYM

Zdeněk Košnář1, Johanka Wernerová1, Ivan Jablonský2, Martin Koudela2, Pavel Tlustoš1 1Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic [email protected]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic contaminants with toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic properties, and 16 basic PAHs are included in the priority pollutant list because they may pose serious threats to the environment and biota (US EPA 2016). Phytoremediation as well as mycoremediation of PAHs–contaminated soils might be an environmentally friendly way of PAH degradation (Haritash and Kaushik 2009). In this work, a 120-day pot experiment was conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of total PAHs including their compounds of low, medium and high molecular weights (LMW, MMW, and HMW PAHs). The experimental soil was spiked with 16 US PAHs, which resulted in 1506.5 ± 34.0 µg∙kg-1 DM soil of average initial content of total PAHs. Contaminated soil was amended with mushroom substrates of Pleurotus ostreatus grown on two fractions of woodchips (10-30, 30-50 mm long, and their 1:1 (w/w) mixture) and compared with non-amended soil. Half of treatments were planted with maize (Zea mays) and the other half was left bare. The analyses of PAHs in solid samples were performed using the ultrasonic extraction (US EPA 2007) with further determination/quantification of PAHs by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection according to US EPA (1998). At the end of the experiment the significantly highest removal of PAHs (P<0.05) was observed in soil amended with 10–30 mm mushroom substrate when the content of LMW, MMW, HMW, and total PAHs significantly decreased, on average, by 221.8, 162.3, 157.3, and 541.4 µg∙kg-1 DM soil, respectively. Although the PAHs were able to accumulate in maize roots (up to 119.9 µg∙kg-1 DW), the influence of maize to enhance the PAH degradation in soil was not obvious because the removal efficiency of PAHs in planted soil amended with substrate (10-30 mm) was not significantly different in comparison to the respective non-planted soil.

Keywords: PAHs, phytoremediation, mycoremediation, ligninolytic fungi

References: Haritash, A.K., Kaushik, C.P. 2009. Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 169(1-3): 1-15. US EPA. 1998. Method 8270D. Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washinghton, DC. US EPA. 2007. Method 3550C. Ultrasonic Extraction. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washinghton, DC. US EPA. 2016. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40 e-CFR. Chapter I. Subchapter N. Part 423: Appendix A to 40 CFR, part 423 – 126 Priority pollutants. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washinghton, DC.

73 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

REMOVAL OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS FROM WATER SAMPLES BY WOLFFIA ARRHIZA USUWANIE ZWIĄZKÓW ENDOKRYNNYCH Z PRÓBEK WODNYCH PRZEZ WOLFFIA ARRHIZA

Urszula Kotowska, Anna Świrydo Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland [email protected]

The use of plant organisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment meets all the requirements of "green" purification processes. Wastewater purification by plants is most useful in countries with warm climates, and, because of its advantages, seems to be an ideal solution for developing countries. The use of duckweeds, including Lemna and Spirodela spp. for pollutants removal from different kinds of wastewater has been well known for many years, but the applicability of Wolffia arrhiza to water purification has received little attention. W. arrhiza is the smallest flowering plant. Under conditions allowing carrying out photosynthesis it behaves like a typical photosynthetic plant. In the case of limited access to light it changes the mode of feeding, and begins to collect nutrients from the environment. It is considered as an indicator of eutrophication, as its intense biomass growth is possible only in an environment rich in biogenic compounds. For this reason, in presented work the effectiveness of the use of Wolffia arrhiza for removing endocrine disrupting compounds: bisphenol A and eight phthalates from artificial growing medium and real municipal wastewater samples was studied. Additionally, the purification experiments were done with the use of Lemna minor, an organism from the duckweed family which is most often employed for wastewater purification. Plant cultivation on growth media enriched with endocrine compounds and real wastewater samples was conducted under controlled conditions of temperature and light for 7 days. The degree of the reduction of the compounds concentration determined at that time varied between 75% and 100%. The results obtained with W. arrhiza were better than with L.minor. The use of plants for the removal of endocrine compounds gave similar or better results comparing to conventional wastewater treatment processes.

Keywords: endocrine disrupting compounds, phthalates, bisphenol A, phytoremediation, Wolffia arrhiza

74 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

VERMICOMPOST, PRODUCT OF BIOLOGICAL WASTE REVALUATING, SUBSTANCE DETERMINING PHYTOMAS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS WERMIKOMPOST, PRODUKT BIOLOGICZNEGO PRZETWARZANIA ODPADÓW, SUBSTANCJA WPŁYWAJĄCA NA WIELKOŚĆ MASY UPRAWIANYCH ROŚLIN

Peter Kováčik Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia [email protected]

The impact of vermicompost application was assessed in a two-year pot experiment carried out in a vegetation cage located in the area of the SUA in Nitra. The model crop was grain maize. Treatment 1 was a non-fertilized treatment. In treatments 2 and 3, vermicompost was applied in autumn at the same dose of 170 kg∙ha-1 N. In treatments 4 and 5, vermicompost was applied in spring at the same dose of 170 kg∙ha-1 N. In treatments 3 and 5, nitrogen was added to vermicompost as the ammonium nitrate with dolomite at a dose of 60 kg∙ha-1 N. In the growth phase BBCH 16 both applications of vermicompost (autumn and spring) were presented by higher plants with more massive stalks and a higher content of the total chlorophylls in leaves. The pre-sowing addition of mineral nitrogen to composts resulted in even higher plants with more massive stalks and also higher content of chlorophylls in leaves. The highest and most massive maize plants with the highest content of chlorophylls in the growth phase BBCH 16 were detected in the treatment with the spring application of vermicompost and mineral nitrogen. The highly evidential correlation coefficients were determined between the yield of maize grain and three parameters studied in the growth phase BBCH 16. The highest correlation coefficient was between the grain yield and the height of plants and the lowest one between the yield and content of total chlorophylls. The impact on the quantity of maize grain yield was not detected after the spring application of vermicompost without addition of other nutrients. The spring supplementation of mineral nitrogen to composts applied in autumn or spring increased the grain yield significantly. The highest grain yield was detected in the variant where vermicompost and mineral nitrogen were applied in spring.

Keywords: vermicompost, nitrogen, maize, waste, yield prediction

75 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EFFECT OF 4-NITROPHENOL (PNP) AND 3-METHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (PNMC) ON IODOTHYRONINE SECRETION FROM EXPLANTS OF THE THYROID GLAND OF THE HEN (GALLUS DOMESTICUS) WPŁYW 4-NITROFENOLU (PNP) I 3-METYLO-4-NITROFENOLU (PNMC) NA SEKRECJĘ JODOTYRONIN Z EKSPLANTÓW GRUCZOŁU TARCZOWEGO KURY (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)

Kinga Kowalik, Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik, Andrzej Sechman Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland [email protected]

Nitrophenols have been classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals. They have been used in many industrial branches and agriculture, and their accumulation in the environment has serious effects on wildlife and human health, including an influence on the cellular metabolism and reproduction (Ottinger et al. 2005, Michałowicz and Duda 2007, Ahmed et al. 2015). The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro effects of PNP and PNMC on the iodothyronine, i.e. thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), secretion – from explants of the chicken thyroid gland. The experiment was carried out on 28-weeks old Hy-line Brown hens which were kept in lighting schedule of 14L:10D and fed ad libidum. Explants of the thyroid glands were isolated from the laying hens (n=6) 2h after ovulation. They were weighed and incubated for 24h at 39°C in Eagle’s medium supplemented with PNP or PNMC in concentrations of 0 (control group), 10-7, 10-6 or 10-5 M.

Following the incubation the media were collected and kept at -20°C untill determination of T4 and T3 concentrations by RIA method. The results obtained were statistically evaluated by means of one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA); differences between means were analyzed using Tukey’s test (p<0.05). In comparison with the control group, PNP or PNMC at concentrations of 10-7, 10-6 or 10-5 M did not affect T3 and T4 secretion from the explants of the hen thyroid gland. Nevertheless, in the groups incubated in medium supplemented with PNP at concentrations of 10-7 and 10-6 M, as well as -6 PNMC at 10 M, a tendency to increase the T4 secretion was noticed. A similar trend was observed for T3 in all PNP-treated groups. In conclusion, the results obtained showed that analyzed nitrophenols (PNP and PNMC) did not affect iodothyronine secretion from the chicken thyroid gland. However, the observed tendency for increased secretion of both iodothyronines following PNP or PNMC treatment suggests further studies on the effect of nitrophenols on the activity of the chicken thyroid gland.

Keywords: nitrophenol, iodothyronine secretion, thyroidal gland, chicken

References: Ahmed E., Nagaoka K., Fayez M., Samir H., Watanabe G. 2015. Long-term p-nitrophenol exposure can disturb liver metabolic cytochrome P450 genes together with aryl hydrocarbon receptor in Japanese quail. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 115-27. Michałowicz J., Duda W. 2007. Phenols – Sources and toxicity. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 16: 347- 362. Ottinger M.A., Quinn M.J. Jr., Lavoie E., Abdelnabi M.A., Thompson N., Hazelton J.L., Wu J.M., Beavers J., Jaber M. 2005. Consequences of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproductive endocrine function in birds: Establishing reliable end points of exposure. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29: 411-419.

Supported by DS-3243/KFiEZ.

76 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN EDIBLE MUSHROOMS ZAWARTOŚĆ WYBRANYCH METALI CIĘŻKICH W GRZYBACH JADALNYCH

Beata Kuziemska, Andrzej Wysokiński, Dawid Jaremko, Maria Popek Chair of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Department of Agronomy, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities [email protected]

Wild and edible mushrooms are the source of mineral nutrients, but at the same time they also have a high ability to accumulate heavy metals in fruiting bodies. This ability is a species feature, but it also depends on environmental pollution. The aim of the research was to determine the content of iron, manganese, copper, zinc and nickel in forest mushroom (Xerocomus badius), in white and brown mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and in oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Forest mushroom originated from forest complexes located in the districts of: Siedlce, Sokolow Podlaski, Losice and Lukow. White and brown mushrooms and oyster mushrooms were bought at local stores. Total content of heavy metals in mushrooms was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, after dry mineralization of materials in a muffle furnace at 450°C, and dissolution of ash in 10% HCl solution. In order to check the significance of the difference between the average content of determined metals in samples of edible mushrooms, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were performed. Means were grouped into homogeneous groups at significance level α=0.05. The linear correlation coefficients between the contents of these elements were also calculated. The analyzed mushrooms had differentiated contents of the metals determined. The highest average total content of zinc and manganese was found in forest mushrooms (60.6 and 2.54 mg∙kg-1 DM, respectively). The highest amount of copper was determined in brown mushrooms (27.7 mg∙kg-1 DM), white mushrooms contained the biggest quantities of nickel (1.94 mg∙kg-1DM), and the most of iron was found in oyster mushrooms (166 mg∙kg-1 DM). The smallest total content of copper, zinc and nickel was determined in oyster mushrooms (8.72, 25.00, 1.16 mg∙kg-1 DM, respectively) and iron and manganese in white mushrooms (103, 1.32 mg∙kg-1 DM, respectively). The statistical analysis showed significant correlations between the average content of iron and nickel and manganese and zinc in the analyzed mushrooms, as evidenced by high values of linear correlation coefficients (90.77 and 0.86, respectively).

Keywords: heavy metals, edible mushrooms

References: Adamiak E.A., Kalembasa S., Kuziemska B. 2013. Zawartość metali ciężkich w wybranych gatunkach grzybów jadalnych. Acta Agrophysica 20(1): 7-16.

77 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DETERMINATION OF COD IN SOLUTIONS BY MEANS OF DOUBLE-BEAM PEDD (PAIRED EMITTER - DETECTOR DIODES) DETECTOR OZNACZANIE CHZT W ROZTWORACH ZA POMOCĄ DWUWIĄZKOWEGO DETEKTORA PEDD

Bartosz Libecki, Sławomir Kalinowski Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 4, 10-957 Olsztyn [email protected]

PEDD systems have found many applications in analytical chemistry (O’ Toole et al. 2005, Libecki and Kalinowski 2013). Double-beam detectors allow for stable operation of the measuring system relative to the reference system (Kalinowski and Koronkiewicz 2017). The research presented involves testing a prototype photometer with thermostated LEDs systems for measuring the absorbance of a test sample against a reference (Libecki and Kalinowski 2016). The measurements of light absorbance at a wave length of 590 nm for an oxidizing solution containing Cr(VI) were made. Several solutions of organic substances with ThOD (theoretical oxygen 3 demand) of 1 g O2∙dm were used for the tests. The oxidation reactions were carried out at 80°C over set lengths of time in the range of 10-40 min. The COD value was read from the calibration curves. For the study, a miniaturized COD assay was used in sealed vials (ISO 15705: 2002). A close 2 3 relationship (R =0.998) of the absorbance value vs. COD (mg O2∙dm ) for the COD standard 3 (potassium hydrogen phthalate) in the range of 100-1500 mg O2∙dm was established. COD measurements using a prototype photometer showed complete chemical oxidation of selected organic compounds for time lengths of 10-30 min. We found high precision measurements with SD=3.2-15 and the accuracy at the recovery of 98.1-100.4% for n=5. This simple photometer also allows us to measure reaction kinetics. The results indicate that COD determination using a photometer with a PEDD detector may be a low-cost alternative to the currently available photometric detection methods. In combination with the analogue/digital signal converter and a laptop via USB, it becomes a useful tool for rapid monitoring of the content of organic pollutants in wastewater. The photometer may be adapted for continuous measurement in the flow system of the inlet and outlet of the reactants and the analyte using small pumps.

Keywords: COD determination, photometer, PEDD detector

References: Kalinowski S., Koronkiewicz S. 2017. Double-beam photometric direct-injection detector for multi-pumping flow system, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 258: 146-155. Libecki B., Kalinowski S. 2013. Application of the PEDD flow detector for analysis of natural dissolved organic substances in coloured water. Water Science and Technology 68(1): 29-35. Libecki B., Kalinowski S. 2016. Photometer for determination of chemical oxygen demand. Polish utility model no. W.123782, 9 September 2016. O’ Toole M., Lau K.T., Diamond D. 2005. Photometric detection in flow analysis systems using integrated PEDDs. Talanta 66: 1340–1344.

78 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

„THE SECOND” LIFE OF MOBILE PHONES – THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF METAL RECOVERY „DRUGIE” ŻYCIE TELEFONÓW KOMÓRKOWYCH – ICH WPŁYW NA ŚRODOWISKO I MOŻLIWOŚCI ODZYSKU METALI

Magdalena Lisińska Institute of Metals Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Silesian University of Technology [email protected]

Today, manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing industries. Due to the rapid development of technology in the world, the volume of manufactured mobile phones is increasing dramatically. On the other hand, the time of their use decreases rapidly, resulting in the conversion into electronic waste. As it turns out, mobile phones can get a second life. This waste includes, among other things, many valuable recyclable ingredients such as copper, gold and silver, but also toxic substances such as lead, mercury, which must be utilized. The article presents the characteristics of electronic waste (including mobile phones), their environmental impact and the possibility of metal recovery.

Keywords: electronic waste, metal recovery, environmental protection, precious metals, dangerous substances

79 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EVOLUTION OF METHODS AND CHEMICALS FOR CONTROLLING CROP PATHOGENS AS WELL AS HUMAN AND ANIMAL PARASITES FROM THE EARLIEST TO THE PRESENT TIMES EWOLUCJA METOD I ŚRODKÓW CHEMICZNYCH W ZWALCZANIU PATOGENÓW ROŚLIN UPRAWNYCH ORAZ PASOŻYTÓW LUDZI I ZWIERZĄT OD CZASÓW NAJDAWNIEJSZYCH DO WSPÓŁCZESNOŚCI

Jan Łabętowicz1, Jacek Antonkiewicz2, Czesława Jasiewicz2, Elżbieta Boligłowa3, Hubert Wolanin4 1Department Of Soil Environment Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warszawa 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-1202 Kraków 3Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-1202 Kraków 4Institute of Classical Philology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, ul. Prof. Stanisława Łojasiewicza 6, 30-348 Kraków [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

For centuries, people have been fighting against crop pests as well as against human and animal parasites, it being some kind of a 'race' where, on one hand, people improved their tools to fight diseases, plant pests and weeds by using more and more effective methods of controlling them and by using new chemicals, and, on the other hand, biological evolution of pathogens and parasites themselves took place. As a result of this evolution, after some time, pathogens and parasites adapted to new conditions and became resistant to chemicals used. This competition resulted in great technological progress (which developed over the years) in production of new chemicals for controlling pests and parasites. Along with development of the chemical industry, an increasing number of seemingly more attractive synthetic chemical agents for plant protection and for controlling parasites was offered. High effectiveness of these agents is the reason why they are commonly used in agricultural areas all over the world. Based on numerous studies carried out in the 1970s, it was established that synthetic pesticides and parasite control agents pose a great risk to humans and the environment. Therefore, in the years that followed, there were new attempts in plant protection, combining chemical and biological methods, not only to improve yield quality but also to protect the environment. The objective of this study is to show what measures people have taken over the centuries to protect the produced yield, to describe their struggle against human and animal parasites, and also to show the evolution of knowledge regarding methods of chemical fight and environmental problems associated with it.

Keywords: pests, historical aspects, parasites, pesticides, chemicals References: Różański L. 1992. Przemiany pestycydów w organizmach żywych i środowisku. PWRiL, Warszawa, pp. 275. ISBN: 83-09-01553-4. Załęski E. 1930. Początki nauki rolnictwa w starożytności. Wykład inauguracyjny Rektora Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego na otwarciu roku akademickiego 1930/1931, dnia 4-go października roku 1930. Przegląd Współczesny, 103: 1-18.

80 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ION EXCHANEGE RESINS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS IN EPOXIDATION OF VEGETABLE OILS ŻYWICE JONOWYMIENNE JAKO ALTERNATYWA DLA HOMOGENICZNYCH KATALIZATORÓW W EPOKSYDACJI OLEJÓW ROŚLINNYCH

Kornelia Malarczyk-Matusiak, Eugeniusz Milchert Institute of Organic Chemical Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin [email protected]

Epoxidized oils and their derivatives are commonly used as intermediates to obtain industrially significant materials such as lubricants, stabilizers and plasticizers in polymers, urethane foams and coatings (Thames and Yu 1999, Adhvaryu and Erhan 2002). The reason for their universal application is the possibility to change the chemical structure of vegetable oils. Products obtained from plant oils are known to be environmentally friendly, most biodegradable and cleaner (Dinda et al. 2009). Epoxidation of oils can be carried out by different methods. The most widely used process is the epoxidation with pre- or in situ formed organic peroxyacids in the presence of mineral acids:

H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4. The use of mineral acid limits the selectivity and intensifies the side reaction of the epoxy ring opening. Processes carried out by peroxyacids in the presence of acidic ion exchange resins are more environmentally friendly because of much easier separation of the catalyst. Moreover, in comparison to the homogeneous catalysts, the ion exchange resins offer higher selectivity of transformation to epoxy-compounds thanks to a decrease in the rate of opening of the oxirane ring, mainly to glycols and glycol monoesters (Malarczyk and Milchert 2017). Besides ion exchange resins used as catalysts in the vegetable oils, epoxidation can be used more than once. The optimum conditions of the process depend on the type of oil and technological parameters.

Keywords: environmentally friendly process, epoxidation of vegetable oils, ion exchange resins

References: Adhvaryu A., Erhan S.Z. 2002. Epoxidized soybean oil as a potential source of high-temperature lubricants. Industrial Crops and Products 15: 247–250. Dinda S., Veeram N.S.R., Adusumalli R.B. 2009. Production of bio-epoxide and bio-adhesive from non-edible oil. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48: 3268-3270. Malarczyk K., Milchert E. 2017. Epoxidation of rapeseed oil in the presence of acidic ion exchange resin Dowex 50WX2. Oxidation Communications 40(1): 42–50. Thames S.F., Yu H.B. 1999. Cationic UV-cured coatings of epoxide-containing vegetable oils. Surface and Coatings Technology 115: 2008–2014.

81 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

COMPARISON OF EXPOSURE METHODS OF MOSSES AND LICHENS USED IN ACTIVE AIR BIOMONITORING PORÓWNANIE METOD EKSPOZYCJI MCHÓW I POROSTÓW STOSOWANYCH W AKTYWNYM BIOMONITORINGU POWIETRZA

Michał Marciniak, Andrzej Kłos, Małgorzata Rajfur Institute of Bioanalysis, Independent Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, tel.: 77/ 401 60 42 [email protected]

In the active biomonitoring biota components are used to assess the level of contamination in urban areas, clean areas, as well as to examine the impact of individual emitters on the environment. An important element in determination of the trace elements concentrations in biological material is the proper planning of the experiment. Among others, methods of the material acquisition, selection of appropriate analytical methods, evaluation and the results interpretation methods, have to be taken into account (Markert 2007, Capozzi et al. 2016, Macedo-Miranda et al. 2016). The aim of the work was to study an influence of the mosses and lichens exposure method on the measurement results. The experiment was carried out in the area of Collegium Biotechnologicum, University of Opole, Poland. Biological material was exposed using a variety of active biomonitoring techniques. In the study, samples of moss Pleurozium schreberi and lichen Hypogymnia physodes were used. The samples were collected in clean areas of Knyszyn Forest. The biological material was exposed for a period of 6 months. Mass concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Hg were determined in the samples of moss and lichen by atomic absorption spectrometry. Increases in concentrations of analytes in mosses and lichens after six months of exposure indicate that the type of the biological material layout and time have a certain effect on heavy metal accumulation. Exposure time was of the greatest importance in the results of Cu and Fe determination in mosses and lichen. In contrast, Hg and Mn concentrations remained stable in time. A slight increase in concentrations was noted for lead and zinc.

Keywords: active biomonitoring, mosses, heavy metals, lichen

References: Capozzi F., Giordano S., Di Palma A., Spagnuolo V., De Nicola F., Adamo P. 2016. Biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution by moss bags: Discriminating urban-rural structure in a fragmented landscape.Chemosphere 149: 211-218. Macedo-Miranda G., Avila-Pérez P., Gil-Vargas P., Zarazúa G., Sánchez-Meza J.C., Zepeda-Gómez C., Tejeda S. 2016. Accumulation of heavy metals in mosses: a biomonitoring study. SpringerPlus. 5: 715-720. DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2524-7. Markert B. 2007. Definitions and principles for bioindication and biomonitoring of trace metals in the environment. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 21(S1): 77-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.09.015.

82 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DETERMINATION OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE (HCH) ISOMERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OZNACZANIE IZOMERÓW HEKSACHLOROCYKLOHEKSANU W PRÓBKACH ŚRODOWISKOWYCH TECHNIKĄ CHROMATOGRAFII GAZOWEJ

Patrycja Marczewska, Dariusz Szeremeta, Mieczysław Sajewicz Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice [email protected]

Extensive use of pesticides to improve agricultural productivity has played an important role in the last century. These compounds have been used for decades in preventing, repelling, or mitigating the effects of pests in agriculture, although most of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), have been banned in many countries due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties (Hodgson et al. 1990, van der Hoff and van Zoonen 1999). However, due to the stability and lipophilicity of these compounds, pesticides and their metabolites are still present in the environment, especially in soil, water and sediments (Gonullu et al. 2003, Aboul- Kassim and Simoneit 2001). All these elements make it necessary to monitor the pesticide residue concentrations in environmental samples. For this purpose, rapid, convenient and sensitive instrumental methods are required. The main aim of the study was to develop a method for the determination of isomers of HCH in water samples and soil samples (coming from the valley of Wąwolnica stream in Jaworzno) and determination of the analytes’ recoveries, depending on the employed extraction conditions. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) methods were used to isolate the compounds. Analysis of the extracts obtained was carried out by capillary gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) and a flame ionization detector (FID).

Keywords: organochlorine pesticides, hexachlorocyclohexane, gas chromatography

References: Aboul-Kassim T.A.T., Simoneit B.R.T. 2001. Interaction mechanisms between organic pollutants and solid phase systems. Handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer Verlag Publisher, Heidelberg, Berlin, p. 4. Gonullu M.T., Bayhan H., Avsar Y., Arslankaya E., Kurt U., Tosun I., Apaydın O. 2003. A study of organics and their alteration in benthic sediments of Golden Horn. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 12: 1457-1464. Hodgson J.W., et al. 1990. US Environmental Protection Agency, Method 550. van der Hoff G.R., van Zoonen P. 1999. Trace analysis of pesticides by gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 843(1-2) 301-322.

83 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

SPECIES AND METAL DEPENDENT TOLERANCE TO ZINC AND LEAD OF CELLS IN SUSPENSION CULTURE OF SELECTED VIOLA L. SPECIES ZALEŻNA OD GATUNKU I METALU TOLERANCJA NA CYNK I OŁÓW KOMÓREK W KULTURZE ZAWIESINOWEJ WYBRANYCH GATUNKÓW VIOLA L.

Klaudia Michno1, Aneta Słomka, Elżbieta Fiedor2, Ewa Gregoraszczuk2, Elżbieta Kuta1 1Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University 2Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University [email protected]

Chemical pollutants in soil have toxic effect on plants, animals, humans, and/or on the ecosystems worldwide. Plants tolerant to heavy metals – metallophytes play a significant protective role on polluted areas by diminishing the risk of contamination transfer via metal- immobilization by root systems and/or metal-uptake to aboveground parts. The Violaceae family is rich in metallophytes which could grow exclusively on contaminated sites (obligatory), occurring both on contaminated and non-contaminated soils (facultative), and spontaneously occupy polluted sites (“accidental”) (Wierzbicka and Rostański 2002, Słomka and Kuta 2015). The main goal of these studies was to estimate cell tolerance to zinc and lead of four Viola species representing different metallophyte type: V. lutea spp. westfalica – obligatory metallophyte, V. tricolor – facultative metallophyte (metallicolous – MET and non-metallicolous – NMET genotypes), V. arvensis – “accidental” metallophyte, and V. uliginosa – non-metallophyte. For each species/genotype cell suspension culture obtained from callus induced on solidified MS medium with plant growth regulators (2 mg∙dm-3 2,4-D + 2 mg∙dm-3 BAP) was established. For determining appropriate phase of cell suspension growth for application of heavy metals, the growth kinetics for each species/genotype were established. Cell suspension cultures in exponential phase were treated with zinc and lead in the following concentrations: 200, 500, 1000, 2000 μM for 72 h. Cell suspension culture without heavy metals was the control. Before treating with heavy metals and after 24, 48 and 72 h cell viability was estimated using alamarBlue assay. Each experiment was replicated three times. Presented data clearly showed species and metal dependent tolerance to zinc and lead. The tolerance to zinc was higher, with no conspicuous differences between species/genotype, than to lead. The tolerance to lead correlated with metallophyte type being the highest in obligatory metallophyte V. lutea spp. westfalica and V. tricolor MET, the lowest in non-metallophyte V. uliginosa and “accidental” metallophyte V. arvensis.

Keywords: cell suspension, zinc, lead, Viola, tolerance

References: Słomka A., Kuta E. 2015. Fiołek trójbarwny – Viola tricolor. In: Ekotoksykologia. Rośliny, gleby, metale. Wierzbicka M. (ed.). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, 392-410. Wierzbicka M., Rostański A. 2002. Microevolutionary changes in ecotypes of calamine waste heap vegetation near Olkusz, Poland: A review. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 44(7): 7-19.

84 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE INFLUENCE OF MCPA ON SOIL PHYTOTOXICITY AND THE PRESENCE OF GENES INVOLVED IN ITS BIODEGRADATION WPŁYW MCPA NA FITOTOKSYCZNOŚĆ GLEBY ORAZ OBECNOŚĆ GENÓW UCZESTNICZĄCYCH W JEGO BIODEGRADACJI

Elżbieta Mierzejewska1, Agnieszka Baran2, Magdalena Urbaniak1,3 1Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland 3European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland [email protected]

MCPA (2-methyl-2-chlorophenoxyacid) is a phenoxy acid herbicide and has been widely used in agriculture since 1940’s to control broadleaf weeds. The excess of MCPA causes increased inhibition of plants development and soil toxicity and due to its high water solubility leads to contamination of groundwater. Its removal from soil ecosystem occurs inter alia as an effect of its biodegradation by the soil microbiota, especially by bacteria harboring the functional tfdA gene involved in the first step of phenoxy acids degradation pathway. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in phytotoxicity of an agricultural soil following application of MCPA in the dose of 1.5 dm∙ha-1. The soil phytotoxicity was measured at the beginning of the experiment and 3 weeks after herbicide application, using three test species: Lepidium sativum, Sinapsis alba and Sorghum saccharatum. The soil was also subjected to a series of physico-chemical analyses (N, C, S, P2O5, K2O and heavy metals) using an Elementar Vario MAX cube CNS analyzer and the ICP-AES method. The bioremediation potential of the pure and MCPA-spiked soil was determined through the analysis of the tfdA gene presence. The results showed that MCPA application led to an increase in soil phytotoxicity. The highest root growth inhibition was observed in soil freshly spiked with MCPA (99% for L.Sativum, 97% for S.alba and 66% for S. saccharatum). These values decreased within the experiment, and after 3 weeks of its duration the soil phytotoxicity reached 34% and 3% for S. alba and L. sativum, respectively; while S. saccharatum demonstrated 12% promotion of root length. Physico-chemical analysis showed that despite herbicide itself, the observed high soil phytotoxicity might be a result of the high concentration of heavy metals accumulated in the soil, especially Ni (70 mg∙kg-1) and Cr (21 mg∙kg-1). In terms of molecular analysis, the obtained results demonstrated high potential of the indigenous bacteria to degrade MCPA confirmed by the presence of the functional tfdA gene.

Keywords: pesticides, phenoxyacids, biodegradation, phytotoxicity, tfdA gene

References: Batıoğlu-Pazarbaşı M., Milosevic N., Malaguerra F., Binning P.J., Albrechtsen H-J., Bjerg P.L., Aamand J. 2013. Discharge of landfill leachate to streambed sediments impacts the mineralization potential of phenoxy acid herbicides depending on the initial abundance of tfdA gene classes. Environmental Pollution 176: 275-283. Hiller E., Khun M., Zemanová L., Jurkovič L., Barta M.. 2006. Laboratory study of retention and release of weak acid herbicide MCPA by soils and sediments and leaching potential of MCPA. Plant Soil Environment 52 (12): 550-558.

85 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ECOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF SANDY SOIL WITH BIOCHAR AMENDMENT OCENA EKOTOKSYCZNOŚCI GLEBY LEKKIEJ Z DODATKIEM BIOWĘGLA

Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek1, Krzysztof Gondek1, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas2, Agnieszka Baran1 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland 2Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland [email protected], [email protected]

Variety of technological conditions and feedstocks from which biochar is produced is the reason why its soil application may have a different effect on soil properties. Ecotoxicological tests are considered to be sensitive and effective bio-indicators of changes in soil quality (Mierzwa- Hersztek et al. 2016). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of wheat straw biochar (WSB) and miscanthus straw biochar (MSB) on the ecotoxicity of sandy soil. The laboratory experiment included 6 treatments carried out in 3 replications, taking into account two comparative treatments: soil without fertilization (C) and soil with only mineral fertilizers (NPK). Biochars were applied to the soil in 0.2% and 2% (w/w) doses and the incubation of soil samples was carried out for 1 year. It was found that biochars applied to the soil at a dose of 2% showed lower toxicity to Heterocypris incongruens and for Vibrio fischeri compared to NPK treatment. Luminescence inhibition of V. fischeri for analyzed soils was between 29% and 51%. In the Ostracodtoxkit F test, H. incongruens mortality ranged from 13% to 53%, and the growth inhibition ranged from 35% to 40%. Toxicity of the studied soil samples decreased in the following order: 0.2% WSB > 0.2% MSB > NPK > 2% WSB > 2% MSB > C (for V. fischeri) and NPK > C > 0.2% WSB > 0.2% MSB > 2% MSB > 2%WSB (for H. incongruens).

Keywords: bioassay, biochar, soil, wheat straw, mishantus straw

References: Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Gondek K., Baran A. 2016. Effect of poultry litter biochar on soil enzymatic activity, ecotoxicity and plant growth. Applied Soil Ecology 105: 144-150.

Research carried out under the project named "Research on forming a model of biochar changes in soil based on quantitative and qualitative parameters of humus") financed by the National Science Centre (project no.: 2015/17/N/NZ9/01132).

86 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ASSESSMENT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BIOCHAR-AMENDED SOIL UNDER FIELD EXPERIMENT CONDITIONS OCENA ZAWARTOŚCI WIELOPIERŚCIENIOWYCH WĘGLOWODORÓW AROMATYCZNYCH W GLEBIE NAWOŻONEJ BIOWĘGLEM W WARUNKACH DOŚWIADCZENIA POLOWEGO

Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek1, Krzysztof Gondek1, Małgorzata Szostek2, Marcin Pieniążek2 1Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland 2Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, University of Rzeszow, Poland [email protected]

Environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a detrimental effect on soil quality and plant growth. However, degradation of organic compounds in soil is strongly influenced by many factors such as: soil pH, granulometric composition of soil, soil aeration, nutrient content, water availability, and the presence of a microbial community capable of degrading PAHs (Dutta et al. 2017). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of three biochars produced from wheat straw, miscanthus straw and poultry litter in doses of 2.25 and 5 t DM ∙ ha-1 on soil contamination by 16 PAHs under field experiment conditions. The experiment included 8 experimental treatments carried out in 3 replications, taking into account two comparative treatments: the soil without fertilization and soil with only mineral fertilizers. Biochars were mixed with top layer (0-10 cm) and then a pasture grass mix was sown. The contents of PAHs in soil after 1st and 3rd year of the experiment were determined in line with PN-ISO-18287 using Varian 450-GC gas chromatograph coupled to Varian 240-MS mass spectrometer by calibration curve method. The results of research confirm that the content of each PAH depended on the kind and dose of biochar used in the experiment. Biochar application to soil in both doses (except 2.25 t DM ∙ ha-1 of poultry litter biochar) contributed to a reduction in the content of ∑16 PAHs in each treatment after 3 years of experiment (average by 31% for 2.25 t DM ∙ ha-1 dose and 45% for 5 t DM ∙ ha-1 dose).

Keywords: PAHs, biochar, soil, poultry litter

References: Dutta T., Kwon E., Bhattacharya S.S., Jeon B.H., Deep A., Uchimiya U., Kim K-H. 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds in biochar and biochar-amended soil: a review. GCB Bioenergy 9: 990-1004.

87 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE PRESENCE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT – REGULATIONS OBECNOŚĆ SUBSTANCJI TOKSYCZNYCH W ŚRODOWISKU – REGULACJE PRAWNE

Agata Mrowiec The Coordination Chemistry Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University [email protected]

The problem of environmental pollution associated with the reclamation of hazardous waste and the appropriate control of toxic substances is currently being experienced by most countries in the world. Production processes have been carried out for many years without paying attention to their environmental impact, resulting in huge amounts of hazardous waste. The slow pace of reclamation of hazardous waste causes a serious delay in their conversion. Over the last few years, the solution to the problem of reclamation of hazardous waste has reached a high national and international priority, especially due to the observed devastation of the environment. Toxic substances from human activities have contaminated the environment through inadequate waste disposal, spills and excessive use of chemicals in agriculture. With the rapid development of raw material and material management, it has become increasingly important to reduce the amount of produced waste and to better manage the resulting and accumulated toxic substances while taking into account both environmental protection and the recovery of recyclable materials. Establishment of effective disposal and isolation procedures for toxic substances and hazardous waste is an important factor in preventing environmental pollution. The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss regulations for toxic substances present in the environment.

Keywords: regulations, toxic substances, environment

References: Stiernström S., Wik O., Bendz D. 2016. Evaluation of frameworks for ecotoxicological hazard classification of waste. Waste Management 58: 14-24. Winder C., Azzi R., Wagner D. 2005. The development of the globally harmonized system (GHS) of classification and labelling of hazardous chemicals. Journal of Hazardous Materials 125(1-3): 29-44. Wuana R.A., Okieimen F.E. 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Ecology 2011, pp. 20. doi:10.5402/2011/402647. Yilmaz O., Kara B.Y., Yetis U. 2016. Hazardous waste management system design under population and environmental impact considerations. Journal of Environmental Management, in press.

88 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

MATERNAL TRANSFER OF PHENOL DERIVATIVES BY BLOOD – RESEARCH ON SEALS AND HUMANS PRZEKAZYWANIE Z KRWIĄ POCHODNYCH FENOLU DO KOLEJNEGO POKOLENIA – BADANIA NA FOKACH I LUDZIACH

Iga Nehring, Marta Staniszewska, Lucyna Falkowska, Karina Bodziach Division of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk [email protected]

Phenol derivatives including bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) are extensively used as a major component in a wide spectrum of products in the industry and daily life. These endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) have the ability to disrupt the homeostasis and can contribute to a number of diseases. Blood is considered a carrier of various substances throughout the body. Under normal circumstances, the blood of the mother and baby is not mixed, but through the umbilical cord and placenta the substances present in the mother's body are transferred to the baby's body. Exposure to these chemicals during sensitive periods of development may pose a risk to organism health, especially for the foetus. Blood samples from adult female grey seals and pups from Hel Marine Station were used for the study. In addition, 22 blood samples were collected from pregnant women and their newborn children. The women were asked to complete a questionnaire to facilitate the identification of potential endocrine phenolic exposure factors. Assays of phenol derivatives were conducted using the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection technique. Human blood had the highest concentration of 4-tert-octylphenol, whose concentrations were even higher by an order of magnitude than those of bisphenol A. Blood concentrations in neonates were mostly lower than in mothers, but there were cases where concentrations were higher or similar. This may indicate that the exposure of pregnant women to BPA, OP, NP may be affected. In adult grey seals blood phenol concentrations were even 100 times lower in comparison to humans. Humans are characterized by a large range of activities that put them in contact with products containing EDCs, and this was manifested by the highest concentrations in blood.

Keywords: grey seal, human, phenol derivatives, endocrine compounds, maternal transfer

89 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

PENETRATION AND ELIMINATION OF PHENOL DERIVATIVES IN SEABIRDS FROM COASTAL ZONE OF SOUTHERN BALTIC WNIKANIE I ELIMINACJA POCHODNYCH FENOLU U PTAKÓW MORSKICH ZE STREFY BRZEGOWEJ POŁUDNIOWEGO BAŁTYKU

Iga Nehring, Marta Staniszewska, Lucyna Falkowska, Karina Bodziach Division of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk [email protected]

Bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4- nonylphenol are endocrine disruptor compounds. These substances afflict mainly the activity of the immune, reproductive and hormonal systems, and can also initiate a cancer process. Predatory birds occupying the highest trophic level are the most exposed to the accumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds. The main source of phenol derivatives is food. Lungs are a less significant route of penetration but a bird's respiratory system is the largest area of the organism's interaction with air, so inhalation is also important. In the process of evolution, organisms have developed a number of methods for detoxication and removal of various chemical compounds: transfer to offspring by laying eggs or by incorporating toxic substances into feathers. The purpose of the study was to compare the routes of infectivity (inhalation and digestion) and the elimination of endocrine phenol derivatives in seabirds (herring gull Larus argentatus, long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis) from Gulf of Gdansk and Pomeranian Bay. In order to achieve above goal authors chose lungs, intestines, covert feathers, muscles and livers from herring gull and long-tailed duck to analyse. Assays of phenol derivatives were conducted using the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection technique. The alimentary route of phenol derivatives into the organism was of greater significance than inhalation. In birds, the feeding area during molting significantly influenced the concentration of BPA, OP and NP found in covert feathers. In spite of that fact, studies on alimentary and respiratory exposure to endocrine disruptive compounds can provide information on the absorption and distribution of pollutants in the body. The results of these studies allow to determine how much endocrine active compounds are taken and removed in birds that eat seafood as people do (crustaceans, mussels and fish) and breathe the same air.

Keywords: seabirds, bisphenol A, alkylphenols, endocrine compounds

90 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONOF WASTE FROM PROCESSING OF WILD AND FARMED FISH IN THE CONTEXT OF OPTIMIZATION OF MANAGING NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES SKŁAD CHEMICZNY ODPADÓW Z PRZETWÓRSTWA RYB HODOWLANYCH I DZIKOŻYJĄCYCH W KONTEKŚCIE OPTYMALIZACJI GOSPODAROWANIA ZASOBAMI

Marcin Niemiec1, Anna Szeląg-Sikora2, Jakub Sikora2 1University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry 2University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering [email protected]

Fish processing generates considerable amounts of waste which constitutes a potential threat to the environment. Guts, heads, fins and skin can be a valuable source for obtaining fat and feed, but transporting this waste to distant facilities is problematic. From the point of view of production economy and from environmental considerations, it is desired to look for methods of waste management that will allow to recover energy as well as to reuse organic matter and chemical elements. The aim of this paper was to assess the chemical composition of the processed waste for anaerobic digestion and the generated digestate in the context of using them for fertilization purposes. This research involved evaluation of chemical composition of waste from a salmon and wild fish processing plant and of the digestate from methane fermentation. The content of dry matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, macroelements and microelements was determined in the samples. Dry matter content in the studied waste from salmon and wild fish waste was about 44% and 38 %, respectively. Nitrogen content in the studied samples was above 5.5%, phosphorus about 1.8%, and calcium about 0.5%. As a result of methane fermentation, a reduction in nitrogen content by about 50% and a considerable increase in quantity of almost all elements were observed. A high mercury and zinc content was recorded in the digestate, whereas concentration of other microelements was at a level close to the one in natural fertilizers. Concentrations of heavy metals did not exceed permissible values for organic fertilizers. The studied material can be a component for fertilizer production, and its fertilizing value depends mostly on nitrogen and phosphorus content.

Keywords: fish processing waste, anaerobic digestion, digestate, organic fertilizers

References: Kafle G.K., Kim S.H., Sung K.I. 2013. Ensiling of fish industry waste for biogas production: A lab scale evaluation of biochemical methane potential (BMP) and kinetics. Bioresource Technology 127: 326-336.

91 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CO-APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH BIOCHAR TO REDUCE THE RISK RELATED TO CONTAMINANTS AND TOXICITY IN SEWAGE SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL WSPÓŁSTOSOWANIE BIOWĘGLA I OSADU ŚCIEKOWEGO W CELU REDUKCJI BIODOSTĘPNOŚCI ZANIECZYSZCZEŃ I TOKSYCZNOŚCI GLEBY UŻYŹNIONEJ OSADEM ŚCIEKOWYM

Patryk Oleszczuk1, Magdalena Stefaniuk1, Anna Zielińska1, Aleksandra Bogusz1, Krzysztof Różyło2 1Department of Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland 2Department of Agricultural Ecology, University of Life Sciences, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland [email protected]

Sewage sludge (SSL) is a waste that contains a high content of organic matter and nutrients. The preferred method for its management is an application into soil. Such SSL use creates a risk associated with the presence of harmful substances in SSL, both organic and inorganic. Therefore, solutions should be sought that, on the one hand, would mitigate the negative effect of contaminants in SSL, while on the other hand would allow the advantages of SSL to be used. Such direction of research was earlier proposed by us (Oleszczuk et al. 2014, Stefaniuk et al. 2016). The addition of biochar to SSL allows us to reduce the bioavailability of PAHs and the toxicity of SSL. Currently there is a lack of information on the effect of biochar on the persistence contaminants and toxicity of SSL-amended soil in field. A field experiment was carried out where SSL with or without biochar was added according to the following experimental design: soil without amendments; soil -1 with SSL (20 tdw∙ha ); soil with SSL and a 2.5% dose of biochar; soil with SSL and 5% dose of biochar; soil with SSL and 10% dose of biochar. In the samples sampled at the beginning of the experiment and after 6, 12 and 18 months, total content (Ctot) and the content of bioavailable (Cfree) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. Apart from chemical evaluation, the effect of biochar addition on the toxicity of the tested materials on bacteria - Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®), plants – Lepidium sativum (Phytotestkit F, Phytotoxkit F), and Collembola – Folsomia candida (Collembolan test) was evaluated. Biochar added to sewage sludge stimulates losses of PAHs over time. Nevertheless, the optimum rate of biochar was important, since too high a rate can result in decreased effectiveness of PAH losses. The addition of biochar to sewage sludge and subsequently to the soil seems to be an interesting solution that leads to increased degradation of PAHs also under natural conditions.

Keywords: sewage sludge, biochar, PAHs, bioavailability, toxicity

References: Oleszczuk P., Zielińska A., Cornelissen G. 2014. Stabilization of sewage sludge by different biochars towards reducing freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content. Bioresource Technology 156: 139-145. Stefaniuk M., Oleszczuk P. 2016. An addition of biochar to sewage sludge decreases freely dissolved PAHs content and toxicity of sewage sludge-amended soil. Environmental Pollution 218: 242-251.

The project was funded by the National Science Centre granted on the basis of the decision number DEC- 2012/07/E/ST10/00572.

92 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ARE PLANT GROWTH STIMULATORS POTENTIALLY HARMFUL? CZY STYMULATORY WZROSTU I ROZWOJU ROŚLIN MOGĄ BYĆ SZKODLIWE?

Agnieszka Ostrowska, Michał Dziurka, Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak Department of Developmental Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland [email protected]

Due to their effects on plants, plant growth regulators are often divided into stimulators and inhibitors. Stimulators include such compounds as cytokinins, gibberellins, auxins and polyamines, and inhibitors involve ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonates and some phenolic compounds. Contrary to inhibitors, stimulators are usually assessed only for their positive stimulatory effects on plants. However, our studies and literature reports have indicated that when used at an incorrectly adjusted dose, stimulators may be in fact detrimental to plants. An example of this may be 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) that, at a few milligrams per liter, usually stimulates growth and photosynthesis and shows protective effects in plants exposed to environmental stresses. However, at too high concentrations (above 5 mM), the positive effects on plant physiology cease to be observed and negative ones start to prevail. This observation was used during creating ALA-based herbicides. Therefore, there are preparations containing the same substance but with contrasting activity. At high concentrations, plant growth regulators such as zearalenone (ZEN) might also be harmful to humans and animals. The substance is a potential plant hormone offering a strong stimulation of growth and development that results in a confirmed increase in crop yield, but it is also a toxin that at too high a concentration is carcinogenic and affects fertility. This is probably due to its “second face” that despite immensely advantageous effects on plant growth, yield rate and seed yield quality, ZEN still has not been approved for agricultural use in Europe. This and other examples show that so called stimulators, when used at too high doses, might be harmful not only to plants but also to humans and animals. It is therefore important to be careful while using any chemicals in the environment and to avoid exceeding the doses recommended by their manufacturers.

Keywords: plant growth stimulators, 5-aminolevulinic acid, zearalenone

93 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS AND DETERMINATION OF DAILY HEAVY METALS INTAKE BY MAN, FOR SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE FROM THE AREA OF ZĄBKOWICKI COUNTY WSPÓŁCZYNNIKI BIOKONCENTRACJI I OKREŚLENIE DZIENNEGO POBRANIA METALI CIĘŻKICH PRZEZ CZŁOWIEKA, DLA WYBRANYCH PŁODÓW ROLNYCH Z TERENU POWIATU ZĄBKOWICKIEGO

Krzysztof Papuga, Jarosław Kaszubkiewicz Research Group of Soil Physics and Water Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences [email protected]

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between concentration of heavy metals in soils and selected crop plants in three communes of Ząbkowice district: Ząbkowice Śląskie, Bardo and Złoty Stok. Soil and plant samples were collected in 2012 and 2014. The content of copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in soils derived from loam and silt, very acidic to slightly acidic was analysed. The types of metals content distribution in soils and plants were determined. Obtained results indicated that in most cases heavy metal concentration occurs in normal or log-normal distribution. At the same time, the content of the same metals was assayed in corn, beet, carrot, leek, celery and potato, grown on the investigated soils. Bioconcentration factors for individual plants and metals were calculated. Using a two-way analysis of variance (with multicombination) the statistical significance of the differences in the accumulation of individual metals in a selected plant and individual metals in different plants was determined. Moreover, the effect of pH on the bioconcentration factor for individual plants and metals was evaluated. Additionally, daily intake of heavy metals by ingestion for the selected scenario was calculated and related to an acceptable daily intake. It has been stated that the risk associated with the consumption of the mentioned crops remains at the acceptable level.

Keywords: heavy metals, bioconcentration factors, daily intake, risk assessment, plants

References: Bejaoui I., Kolsi-Benzina N., Sappin-Didier V., Munoz M. 2016. Health risk assessment in calcareous agricultural soils contaminated by metallic mining activity under mediterranean climate. Clean-Soil Air Water 44(10): 1261-1427. Kaszubkiewicz J., Kawałko D. 2009. Zawartość wybranych metali ciężkich w glebach i roślinach na terenie powiatu jeleniogórskiego. Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 40: 177-189. Khan Z.I., Ahmad K., Yasmeen S., Akram N.A., Ashraf M., Mehmood M. 2017. Potential health risk assessment of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown on metal contaminated soils in the central zone of Punjab, Pakistan. Chemosphere 166: 157-162.

94 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

FRACTIONATION OF TRACE METALS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTATE FRAKCJONOWANIE METALI ŚLADOWYCH W PULPIE POFERMENTACYJNEJ

Valdas Paulauskas, Nomeda Sabiene, Ernestas Zaleckas Institute of Environment and Ecology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania [email protected]

Landfilling of organic waste in EU is steadily decreasing, while the use of anaerobic digestion to recover energy and plant nutrients from biowaste is forecast to increase significantly (Bhavisha et. al., 2017). Anaerobic digestate (AD) – a by-product of anaerobic digestion can be used in agriculture or forestry as an organic fertiliser and soil conditioner. When application to agricultural land is not feasible, AD can be alternatively used for land reclamation. Various types of biowaste substrates can be used as feedstock for anaerobic biogas production: sewage sludge; organic fraction of municipal waste; green waste; agricultural residues and by-products; organic waste from food processing industry; animal manures and slurries, etc. In most cases, different types of biowaste are co-digested and the qualitative characteristics, including trace metal (TM) content in AD, are strongly dependent upon the feedstock used. After anaerobic digestion TM can be released into the environment via different routes of entry either suspended/dissolved in effluents or in a form of a solid biomass product (biosolids). On-land application of contaminated digestate poses a great concern because soil acts as a transferor, and due to bioaccumulation TM can appear in a food chain (Castro et. al. 2009). Unfortunately, the fate, chemical speciation as well as transport of trace metals in soil environment are far from being understood. This work aims to understand TM chemical speciation, mobility as well as potential bioavailability before and after anaerobic digestion of municipal wastewater sewage sludge. Seeking to predict mobility as well as potential bioavailability of TM in the sludge, sequential extraction procedure was applied before/after anaerobic treatment, and vegetative pot experiment with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were found in trace metal speciation due to anaerobic treatment. The vegetative experiment showed that, in-spite of short vegetation period of lettuce (30-40 days), Zn and Cd accumulation coefficients were relatively high.

Keywords: trace metals, anaerobic digestate, fractionation, bioavailability, accumulation

References: Bhavisha S., Abhijit S., Pooja S., Rajeev P. S. 2017. Agricultural utilization of biosolids: A review on potential effects on soil and plant growth. Waste Management (in press). Castro E., Manas P., De las Heras J. 2009. A comparison of the application of different waste products to lettuce crop: effects on plant and soil properties. Scientia Horticulturae 123: 148-155.

95 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITES OF APPILYING SPECIALIST REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF CENTRAL LANDFILL OF TOXIC WASTES IN JAWORZNO OCENA MOŻLIWOŚCI ZASTOSOWANIA SPECJALISTYCZNYCH TECHNOLOGII REMEDIACJI TERENÓW ZDEGRADOWANYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE CENTRALNEGO SKŁADOWISKA ODPADÓW TOKSYCZNYCH W JAWORZNIE

Rafał Pieniążek1,2, Małgorzata Szostek2, Henryk Babiarz1, Tomasz Białobrzeski3, Jarosław Kucza4 1Iniko Sp. z o.o. ul. Zagłoby 8/2b Rzeszów Poland 2Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, ul. Zelwerowicza 8b, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland 3Menard ul. Powązkowska 44 c, 01-797 Warszawa, Poland 4Department of Forest Engineering, Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland [email protected]

Remediation is the treatment of soil and groundwater with the aim of controlling and limiting the spread of hazardous substances so that the contaminated site no longer poses a threat to the environment. Removing dozens of different xenobiotic species that have posed a real threat to the environment for decades requires the use of advanced environmental engineering technologies. It is much easier to clean the area when it comes to degrading it by one group of chemicals. On the other hand, when attempting to purify historical impurities that are transformed in a temporal environment, these interdisciplinary interactions should be considered. This task becomes a serious technological and design challenge. The owners of the Central Landfill of Toxic Wastes in Jaworzno (CSO) are facing such problems. In this area, for many years, thousands of cubic meters of toxic wastes of different origins have been stored. These pollutants are mainly chloroorganic pesticides as well as petroleum derivatives, organic solvents and heavy metals (lead and mercury). Such a diverse group of pollutants requires complicated technological solutions, which in turn will lead to the cleaning of the area without creating a threat to health and life of people and animals living in the vicinity of the Central Landfill of Toxic Wastes in Jaworzno. The aim of this paper is to present synergistic technological solutions aimed at the comprehensive remediation of the degraded CSO area based on corrective actions taken by the land administration, scientific units and private specialist companies.

Keywords: historical pollution, specialist remediation technologies, Central Landfill of Toxic Wastes in Jaworzno

96 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS’s ISSUES ON THE EXAMPLE OF CENTRAL LANDFILL OF TOXIC WASTES IN JAWORZNO PROBLEMATYKA TRWAŁYCH ZANIECZYSZCZEŃ ORGANICZNYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE CENTRALNEGO SKŁADOWISKA ODPADÓW TOKSYCZNYCH W JAWORZNIE

Rafał Pieniążek1,2, Małgorzata Szostek2, Henryk Babiarz1, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek3, Tomasz Białobrzeski4, Anna Ilek5 1Iniko Sp. z o.o. ul. Zagłoby 8/2b Rzeszów Poland 2Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry andHydrology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, ul. Zelwerowicza 8b, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland 3Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21,31-120 Kraków, Poland 4Menard ul.Powązkowska 44 c, 01-797 Warszawa Poland 5Department of Forest Engineering, Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland [email protected]

The problems of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), which were found in waste collected in the Wąwolnica stream valley in the area of the former Central Landfill of Toxic Wastes, the excavation of the Rudna Gora sandstone outcrop ("K" fields) and the former warehouses and residues of the "Azoty Organika" in Jaworzno (about 82 ha), and the way to reduce pollution and remediation of environmental elements in this area are very complex issues. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are highly biodegradable chemicals that are bio- accumulative especially in fat cells of living organisms, which has a negative impact on their health. The spread of these substances in the environment in the aforementioned region intensified especially in the 1960s, as a result of the use of plant protection products and biocidal products and has progressed with the development of the chemical industry. In the Wąwolnica valley, since 1917 there have been chemical plants dealing with the production of chemical compounds, including very toxic and persistent chemicals that could survive for tens and even hundreds of years. The release of these hazardous substances to the environment took place without due security. As a result, significant contamination of soil, surface waters and groundwater has occurred. Toxicants in soil are, in the large part, chlorinated organic compounds. They are characterized by limited water solubility and are gradually and progressively released into the environment. Such an extensive area has already been subjected to numerous studies, for example during the FOKS international project. On the basis of the collected data on the current analysis of this area, it may be assumed that there are several hundred thousand (at least 200 000) tones of highly toxic waste in humans and other organisms in the valley of Wąwolnica, and that, due to their lack of adequate protection, over half a million cubic meters of land. The fact that the area of Jaworzno is considered one of the seven particularly sources of industrial pollution in the Baltic Sea is also of great importance. The aim of the work was to pay special attention to the problem of historical environmental pollution, especially POPs degraded areas, like the Central Landfill of Toxic Wastes in Jaworzno will be listed by a team of researchers from various scientific units and specialist private companies.

Keywords: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), historical pollutants, harmful waste landfills

97 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

References: Krajowy plan wdrażania konwencji sztokholmskiej w sprawie trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych. Dz.U. 2009 nr 14 poz. 76 Konwencja Sztokholmska w sprawie trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych, sporządzona w Sztokholmie dnia 22 maja 2001 r. Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on persistent organic pollutants 23/10/2003 with annexes. The 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention (eng.). Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention.

98 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

SOIL AVAILABLE SELENIUM AS AFFECTED BY AGING OF EXOGENOUS 2- SELENATES (SeO4 ) IN A CHERNOZEM 2- WPŁYW PROCESU STARZENIA SIĘ EGZOGENNYCH SELENIANÓW (SeO4 ) NA ZAWARTOŚĆ DOSTĘPNEGO SELENU W CZARNOZIEMIE

Lukáš Praus, Jiřina Száková, Pavel Tlustoš Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 165 21, Czech Republic [email protected]

Selenium (Se), an essential trace element for humans and animals, may pose a risk if its uptake exceeds a certain limit, usually close to beneficial Se levels, inducing deleterious interferences with sulfur metabolism in biota. Selenates, the most mobile Se species in soil, are prone to reductive processes in the majority of soils. Moreover, microbial-mediated transformations, adsorption phenomena, and underlying anion competitions are expected to significantly determine the fate of 2- SeO4 in soil. A 70-day incubation study was conducted to evaluate the impact of common agricultural inputs supplying soil with phosphate, sulfate, and glucose, representing a labile carbon source, on the availability of exogenous Se over time. Selenium recovery from a Chernozem treated 2- -1 with SeO4 at a rate of 0.72 mg∙kg using 0.05 M NH4H2PO4 was monitored in both γ-irradiated (27 kGy) and non-irradiated soils. In general, lower Se recoveries (by up to 71%) achieved by glucose amendment (C:Se=1095) and higher recoveries (by up to 20%) caused by γ-rays, as compared to control treatments, suggest microbial activity as an important soil variable affecting immobilization 2- of exogenous SeO4 . Sulfates (S:Se=250) acted as an inhibitor of Se immobilization (by up to 46%) exclusively in non-irradiated treatments. However, a similar competition was not observed under any conditions for phosphates (P:Se=250). Ion-exchange chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IEC/ICP-MS) confirmed a high stability of selenate in all the treatments on the 70th day of incubation (83±3% on average) with one exception of glucose amendment where the predominant species was selenite amounting to 66%. The final Se extractability from non-irradiated soils accounted for 25% (glucose), 75% (phosphate), 76% (control), 87% (sulfate) of the initial application dose, implying that agricultural practice may affect exogenous Se availability to a considerable extent.

Keywords: selenium, soil availability, speciation, incubation experiment

References: Fernández-Martínez A., Charlet L. 2009. Selenium environmental cycling and bioavailability: a structural chemist point of view. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 8: 81-110. Sharma V.K., McDonald T.J., Sohn M., Anquandah G.A.K., Pettine M., Zboril R. 2015. Biogeochemistry of selenium. A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 13: 49-58.

99 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

BIODEGRADATION STUDY OF POLY(SODIUM ASPARTATE) BADANIA BIODEGRADACJI POLI(ASPARAGINIANU SODU)

Julia Radwan-Pragłowska, Łukasz Janus, Marek Piątkowski, Dariusz Bogdał Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology [email protected]

Poly(aspartic acid) is a polymer obtained from aspartic acid. It is biocompatible and biodegradable. It is obtained during polycondensation process. Due to presence of carboxylic groups this poly(amino acid) can be applied as a biocompatibility enhancer. Thus poly(aspartic acid) and it’s sodium salt can be used in CDD/CDR systems. Moreover, poly(sodium aspartate) is a new candidate for contrast agent carriers. The aim of this work was to study susceptibility to degradation and biodegradation of the poly(sodium aspartate) and its composites applicable as contrast agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Poly(aspartic acid) was obtained under microwave irradiation using L-aspartic acid or maleic anhydride(MA) and urea(U). Then poly(sodium aspartate) (PAspNa) was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. The next step was to obtain nanocomposites with ferrimagnetic nanoparticles, chitosan, albumin, hydroxyapatite and poly(vinyl alcohol). Incubation tests were performed in SBF, Ringer’s Fluid and simulated jejunum fluids. Biodegradation tests were performed according to OECD 301B norm using activated sludge obtained from Krzeszowice sewage treatment plant. Biodegradation degree was calculated basing on the amount of secreted CO2 absorbed by Ba(OH)2. Results showed that poly(sodium aspartate) nanocomposites did not react with SBF, Ringer’s Fluid or digestive enzymes solution, which suggests that they are inert to naturally occurring body fluids, obtained poly(sodium aspartate) had a very good chelating ability that significantly influenced activated sludge life cycle, poly(sodium aspartate) prepared from L-aspartic acid and urea/maleic anhydride was fully biodegradable and finally poly(sodium aspartate) nanocomposites were susceptible to biodegradation process, which suggests that they are good candidates for new contrast agents.

Keywords: poly(sodium aspartate), biodegradable polymers, Sturm Test, biodegradable MRI contrasts, incubation tests

References: Piątkowski M., Radwan-Pragłowska J., Raclavsky K. 2015. Application of poly (aspartic acid) and its derivatives in medicine and pharmacy. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences 03(05): 718-723.

100 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBILITIES OF USING BARK FROM DECIDUOUS TREES AS A BIOMONITOR OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS OCENA MOŻLIWOŚCI ZASTOSOWANIA KORY DRZEW LIŚCIASTYCH JAKO BIOMONITORA ZANIECZYSZCZENIA AEROZOLU ATMOSFERYCZNEGO METALAMI CIĘŻKIMI

Małgorzata Rajfur Institute of Bioanalysis, Independent Chair of Biotechnoology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, tel.: 77/ 401 60 42 [email protected]

The aim of the study was to assess the possibilities of using deciduous trees bark in biomonitoring of urban areas. The study used bark collected from various deciduous trees growing in the Opole Province (south-western Poland). The concentrations of heavy metals: Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in the bark by the atomic absorption spectrometry method with flame excitation (FAAS). Based on the study, it was found that the genus of tree, its distance from the source of contamination, the height from the ground and the side of the trunk from which the bark sample is being collected have an effect on the final results of the study. A variety of contamination with selected analytes of bark collected from trees of different genera growing in the same area has been identified. When analyzing heavy metal concentrations in birch and oak barks collected from trees growing in areas with varying levels of heavy metal contamination, we can determine comparable spatial distributions of analytes, but the levels of metals concentrations are different. The level of heavy metal accumulation in the bark of trees is affected primarily by their location and species. Due to its porosity, the bark allows to detect long-term contamination with trace elements. However, it accumulates contamination not only from atmospheric aerosols, but also those that are blown by the wind or air movement caused by, for example, communication traffic or pedestrians walking. To reduce the impact of these factors, it seems optimal to collect the samples from a height of 1.5-2.0 m. Based on the study, it was found that the genus of tree, its distance from the source of contamination, the height from the ground and the side of the trunk from which the bark sample is being collected affect the results of the test.

Keywords: biomonitoring, bark, deciduous trees, heavy metals, atomic absorption spectrometry

101 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

REMOVAL OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) IN THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS USUWANIE ZWIĄZKÓW Z GRUPY TRWAŁYCH ZANIECZYSZCZEŃ ORGANICZNYCH (TZO) W PROCESIE OCZYSZCZANIA ŚCIEKÓW

Joanna Ratajczyk, Wojciech Ratajczyk, Justyna Rogowska, Lidia Wolska Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland [email protected]

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a common and widespread group of compounds which are capable of long-range transportation, undergo bioaccumulation and persist in the environment. Their physicochemical properties pose a threat to human health and the environment (especially aquatic). Discharging of these compounds into the aquatic environment is mainly associated with effluent of pollutants from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs). It is expected that wastewater treatment plants will remove compounds that may have harmful effects on the environment and human health, but as studiesshow, the biological and mechanical treatment processes used attreatment plants are insufficient. The purpose of the study was to determine whether and to what extent the purification processes used at conventional wastewater treatment plants are effective in removing selected compounds from group of POPs. The presented research study included:  identification of organic compounds occurring in untreated and treated wastewater samples,  determination of PCBs and PAHs in untreated and treated wastewater samples collected from 4 WTPs located in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. Extracts of untreated and treated effluent samples were analysed using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. Based on obtained results it can be assumed that:  132 substances were detected in untreated and treated samples;  in 18 untreated wastewater samples, from 52 to 163 organic compounds were detected;  in 27 treated wastewater samples, from 17 to 150 compounds were identified;  the content of PAHs in untreated wastewater samples ranged from 116 to771 ng/L, while in treated wastewater their concentration ranged from 29 up to 116 ng/L;  in untreated and treated wastewater samples, presence of PCB compounds was confirmed (beyond PCB 101 and 118) but their levels were below the limit of quantification.

Keywords: WTPs, wastewater treatment, POPs, aquatic environment

102 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT OF MACROELEMENTS IN PASTURE SWARD AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE FODDER VALUE ZAWARTOŚĆ MAKROELEMENTÓW W RUNI PASTWISKOWEJ I ICH WPŁYW NA WARTOŚĆ PASZOWĄ

Antoni Rogóż, Monika Tabak Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected], [email protected]

Pasture feeding of farm animals, particularly of cattle, is very recommended due to the advantages that cannot be found in the case of barn feeding. Green forage (which is in a good development stage) consumed by animals on pasture is the most valuable. The content of minerals in green forage depends on the content of available forms of nutrients in soil, species composition of the sward, date of grazing, degree of humidity, and fertilization. Fertilization may affect the content of some nutrients in sward directly and indirectly as a result of ionic synergism or antagonism, and also as a result of changes in botanic composition of sward (Wolski 2010, Ducka and Barszczewski 2012). The aim of this paper was to determine the content of nutrients in biomass of pasture sward compared to their content in soil and to determine their effect on the fodder value. In the Olszanica commune, 42 soil samples were collected from grasslands from the depth of 5-20 cm. Samples of pasture vegetation (grasses) were collected from the same places.

The studied soils varied in terms of pH values (pHH2O between 4.93 and 6.86, pHKCl between 3.75 and 6.30) and hydrolytic acidity (between 13.1 and 119.7 mmol H+∙kg-1 soil); 90% of the studied soils required liming. Organic carbon content in the soils ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 g∙kg-1, and the content of floatable particles ranged from 35 to ≥ 50%. The total content of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) in the studied soils varied within a wide range and showed an increasing tendency (except Na) with decreasing soil acidification. Physicochemical properties of the studied soils did not equally influence the total content of minerals. This is confirmed by values of the simple correlation coefficient. The content of basic nutrients in the biomass of the pasture sward was varied, which was a result of habitat conditions. Mean geometric content of the studied nutrients in the sward was at the level of 1.28 g P, 18.74 g K, 4.94 g Ca and 1.68 g Mg in 1 kg DM. The decrease in soil acidification was accompanied by an increase in the content of Ca, Mg, K, P. The soil properties affected the content of the studied nutrients and their ionic ratios in the biomass of the pasture sward to a different degree.

Keywords: pasture sward, fodder, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium

References: Ducka M., Barszczewski J. 2012. Degradacja runi łąkowej w warunkach optymalnego uwilgotnienia i zróżnicowanego nawożenia. Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie 12, 3(39): 39-51. Wolski K. 2010. Effect of mineral fertilizers on meadow sward productivity. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering A 17(6): 709-716.

103 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN PASTURE SWARD WITH RESPECT TO THEIR CONTENT IN SOIL AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE FODDER VALUE ZAWARTOŚĆ PIERWIASTKÓW ŚLADOWYCH W RUNI PASTWISKOWEJ NA TLE ICH ZAWARTOŚCI W GLEBIE ORAZ ICH WPŁYW NA WARTOŚĆ PASZOWĄ

Antoni Rogóż, Monika Tabak Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected], [email protected]

In the group of trace elements we can distinguish elements that are necessary for living organisms and have specific metabolic functions (e.g. Cu, Zn, Co, Cr) as well as cations with an undetermined physiological role (e.g. Cd, Pb, Hg) (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 1999). Differences in percentage of individual ions in the soil solution and in the sorption complex lead to changes in their equivalent ratios, which is of great importance in terms of feeding plants and animals (Mastuszak et al. 2009). The aim of this paper was to determine the content of trace elements in biomass of pasture sward compared to their content in soil and to determine their effect on the sward fodder value. In the Olszanica commune, 42 soil samples were collected from grasslands from the depth of 5-20 cm. Samples of pasture vegetation (grasses) were collected from the same places. No soil contamination by trace elements was detected, with the exception of cadmium – 3 soil samples were contaminated (assessment based on guidelines established by Kabata-Pendias et al. (1995)). Total content of the elements and the content of their soluble forms (determined in 0.1 mol HCl∙dm-3) were varied, with a tendency to increase with decreasing soil acidification. Geometric mean content of forms soluble in soil with pH ≥ 4.6 increased, respectively, by 50% for copper, 57% for zinc, 19% for manganese, 13% for cadmium and lead, over two-fold for nickel, and by 48% for chromium, compared to their content in soils with pH ≤ 4.5. The value of pH affects ion ratios between individual cations in the soil solution. The increase in soil pH values was accompanied by an increase in copper content, a slight increase in lead and chromium, and a decrease in the content of zinc, manganese, cadmium, lead and nickel in the pasture sward. A deficiency of cadmium was found in 8 samples. 5 samples had cadmium content that made it impossible for the sward to be used as fodder (assessment based on guidelines established by Kabata-Pendias et al. (1993)).

Keywords: pasture sward, fodder, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, chromium

References: Kabata-Pendias A., Motowicka-Terelak T., Piotrowska M., Terelak H., Witek T. 1993. Ocena stopnia zanieczyszczenia gleb i roślin metalami ciężkimi i siarką. Ramowe wytyczne dla rolnictwa. IUNG, Puławy. Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias H. 1999. Biochemia pierwiastków śladowych. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa. Kabata-Pendias A., Piotrowska M., Motowicka-Terelak T., Maliszewska-Kordybach B., Filipiak K., Krakowiak A., Pietruch Cz. 1995. Podstawy oceny chemicznego zanieczyszczenia gleb. Metale ciężkie, siarka i WWA. Biblioteka Monitoringu Środowiska. PIOŚ, IUNG, Warszawa. Matuszak J., Włodarczyk M., Brzóstowicz A., Wybieralski J. 2009. Wpływ NaCl na zawartość wybranych mikroelementów w liściach i korzeniach siewek pszenicy ozimej odmiany Almri. Acta Agrophysica 14(1): 145-153.

104 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ACCLIMATION OF NEW MISCANTHUS HYBRIDS ON HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATED ARABLE LAND AKLIMATYZACJA NOWYCH KRZYŻÓWEK MISKANTA NA TERENIE ROLNICZYM ZANIECZYSZCZONYM METALAMI CIĘŻKIMI

Szymon Rusinowski1, Marta Pogrzeba1, Jacek Krzyżak1, John Clifton-Brown2, Jon Paul McCalmont2, Andreas Kiesel3, Anja Mangold3, Michal Mos4 1Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, Katowice, Poland 2Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK 3Department Biobased Products and Energy Crop, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 23, Stuttgart, Germany 4Terravesta Ltd., Cedar Farm, Main Street, South Carlton, Lincoln, LN1 2RH UK [email protected]

According to the European Union Directive (2009/28/EC), marginal and contaminated lands are the preferred place to establish biofuel feedstock. Energy crops are characterized as plants which are able to produce large amounts of biomass which can be processed into energy or heat by thermochemical or biological conversion technologies. Those plants usually require minimal inputs, although if cultivated on low quality nutrient denuded lands fertiliser treatments may be required. Beyond fertilisation, one of the most suitable techniques for the improvement of energy crop biomass yield is plant breeding. The resulting hybrids could also possess other desirable features, such us drought and heat tolerance or resistance to pathogenic infection. The aim of this study was to assess acclimation rate and phenotypic parameters of four seed-based, drought tolerant Miscanthus hybrids on arable land contaminated with heavy metals (HM). As a control reference, Miscanthus x giganteus plots were also established. After the first growing season phenotypic measurements such us plant height, die off height, number of stems, survival rate, lodging, flowering score (October) and average plant biomass (February) were performed. Additionally, survival rate after the first winter was assessed. M. x giganteus produced the tallest stems and it was the only species which flowered and began senescence at the end of growing season. The highest stem number was obtained for GNT34, however the highest single plant biomass was obtained for GNT41. Survival rate was similar for each tested species, except GNT1, which was lower. Two of the established hybrids (GNT1 and GNT3) did not survive first winter. These results have shown that two of four tested hybrids (GNT41 and GNT34) are suitable for cultivation on HMs contaminated arable land, with phenotypic measurements suggesting that both hybrids can be as productive as M. x giganteus.

Keywords: Miscanthus, heavy metals, seed-based hybrids

Research financed by The Polish National Centre for Research and Development (grant agreement No. FACCE SURPLUS/MISCOMAR/01/16) under the flag of Era-Net Cofound FACCE SURPLUS - Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change (FACCE-JPI) and Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas statutory founds).

105 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

EVALUATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS MOBILITY IN DIFFERENTIATED SOIL CONDITIONS OCENA MOBILNOŚCI METALI CIĘŻKICH W ZRÓŻNICOWANYCH WARUNKACH GLEBOWYCH

Beata Rutkowska, Wiesław Szulc Agricultural Chemistry Department, Section of Agricultural Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW [email protected]

The increased pollution of the natural environment, connected with the dynamic development of civilization, often results in the accumulation of trace elements throughout all links of the trophic chain: soil – plant – animal – human. Therefore, it is necessary to control soil quality and agriculture products against heavy metal contamination. The level of soil pollution is often assessed based on total content of heavy metals, omitting the differences in bioavailability of various forms of these elements - a key factor in plants’ nutrition processes (Fijałkowski et al. 2012, Su et al. 2014). The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of the analysis of selected heavy metal speciation in soil solutions as a method for determining the level of soil contamination. Using this method, the performed studies analyzed the chemical composition of soil solutions derived from soils of diverse chemical and physical properties with focus on heavy metals speciation. To project the potential mobility of Cd and Pb in soil, a numerical speciation analysis of soil solution using the computer program MINTEQA2 was applied. The obtained results show that Cd in soil solution is present as free ions, whereas Pb is in the form of complexes with humic acids. Soil pH is the most important factor influencing on the contribution of particular forms of heavy metals in soil solution. The share of free ions Cd and Pb and their complexes with organic matter increases in the soil solution with soil pH decrease. The degree of soil contamination with heavy metals and granulometric composition of soil do not affect the proportion of different forms of Pb and Cd in soil solution. With the increase of organic carbon content in soil, the share of free ions in the soil solution decreases, and the share of metal complexes with organic matter increases.

Keywords: cadmium, lead, soil pH, organic carbon, soil solution

References: Fijałkowski K., Kacprzak M., Grobelak A., Placek A. 2012. The influence of selected soil parameters on the mobility of heavy metals in soils. Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska 15: 81-92. Su Ch., Jiang L.Q., Zhang W.J. 2014. A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: Situation, impact and remediation techniques. Environmental Skeptics and Critics 3(2): 24-38.

106 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

SYNTHESIS OF 1,4-DISUBSTITUTED 1,2,3-TRIAZOLES IN WATER – ALTERNATIVE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SYNTEZA 1,4-DWUPODSTAWIONYCH 1,2,3-TRIAZOLI W WODZIE – ALTERNATYWA DLA ŚRODOWISKA

Roksana Rzycka, Jarosław Polański Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia [email protected]

Water is commonly considered as a solvent in view of its non-toxicity and natural occurrence. Using water as a reaction medium to develop cleaner chemical processes forms the basis of green chemistry. Another potential opportunity for clean chemical synthesis in water is the development of high atom efficiency catalytic processes that can simplify catalyst recycling and product isolation. Organic synthesis in aqueous media is highly desirable. The research conducted used aqueous medium and an electrolytic copper as catalyst for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles by the "one pot" method. This reaction does not use pure organic azides, which shortens synthesis time and reduces its cost. Also, the use of a heterogeneous catalyst allows for a simpler purification process. Triazoles are five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing in their structure three nitrogen atoms at positions 1,2,3 or 1,2,4. There are many natural products such as vitamins, antibiotics or hormones in which there are triazoles. They are also present in various pharmaceuticals as biologically active compounds with antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antiviral, psychotropic, antiepileptic and other properties. The synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole is the foundation of medicinal chemistry due to a wide range of biological activities for these compounds, and synthesis of these compounds in water is friendly for the environment.

Keywords: synthesis in water, 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles, electrolytic copper, heterocatalysis

References: Ayşegül G., Sibel U. 2014. Regioselective one-pot synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. Heterocyclic Communications 20(6): 361-364. Fen Z., Zhen Ch., Kai X., Rui Y. 2016. One-pot synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from nitrobenzenes. Chinese Chemical Letters 27: 109-113. Rajender S.V. 2007. Clen chemical synthesis in water. U. S. Environmental protection agency 1.

107 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

INFLUENCE OF PAHs AND TRACE ELEMENTS CONTAMINATION ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND ECOTOXICITY WPŁYW ZANIECZYSZCZENIA WWA I METALAMI CIĘŻKIMI NA AKTYWNOŚĆ MIKROBIOLOGICZNĄ GLEBY I EKOTOKSYCZNOŚĆ

Nomeda Sabiene1, Jakub Hofman2, Valdas Paulauskas1 1Environmental Institute, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania 2RECETOX Center, Masaryk University, Check Republic [email protected]

Soil contamination with PAH’s and trace elements in Kaunas city (Lithuania) was investigated and soil ecotoxicity was evaluated by means of the soil microbiological activity and assay battery of biotests. Composite topsoil (5 cm) samples in 3 replicates were collected randomly in August from the potentially contaminated sites, such as transport spot, gas station, electric power station, airport, landfill, and village with individually heated houses. Soil sample from the town municipal park was taken as a control sample. Fresh soil samples were homogenized, sieved through 1 mm mesh, and stored at 4o C in the plastic boxes with perforated lids to ensure conditions for the microbiological activity. Also, a part of each soil sample was air dried, grounded, homogenized, sieved through 2 mm mesh sieve, and stored in the plastic boxes at lab conditions for the physicochemical and chemical analyses. Air dried soil samples were used for the analysis of the physicochemical properties, and for the hexane–acetone extraction for the PAHs determination by GC-MS, and aqua-regia extraction for the determination of trace elements by ICP-MS. Fresh soil samples were preincubated at 20oC and analyses of the MBC, BR, SIR,PAMO, and PAO were performed. Also, ecotoxicity assay battery of nematodes, microarthropods and plant seed germination tests was applied to understand influence of the soil contamination on the soil ecosystem (Allef and Nannipieri 1995). PAH (Σ 23 PAH < 5 mg∙kg-1) and trace element amounts were in the range of the legislative values, but V, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Pb, Mo, Sb, Hg, and Cd amounts exceeded background soil concentrations in twice in some specific sites depending on the source of pollution. Pollutants impact on the soil microbiological activity decrease and ecotoxicity increase in the contaminated sites was evident and will bedescribed at the conference presentation. In conclusion, we suggest to perform ecotoxicity tests along the chemical analyses in order to understand better impact of the xenobiotics in the studies of the environmental contamination and ecotoxicological risk assessment (Vašíčková et al. 2013, Skála et al. 2017).

Keywords: PAHs, trace elements, soil microbiological activity, MBC (microbial biomass carbon), BR (Basic respiration), SIR (substrate induced respiration), PAMO (potential ammonification), PAO (potential ammonia oxidation), ecotoxicity assay battery, nematodes, microarthropods, seed germination test

References: Allef K., Nannipieri P. 1995. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, pp. 608. Skála J., Vácha R., Hofman J., Čechmánková J. 2017. Spatial differentiation of ecosystem risks of soil pollution in floodplain areas of the Czech Republic. Soil & Water Research 12(1): 1-9. doi: 10.17221/53/2016-SWR.

108 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Vašíčková J., Kalábová T., Komprdová K., Priessnitz J., Dymák M., Lána M.Ja., Škulcová L., Šindelářová L., Sáňka M., Hofman J. 2013. Comparison of approaches towards ecotoxicity evaluation for the application of dredged sedyment on soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments 13(5): 906-915.

109 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES IN CATALYSIS AS THE METHOD OF REDUCTION OF PALLADIUM EMISSIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT NANOCZĄSTKI PALLADU W KATALIZIE JAKO METODA REDUKCJI EMISJI PALLADU DO ŚRODOWISKA

Sandra Senkała, Jarosław Polański Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia [email protected]

The still increasing use of palladium has resulted in a widespread introduction and distribution of this metal in the environment. Since palladium (Pd) is now increasingly used in modern industry, it progressively accumulates in the environment, especially in aquatic ecosystem. Nanometals are one of the promising catalysts for the environmental protection and pollutant abatement. Supported nanoparticulate noble metals, such as palladium (Pd), are widely used as heterogeneous catalysts. Our study was focused on the development of a more efficient, less costly and more simply formulated catalyst which would be active enough to perform synthesis under mild conditions. A highly efficient and selective catalyst was developed, giving as much as quantitative conversion and yield in a series of Sonogashira reactions. A copper-supported nanopalladium catalyst was obtained by nanoparticle transfer from the intermediate carrier SiO2 to the target Cu carrier. They are effective at low doses of Pd, thereby lowering its amount in the synthesis and, in addition, the part is retained again and used in subsequent reactions. This study provides a basis for the design of consecutive generations of environmentally friendly catalysts .

Keywords: palladium in the environment, palladium nanoparticles, environmental protection

References: Gagnon Z., E., Newkirk C., Hicks S. 2006. Impact of platinum group metals on the environment: a toxicological, genotoxic and analytical chemistry study. Journal of Environmental Science Health 41(3): 397-414. Korzec M., Bartczak P., Niemczyk A., Szade J., Kapkowski M., Zenderowska P., Balin K., Lelątko J., Polański J. 2014. Bimetallic nano-Pd/PdO/Cu system as a highly effective catalyst for the Sonogashira reaction. Journal of Catalysis 313: 1-8. Sures B., Singer Ch., Zimmermann S. 2006. Biological effects of palladium. Springer 50: 489-499.

110 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT OF ZINC, COPPER, NICKEL AND LEAD IN SELECTED PARTS OF ADRiATIC SEA ECOSYSTEM IN CROATIA ZAWARTOŚĆ CYNKU, MIEDZI, NIKLU I OŁOWIU W WYBRANYCH ELEMENTACH EKOSYSTEMU MORSKIEGO W CHORWACJI

Jakub Sikora, Marcin Niemiec, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Ivana Ujevic 1University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering 2University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry 3 Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Split, Croatia [email protected]

Coastal regions of Croatia are exposed to pollution related to tourism, agriculture and industry. The aim of this study was to assess the content of zinc, copper, nickel and lead in water and in algae sampled from selected points in the coastal area of the Adriatic Sea on the section Split- Makarska. The samples of water and algae were collected in August 2016 from nine points located in Split, Postrana, Omis, Lokva Rogoznica, Baska Voda, Makarska, and Podgora. Cystoseira and Ulva algae were collected from the same places. The collected water was conserved in situ and after being brought to the laboratory the contents of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and calcium were determined in it. The collected algae were rinsed in distilled water, dried, and then homogenized and mineralized. Laboratory samples of the algae were subjected to mineralization in a closed system with the use of microwave energy. The contents of the elements in the water and in the digested algae samples were determined using the ICP-OES method. The zinc content in the water ranged between 33.21 and 105.4 µg∙dm-3, copper between 8.566 and 21.42 µg∙dm-3, nickel 1.256-3.659 µg∙dm-3, and the lead content was within the range from 1.985 to 21.26 µg∙dm-3. Considerable differences in contents of the studied elements in water of individual points were found. A higher content of the studied elements was found in the samples collected from densely populated areas. A higher content of copper, nickel and lead was found in ulva algae, whereas in the case of zinc there were no differences between the two species of algae. No statistically significant correlation between the content of the studied elements in the water and studied algae was observed. Contents of the studied elements in the water decreased in the order Zn>Cu>Pb>Ni, whereas in the algae the order was Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb. Despite the differences in amount of accumulated elements in the studied algae, a significant relation between the content of individual elements in the Cystoseira and Ulva algae was found, which is indicative of suitability of both studied species of algae for biomonitoring.

Keywords: Adriatic Sea, Cystoseira, Ulva, biomonitoring, bioaccumulation

References: Sánchez-Quiles D., Marbà N., Tovar-Sánchez A. 2017. Trace metal accumulation in marine macrophytes: Hotspots of coastal contamination worldwide. Science of the Total Environment 576: 520-527.

111 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL FLY ASH AND BIOMASS ASH GEOPOLYMERS PORÓWNANIE WŁAŚCIWOŚCI GEOPOLIMERÓW NA BAZIE LOTNEGO POPIOŁU ZE SPALANIA WĘGLA I BIOMASY

Elżbieta Sitarz-Palczak, Jan Kalembkiewicz, Dagmara Galas Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland [email protected]

Geopolymers are a new class of materials that can be synthesised using metakaolin, natural minerals, and waste materials such as fly ash, slag, and red mud. Among these substrates, the use of fly ash is desirable as it involves the conversion of a copious waste material into a useful product (Böke et al. 2015). The aim of the research was to synthesise geopolymers from coal fly ash and biomass ash. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution were used as activators in geopolymerisation reaction. The results show that both coal fly ash and biomass ash can be utilized as source materials for the production of geopolymers. The surface morphology and chemical composition analysis were examined for the obtained geopolymers and ashes from coal and biomass combustion by SEM-EDS methods. Almost total disappearance of spherical forms and reduction of the porosity structure for geopolymer based on fly ash from coal combustion were found, whereas the structure of the geopolymer based on ash from biomass combustion was more porous. The UV-VIS-NIR spectra were performed on the coal fly ash, biomass ash and geopolymers. They showed that the obtained geopolymers had optical and photocatalytic properties. The similarity of the geopolymer network and the zeolite framework in relation to ion exchange and accommodation of metal ions open questions on possibilities for the application of geopolymer materials as amorphous analogues of zeolite (Sazama et al. 2011). This research was conducted to compare sorption properties of geopolymers made from coal fly ash and biomass ash.

For that purpose, the obtained geopolimers were treated with 0.1 M NH4NO3 solution in order to remove Na+ ions from their structure, and then the impact of the activity on their structure of aqueous salt selected heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) at a concentration of 0.01 M was examined. The FT-IR spectra analysis were used on the geopolymers before and after metals sorption. It was found that geopolymer based on ash from biomass combustion has better sorption properties compared to geopolymer based on fly ash from coal combustion.

Keywords: fly ash, geopolymer, immobilization, metals

References: Böke N., Birch G.D., Nyale S.M., Petrik L.F. 2015. New synthesis method for the production of coal fly ash-based foamed geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials 75: 189-99. Sazama P., Bortnovsky O., Dĕdeček J., Tvarůžková Z., Sobalik Z. 2011. Geopolymer based catalyst-new group of catalytic materials. Catalysis Today 164: 92-99.

112 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF POPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) WITH SELENIUM ROLNICZA BIOFORTYFIKACJA MAKU (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) SELENEM

Petr Škarpa, Pavel Ryant Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno [email protected]

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human and animal health. Its intake from food does not reach recommended daily human requirement in many countries of the world, its deficiency in Europe is commonly known. One of the most promising approaches to increase a crop’s nutritional value is agronomic biofortification. The Czech Republic is the one of the largest producers of poppy seeds in the world, it would be therefore suitable to increase the nutritional value of selenium in this crop. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of selenium foliar application on poppy yield and selenium content in poppy seeds in a small plot experiment. The -1 2- selenium was applied in the 20 and 40 g ha doses in the form of selenite (SeO3 ) and selenate 2- (SeO4 ). Foliar application of selenium reduced the weight of thousand seeds, but not statistically significantly. Selenium application did not have a significant effect on the yield of poppy seeds. The content of selenium in poppy seeds significantly increased with graded doses of selenite and selenate. The selenite application increased selenium content in seeds in range from 1.9 (20 g∙ha-1) to 3.5-fold (40 g∙ha-1), whereas a higher dose of selenate (40 g∙ha-1) resulted in increased Se of almost nine times. Foliar application of selenium is an efficient method of biofortification. The level of biotransformation from absorbed inorganic Se to organic selenium forms in a poppy seed was higher when using selenate compared with selenite. Poppy appears to be a crop suitable for Se-biofortification.

Keywords: selenite, selenate, poppy, biofortification

This work was supported by IGA TP 2/2015 „Effect of selenium on the quality of plant and animal production from the perspective of safety“.

113 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

APPLICATION OF THE ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OF WATER CONTAMINATED WITH CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ZASTOSOWANIE METOD POGŁĘBIONEGO UTLENIANIA DO OCZYSZCZANIA WÓD ZANIECZYSZCZONYCH SUBSTANCJAMI CHEMICZNYMI

Sylwia Sobera-Madej1, Małgorzata Wołoszynowska2 1The Department of Physicochemical Properties and Environmental Protection, Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, [email protected] 2Analytical Department, Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, [email protected] [email protected]

Climate changes and population growth in the world create new challenges in the management of decreasing water resources, so the current priority is purification and reuse of water. During water treatment, the most important problem whose significance is yet to be fully understood is the presence of plant protection products as well as the still unregulated risk to the environment, including pharmaceuticals and their metabolites (Deblonde et al. 2011, Li 2014, Geissen et al. 2015, Petrie et al. 2015, Naidu et al. 2016, Noguera-Oviedo and Aga 2016). Studies have shown that one of the main sources of the formation of this type of environmental pollution is incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants using currently available methods (Kasprzyk- Horden et al. 2009). Therefore, alternatives solutions are being sought to completely eliminate pesticides, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites from the environment. Examples of such methods include Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), based on oxidation simultaneously with several oxidizing agents, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation, and using various combinations of these tree agents. The study concerned the comparison of the effectiveness of using O3/H2O2, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2, UV radiation and ozonation for the removal of phenoxycarboxylic acid from surface water and drinking water.

Keywords: advanced oxidation processes, water treatment, clofibric acid, MCPA

References: Deblonde T., Cossu-Leguille C., Hartemann P. 2011. Emerging pollutants in wastewater: A review of the literature. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 214(6): 442-448. Geissen V., Mol H., Klumpp E., Umlauf G., Nadal M., van der Ploeg M., van de Zee S. E.A.T.M., Ritsema C.J. 2015. Emerging pollutants in the environment: A challenge for water resource management. International Soil and water Conservation Research 3: 57-65. Kasprzyk-Hordern B., Dinsdale R.M., Guwy A.J. 2009. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Research 43: 363-380. Li W.C. 2014. Occurrence, sources, and fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and soil. Environmental Pollution 187: 193-201. Naidu R., Espana V.A.A., Liu Y., Jit J. 2016. Emerging contaminants in the environment: Risk-based analysis for better management. Chemosphere 154: 350-357. Noguera-Oviedo K., Aga D.S. 2016. Lessons learned from more than two decades of research on emerging contaminants in the environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials 316: 242-251. Petrie B., Barden R., Kasprzyk-Hordern B. 2015. A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Research 72: 3-27.

114 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS, BASED ON MAGNETOMETRIC AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS USING THE CO-EST METHOD SZACOWANIE ROZKŁADU METALI CIĘŻKICH W GLEBACH W OPARCIU O MAGNETOMETRYCZNE I CHEMICZNE ANALIZY Z UŻYCIEM METODY CO_EST

Maciej Soja, Marta Pogrzeba, Jacek Krzyżak, Szymon Rusinowski, Katarzyna Nowak, Alicja Szada-Borzyszkowska Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas [email protected]

In the Silesian Region, metal ore deposits have been intensely exploited for over a century. Due to the activity of the zinc and lead smelter in Piekary Śląskie, up to its closure in 1981, adjacent lands were affected for many years by dustfall containing heavy metals (HM). Soils in Piekary Śląskie, located in close vicinity to the smelter, have high levels of Zn, Pb, Cd and As pollution. Soils in Bytom, located approximately 2.5 km from the smelter, have moderate levels of Zn, Pb and Cd pollution. The level of HM contamination corresponds directly to the distance from the smelter. Technogenic dusts often contain heavy metals in their structure, causing an increase in magnetic susceptibility values of the upper soil layer. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and presence of heavy metals in topsoil layers are significantly positively correlated, and based on this correlation, assessment of heavy metal spatial distribution is possible. The goal of this study is to estimate spatial heavy metal pollution on the experimental plots, by using Co_Est method and complement chemical measurements by magnetometric data. Field magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed with MS2D Bartington sensor on soil surface while total HM content was measured using ICP-MS instrument after soil hot plate digestion in aqua regia solution. Magnetometric data allows to estimate HM pollution during field research and is more cost- and time-efficient compared with solely chemical analyses. The MS measurements were made in the same spot as taken samples for HM content. Those parameters were used for regression equation, which consequently served to extrapolate the results to the entire field and create a spatial distribution map. On the plot in Bytom, magnetic measurements showed a significant Pearson correlation with Fe, Zn and Pb, at p<0.05. On the plot in Piekary Śląskie only Fe was significantly correlated with MS at p<0.05, however the Fe itself was strongly correlated with Zn, Pb and As.

Keywords: magnetic susceptibillity, heavy metals, soil polution, Co_Est method

References: Fabijańczyk P. 2010. Statystyczna i geostatystyczna analiza możliwości wykorzystania pomiarów magnetometrycznych do oceny potencjalnego zanieczyszczenia gleb metalami ciężkimi, Technical University of Warsaw, Warsaw. Zawadzki J., Fabijańczyk P. 2008. Reduction of soil contamination uncertainty assessment using magnetic susceptibility measurements and CO_EST method. Proceedings of ECOpole, Warsaw.

Research financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas statutory funds).

115 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ACTIVITY OF NATURAL RADIOISOTOPES AND ARTIFICIAL 137Cs IN SOIL SAMPLES TAKEN FROM SOME POLISH NATIONAL PARKS AKTYWNOŚĆ NATURALNYCH RADIOIZOTOPÓW I SZTUCZNEGO 137Cs W PRÓBKACH GLEB POBRANYCH Z OBSZARÓW POLSKICH PARKÓW NARODOWYCH

Marcin Stobiński, Katarzyna Szarłowicz, Barbara Kubica AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels [email protected]

The aim of this work was to determine activity of natural and artificial radioisotopes in soil samples taken from four Polish national parks: Tatra National Park (TNP), Pieniny National Park (PNP), Babia Góra National Park (BGNP) and Ojców National Park (ONP). The samples were obtained as cores (10 cm in diameter) from the top 10 cm layer of the soil. Each sample was divided into three layers (a, b and c), where "a" was the subsample closest to the surface and "c" was the deepest one. This work presents results of determination of natural radioisotopes: 226Ra (uranium series), 228Th (thorium series), 40K and artificial 137Cs. Activity of isotopes was measured by gamma spectrometer equipped with the High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. Our data show that the content of artificial caesium strongly depends on organic matter content, type of soil and (indirectly) on sampling point altitude. The highest activity of artificial 137Cs was found in the surface layer (up to 3 cm) in the Tatra mountain soil. The lowest activity of 137Cs was in samples from Pieniny and from almost whole area of Ojców National Park. In one of the ONP valleys an atypically high concentration of 137Cs was found. The highest activity of natural 226Ra and 228Th was observed in soil samples from 7-10 cm depth (subsamples "c").For these isotopes, the greatest activity variation was found for samples from the Tatra mountain area, whereas in the samples from PPN and ONP these values were similar.

Keywords: radioisotopes, soil, gamma spectrometry, 137Cs

References: Skiba S., Kubica B., Skiba M., Stobiński M. 2005. Content of the gamma radionuclides of 137Cs and 40K in the soils samples of the Tatra Mts (Poland) and Czarnohora Mts (Ukraina). Polish Journal of Soil Science 38: 119-126. Szarłowicz K., Reczyński W., Misiak R., Kubica B. 2013. Radionuclides and heavy metal concentrations as complementary tools for studying the impact of industrialization on the environment. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 298: 1323-1333. Stobiński M., Szarłowicz K., Reczyński W., Kubica B. 2014. The evaluation of 137Cs radioactivities in soils taken from the Babia Góra National Park. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 299: 631-635.

The work was supported by the AGH University of Science and Technology Grant No. 11.11.210.374.

116 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

TIME FACTOR INFLUENCE ON THE HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN CONTAMINATED SOILS WPŁYW CZYNNIKA CZASOWEGO NA ZMIANY ZAWARTOŚCI METALI CIĘŻKICH W GLEBACH ZANIECZYSZCZONYCH

Ewa Stanisławska-Glubiak, Jolanta Korzeniowska Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, Department in Wroclaw, Orzechowa 61 St, 50-540 Wroclaw [email protected]

Numerous studies based on monitoring have been devoted to tracking trends in spatial and temporal changes in the concentration of heavy metals in soils, connected with reduction or intensification of industry and transport. Concentration of heavy metals in the soil may vary within a certain period of time, not only due to changes in the metal deposition, but also because of chemical and microbiological transformations in the soil, leading to increased mobility of metals and their leaching (Onweremadu et al. 2007, Aelion et al. 2014, Meyer et al. 2014). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of changes in the metal concentrations in the soils contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Zn during a 5-year period. The study was conducted in concrete-framed microplots, filled with two soils (sandy and silty), which were artificially co- contaminated with Cd, Pb and Zn. Every year in the autumn, soil samples were collected from the layers of 0-20 cm (topsoil) and 20-40 cm (subsoil), and determined for the total concentrations (aqua regia) of Cd, Pb, and Zn. There was a gradual decrease in these concentrations during the 5-year period. After 5 years of the study, the topsoil had the smallest decrease in Pb concentration, which for the sandy and silty soils was, respectively, 7% and 9% lower in relation to the initial value. The concentrations of Cd and Zn decreased by up to about 35% in the sandy soil and by about 20% in the silty soil. In the subsoil, changes were more prominent in the silty soil compared to the sandy soil. In the silty soil, the concentrations of all the 3 metals decreased by 36-48% in relation to the initial concentration, while in the sandy soil, their concentrations decreased accordingly by 10-18%.

Keywords: heavy metals, soil, contamination

References: Aelion C.M., Davis H.T., Lawson A.B., Cai B., McDermott S. 2014. Temporal and spatial variation in residential soil metal concentrations: Implications for exposure assessments. Environmental Pollution 185: 365-368. Meyer M., Pesch R., Schröder W., Steinnes E., Uggerud H.T. 2014. Spatial patterns and temporal trends of heavy metal concentrations in moss and surface soil specimens collected in Norway between 1990 and 2010. Environmental Sciences Europe 26:27. Onweremadu E. U., Eshett E. T., Osuji G. E. 2007. Temporal variability of selected heavy metals in automobile soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4(1): 35-41.

117 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

BENZO[A]PYRENE (BAP) BIODEGRADATION LEVEL AND BIOACCUMULATION FEATURES BY SPRING BARLEY POZIOM BIODEGRADACJI BENZO[A]PIRENU I WŁAŚCIWOŚCI BIOAKUMULACYJNE JĘCZMIENIA JAREGO

Svetlana Sushkova1, Tatiana Minkina1, Saglara Mandzhieva1, Elena Antonenko1, Irina Deryabkina1, Abdulmalik Batukaev2 1Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation 2Chechen State University, Grozny, Russian Federation [email protected]

The aim of the research is investigation of the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) biodegradation level and bioaccumulation features of spring barley (Hordeum sativum distichum) grown in background control Haplic chernozem and spiked with various doses of BaP (20, 200, 400 and 800 µg∙kg-1) equivalent to 1, 10, 20 and 40 levels of maximal permissible concentrations (MPC). The experimental soil samples were planted every spring and incubated outdoors for 4 years. The express-method of subcritical water extraction was used for extraction of BaP from samples (Sushkova et al. 2016). The values of T50 of BaP in the soils contaminated with 10, 20 and 40 MPC ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 years, while these values in low contaminated soils ranged from 2.9 to 5.4 years. Substantial amounts of BaP were accumulated in the spring barley plants. Its concentrations in roots and vegetative parts depended on the initial BaP contamination and reduced simultaneously with diminishing BaP concentration in the related spiked samples. The initial BaP concentration in roots of the 1st season ranged from 0.9 to 23.4 µg∙kg-1 and in vegetative part – from 0.3 to 12.4 µg∙kg-1 depending on the initial soil contamination. Changes of BaP accumulation in plants revealed similar tendencies. The BaP content in roots and vegetative parts of the plants grown in the highly contaminated soils was reduced to the 4th year by 68-82 and 72-82% respectively, while BaP content in the 1MPC-soil was reduced only by 50 and 38% respectively. At the same time, BaP content in the plants grown in the control soils remained almost constant or changed insignificantly during all the experiment. Growing of spring barley in the BaP-spiked soils led to BaP accumulation in plants. Coefficients BAFr in roots and BAFv in vegetative parts fluctuated from 0.035 to 0.065 and from 0.015 to 0.025 respectively in the 1st season and then reduced about twice to the 4th season. Meantime, those values in control soils vice-versa increased twice from 0.03 and 0.01 respectively.

Keywords: benzo(a)pyrene, degradation rate constant, bioaccumulation factor, soil contamination, plants

References: Sushkova S.N., Minkina T.M., Mandzhieva S.S., Vasilyeva G.K., Borisenko N.I., Turina I.G., Bolotova O.V., Varduni T.V., Kızılkaya R. 2016. New alternative method of benzo[a]pyrene extraction from soils and its approbation in soil under technogenic pressure. Journal of Soils and Sediments 16(4): 1323-1329.

This research was supported by projects of Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, no. 5.948.2017/PCh, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, no. 16-35-60051, 16-35-00347, Grant of the President of Russian Federation, no. MK-3476.2017.5.

118 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION OF THE FORECROP ON THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH ZINC IN SPRING BARLEY CULTIVATION WPŁYW ZRÓŻNICOWANEGO NAWOŻENIA PRZEDPLONU POTASEM NA AKTYWNOŚĆ ENZYMATYCZNĄ GLEBY ZANIECZYSZCZONEJ CYNKIEM W UPRAWIE JĘCZMIENIA JAREGO

Barbara Symanowicz, Stanisław Kalembasa, Martyna Toczko, Korneliusz Skwarek Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agronomy, Unversity of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce [email protected]

Heavy metals that enter the soil from various sources can cause quantitative and qualitative changes in the activity of microorganisms and soil enzymes. In light soils, the negative and even toxic effects on soil enzymes cannot be ruled out even at very low concentrations (Baran et al. 2000). The aim of the study was to determine the changes in enzymatic activity of soil during spring barley vegetation. The field experiment was carried out in 2013 in a completely randomized method with four replications on the experimental plots of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. Soil of granulometric composition of clay Sand was characterized by very high abundance in available phosphorus and neutral reaction. The soil contained 321.7-374.7 mg.kg-1 zinc. The forecrop was pea (Pisum sativum L.), which used fertilization: without fertilization, N1, N1K1, N1K2, N1K3, N1K4, . -1 N1K5 (N1-20; K1-41.5; K2-83; K3-124.5; K4-166; K5-207,5 kg ha ). In the spring barley (Horedum vulgare L.), seven levels of fertilization were included: no fertilization, N2, N2K2, N2K2, N2K2, N2K2, N2K2 (N2-50, . -1 K2-41.5 kg ha ). The enzymatic activity was determined four times during vegetation in soil samples taken from the Ap level (0-30 depth). Urease activity was determined according to the modified method of Alef and Nannipieri (1998), dehydrogenases activity was determined by the method of Casida et al. (1964) and Wolińska et al. (2016) and phosphatases – by Page method (1982). -1 -1 The soil was characterized by very high urease activity (average 365.5 mg N-NH4 ∙h ∙kg soil.) The highest activity of dehydrogenases was determined in the soil extracted in June from the N2K2 fertilizer object tested plant (N1K3 forecrop). Alkaline phosphatase activity was twice as high as that of acid phosphatase. The highest activity of alkaline phosphatase (0.46-0.64 mmol PNP∙h-1∙kg-1 soil) and acidic phosphatase (0.26-0.31 mmol PNP∙h-1∙kg-1 soil) was observed in soil taken from the fertilizer object N2K2 spring barley (N1K1 forecrop-pea).

Keywords: mineral fertilisation (NK), enzymatic activity, forecrop (pea), spring barley

References: Alef K., Nannipieri P. 1998. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Alef K., Nannipieri P. (eds.). Academic Press, Harcourt Brace & Company, Publisher London, pp. 576. Baran S., Bielińska E.J., Wójcikowska-Kapusta A. 2000. The influence of wicker cultivation on dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity and lead content in podsols fertilized of the sewage sludge. Folia Universitatis Agriculturae Stetinensis 211, Agricultura (84): 19-24. Casida L.E. Jr., Klein D.A., Santoro T. 1964. Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science, 98(6): 371-376. Page A.L. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Madison, WL, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Soil Science Society of America. Inc Publiher. Burns R.G. Soil enzymes. Academic Press New York. Wolińska A., Zapasek M., Stępniewska Z. 2016. The optimal TTC dose and its chemical reduction level during soil dehydrogenase activity assay. Acta Agrophysica 23(2): 303-314.

119 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SEDIMENTS USING THE 210Pb METHOD GEOCHRONOLOGIA OSADÓW DENNYCH Z ZASTOSOWANIEM METODY 210Pb

Katarzyna Szarłowicz, Marcin Stobiński, Barbara Kubica Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow [email protected]

Geochronology is a part of science dedicated to assessing the age of studied samples. Among many methods of dating differing in timespan determination and in time resolution, radiometric dating allows to estimate the age of a wide range of environmental samples by use of radioisotope. Currently, 210Pb method is the most commonly used method for estimating the age of sediments (~200 years back) from various aquatic systems. The aim of this paper is to present the methodology of dating sediments collected from mountainous lakes, using 210Pb method. The essence of this method is to calculate the radioactivity of unsupported lead in the sediment’s core layers. It can be carried out by determination of 210Po via alpha spectrometry. Sediment cores were collected with the use of a Limnos corer. Radiochemical procedure involved: microwave digestion in HCl and HNO3 mixture, evaporation with conversion of nitrates into chloride ions and spontaneous deposition of 210Po on a silver disc. Obtained alpha sources were 210 measured on alpha spectrometer for 72h. In order to determine Pbtotal radioactivity, two depositions of polonium on a silver disc, with an interval of approximately 6 to 8 months, were carried out. The radioactivity of unsupported 210Pb was calculated from total radioactivity of 210Pb by subtraction of supported radioactivity. Supported radioactivity was determined by measurements made on old sediments. Radioactivity of the sediments in the deepest part of the core is ascribed to supported 210Pb radioactivity (the oldest sediments contain no unsupported 210Pb). To calculate the age of the sediments, the CRS (Constant Rate of Supply) model was used, because it takes into account variations in sedimentation rate and possible mixing of the sediments. To summarize, knowing the time of deposition of each layer of sediments, it is possible to link time with changes that have taken place in the analyzed area (e.g. erosion, values of sedimentation rate and mass accumulation rate, history of heavy metal pollution).

Keywords: radiometric dating, 210Pb method, alpha spectrometry

References: Szarlowicz K., Reczynski W., Misiak R., Kubica B. 2013 Radionuclides and heavy metal concentrations as complementary tools for studying the impact of industrialization on the environment. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 298(2): 1323-1333.

This work was supported by the AGH University under grant number 11.11.210.374.

120 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

INFLUENCE OF SOIL POLLUTION WITH FLUORINE ON THE CONTENT OF AMINO ACIDS IN AERIAL MASS OF MAIZE AND YELLOW LUPINE ODDZIAŁYWANIE ZANIECZYSZCZENIA GLEBY FLUOREM NA ZAWARTOŚĆ AMINOKWASÓW W MASIE NADZIEMNEJ KUKURYDZY I ŁUBINU ŻÓŁTEGO

Radosław Szostek1, Zdzisław Ciećko1,2 1Chair of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn 2Faculty of Ecology, University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw [email protected]

The influence of soil pollution with fluorine on the composition of amino acids in proteins found in the aerial biomass of maize and yellow lupine was studied in pot experiments conducted in a greenhouse at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, in 2009. Soil from the arable horizon was used for the trials. The soil represented loamy sand in its -1 textural composition, and had pH of 5.89 in H2O and 4.43 in KCl. The soil contained 6.0 g∙kg of organic carbon and 125 mg∙kg-1 of total fluorine. Soil contamination with fluorine in the maize series of trials corresponded to 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg F∙kg-1 of soil. Yellow lupine was grown as a catch crop after maize, and then the residual effect of fluorine pollution applied under the main crop was investigated. The amino acid composition of the protein was determined by chromatography using an INGOS analyzer, AAA 400 model. These tests were performed at the Central Agroecological Laboratory of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. Ten exogenous amino acids, such as arginine, phenyloalanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tyrosine and valine, as well as seven endogenous amino acids, namely alanine, cysteine, glycine, asparagine acid, glutamic acid, proline and serine, were determined. Results of tests on the content of amino acids in the aerial biomass of both plants were presented relative to dry matter and total protein. The nutritive value of the ground mass protein of both plants was determined by the Oser’s Index (the EAA Index), compared to the egg protein relative values. The evaluation of the nutritive value of protein included the content of the analysed exogenous amino acids. With respect to the total amount of amino acids in the aerial mass of maize, the lowest and the medium doses of fluorine had a positive effect on the amounts of all the analysed amino acids. The index of the protein nutritive value according to Oser was between 36 in the pots polluted with the highest dose of fluorine to 51 at the soil contamination rate of 100 mg F ∙ kg-1 of soil. In sum, the impact of the increasing soil contamination with fluorine on the nutritive value of protein in maize followed a parabolic course. With respect to yellow lupine, it was demonstrated that the lowest fluorine dose, i.e. 100 mg F ∙ kg-1of soil, had a positive effect on the content of all analysed amino acids. More severe soil contamination with fluorine, i.e. after the application of the medium and highest fluorine doses, contributed to a decrease in the content of all analysed amino acids, by 6 and 8% compared to the control. In turn, the nutritve value index for proteins in the aerial biomass of yellow lupine ranged from 56 in the pots polluted with the lowest fluorine dose to 63 in the variant with the highest dose of the pollutant. In sum, it was demonstrated that the medium and high levels of soil pollution with fluorine as their residual impact demonstrably raised the nutritive value of yellow lupine.

121 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

POSSIBILITIES TO USE MAIZE FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED BY HEAVY METALS MOŻLIWOŚCI WYKORZYSTANIA KUKURYDZY DO FITOREMEDIACJI GLEB ZANIECZYSZCZONYCH METALAMI CIĘŻKIMI

Wiesław Szulc, Beata Rutkowska, Dominik Ptasiński Agricultural Chemistry Department, Section of Agricultural Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW [email protected]

Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem. Plant-based remediation techniques are showing increasing promise for use in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytoextraction uses the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate metals from the environment into the harvestable parts of above ground shoots. Phytoremediation is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. This technique is widely viewed as the ecologically responsible alternative to the destructive physical remediation methods (Grobelak et al. 2010, Mojiri 2011, Aliyu and Adamu 2014). Therefore, in this study we determined the potential of maize for phytoremediation of multiple heavy metal contaminated soil. The research was carried out based on the microplot field experiment located at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biology – Warsaw University of Life Sciences- SGGW which is located in Skierniewice. In this experiment, we systematically examined the basic soil parameters (pH, organic matter content, zinc content) in order to keep them at a constant level. Experimental factors were two levels of soil pH: 4 and 6, two levels of the content of soil organic carbon: 0.6 and 1.2g C ∙ kg–1, four degrees of soil contamination with Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn according to Kabata-Pendias et al. (1995). The results show that maize is characterized by a high capacity to extract heavy metals from the soil. After the second degree of soil contamination, the toxic effects of heavy metals on the plant are observed, which is manifested by a particularly significant reduction in the root system. In conclusion, it was observed that the amount of heavy metals reduced considerably in the soil. This trend shows that, in terms of phytoremadiation, maize can clean up contamination in a very short period of time.

References: Aliyu H. G., Adamu H. M. 2014. The potential of maize as phytoremediation tool of heavy metals. European Scientific Journal 10(6): 30-38. Grobelak A., Kacprzak M., Fijałkowski K. 2010. Phytoremediation the underestimated potential of plants in cleaning up the environment. Journal of Ecology and Health 14(6): 276-280. Kabata-Pendias A., Piotrowska M., Motowicka-Terelak T., Maliszewska-Kordybach B., Filipiak K., Krakowiak A., Pietruch C. 1995. Podstawy oceny chemicznego zanieczyszczenia gleb. Metale ciężkie, siarka i WWA. PIOŚ, Warszawa, 5-19. Mojiri A. 2011. The Potential of Corn (Zea mays) for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium and lead. Journal of Biological& Environmental Sciences 5(13): 17-22.

This study was supported by the project Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe (INTENSE) funding by ERA-NET CO-FUND FACCE SURPLUS.

122 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

MUSHROOMS AS BIOMONITORS OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN FOREST AREAS GRZYBY JAKO BIOMONITORY ZANIECZYSZCZENIA TERENÓW LEŚNYCH METALAMI CIĘŻKIMI

Paweł Świsłowski, Małgorzata Rajfur Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole, Poland [email protected]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using selected species of edible and non-edible mushrooms to monitor the pollution with heavy metals in forest areas. Mushrooms (hats and stems) and soil samples were taken from the areas located in the Swietokrzyskie Province (forest in Staporkow Forest District), Opolskie Province (forests in the Proszkow and Kup Forest Districts), from the Knyszyn and Bialowieza Forests and forests in Karkonosze mountains. In the material collected at the turn of October and November 2016, after mineralization in the microwave mineralizer, concentrations of heavy metals: Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined using the AAS iCE 3500 from Thermo Electron Corporation (USA). The results of the research were interpreted using phytoaccumulation factor (PF). Based on the conducted studies and the PFs calculated a conclusion was drawn that mushrooms are characterized by an intense accumulation of trace elements from the soil. It was found that heavy metal concentrations are much higher in hats than in mushroom stems. Mushrooms, due to their heavy metal accumulation ability, can be used as bioindicators of heavy metal contamination in forest areas.

Keywords: mushrooms, heavy metals, phytoaccumulation factor (PF), biomonitoring

123 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

BIOAVAILABILITY OF SULFUR FROM WASTE FORMED DURING GAS DESULFURIZATION BIODOSTĘPNOŚĆ SIARKI POCHODZĄCEJ Z ODPADU SIARKOWEGO OTRZYMANEGO W PROCESIE ODSIARCZANIA GAZU

Monika Tabak Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected]

Not only mineral fertilizers are used to introduce sulfur to soil. Waste materials may also be used as a source of sulfur. Waste formed during desulfurization of gas obtained as a result of fermentation of organic materials may contain a high amount of sulfur. If it is an elemental sulfur, it is not directly available to plants. The rate of elemental sulfur oxidation depends on the composition and number of microorganisms as well as on their activity (which depends, among other things, on temperature, nutrient availability, humidity, acidification and granulometric composition of soil). The aim of the research was to determine the bioavailability of sulfur from waste formed during gas desulfurization. Under incubation experiment conditions, at various soil pH, sulfur pulp was introduced to soil and consequential changes of sulfate sulfur content in soil were determined. Acidification and enzymatic activity of soil were also determined. It was stated that sulfur pulp (especially when introduced in high doses) was a source of sulfur available to plants. Carbide lime (used for liming) reduced acidification caused by sulfur pulp and stimulated soil enzymatic activity.

Keywords: soil, sulfur pulp, elemental sulfur, sulfate sulfur, enzymatic activity

This research was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland.

124 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT OF IRON IN PLANTS AND SOIL AFTER APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ENRICHED WITH THIS ELEMENT ZAWARTOŚĆ ŻELAZA W ROŚLINACH I GLEBIE PO ZASTOSOWANIU NAWOZÓW MINERALNYCH WZBOGACONYCH W TEN PIERWIASTEK

Monika Tabak, Małgorzata Koncewicz-Baran, Barbara Filipek-Mazur Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Proper iron supply to plants is often problematic because of low mobility of this element in plants and insufficient content of available forms of this elements, which is common in Polish arable soils. Iron uptake by plants is modified by the presence of other ions in soil solution, including cations of calcium, manganese, copper and zinc as well as sulfate, phosphate and nitrate anions. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of mineral fertilizers enrichment with iron on the yielding and content of iron in plants and on the content of the most readily available forms (mobile, exchangeable and bound to MnOx) of this element in soil. A three-year pot experiment established on slightly acid, light silty loam. Spring rape was the test plant in the first year of the research, and maize – in the second and third year. Saletrzak 27 standard (a mixture of ammonium nitrate and powdered dolomite) and Saletrosan 26 (a mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate), both with an addition of iron sulfate, were added to the soil. Phosphorus and potassium were supplemented with solutions of chemically pure salts. These treatments were compared to soil with the addition of Saletrzak 27 standard or Saletrosan 26 without iron, soil with no additions, as well as to soil to which only chemically pure salts (NPK, NPK+S) and salts with iron chelate (NPK+Fe) were applied. Such fertilization was applied in the first and second year of the research. In the third year, to assess the after-effect of fertilizers, only chemically pure salts NPK were added to the soil of fertilized treatments. As a rule, the addition of iron to the fertilizers did not significantly alter the plant yield (especially the yield of the above-ground parts). Regardless of the plant species, the highest yields were obtained in the treatments where Saletrosan 26 makro with iron was used. From among the applied fertilizers, Saletrzak 27 had the most beneficial effect on nitrogen content in the above- ground parts of plants, but the iron addition resulted in a considerable decrease in nitrogen content. The effect of iron addition on the content of this element in plants was ambiguous. All added fertilizers and solutions acidified the soil; the biggest changes were observed after application of sulfur (Saletrosan, NPK+S). The highest content of mobile forms of iron was determined in the soil to which iron chelate and Saletrzak 27 with iron were added. After finishing the experiment, iron bound to MnOx constituted 68-86% of the available forms of this element.

Keywords: mineral fertilizers, plant, iron, available forms of iron

References: Colombo C., Palumbo G., He J.Z., Pinton R., Cesco S. 2014. Review on iron availability in soil: interaction of Fe minerals, plants, and microbes. Journal of Soils and Sediments 14: 538-548. Morrissey J., Guerinot M.L. 2009. Iron uptake and transport in plants: the good, the bad, and the ionome. Chemical Reviews 109(10): 4553-4567.

This Research was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland and the Company Grupa Azoty S.A.

125 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TOXICITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS COLLECTED FROM ROŻNÓW RESERVOIR AS A FIRST STEP IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THEIR QUALITY SKŁAD CHEMICZNY ORAZ TOKSYCZNOŚĆ OSADÓW DENNYCH ZBIORNIKA ROŻNÓW JAKO PIERWSZY ETAP W OCENIE ICH JAKOŚCI

Marek Tarnawski1, Agnieszka Baran1, Tomasz Koniarz1, Jerzy Grela2, Monika Piszczek2, Agnieszka Koroluk2 1University of Agriculture in Krakow 2MGGP S.A. Tarnów [email protected]

Bottom sediments are an important part of the aquatic environment, they have numerous functions: ecological, geochemical, and economic. On the other hand, they are the final deposition place of various pollution. Nowadays, key studies on quality of bottom sediments cover potential ecological risk, geochemical cycling, assessment of ecological risk caused by pollution, and toxicity assessment. Different environmental factors such as chemical, physicochemical and ecotoxicological must be taken into account for the assessment of the possibility of agricultural and environmental use of bottom sediment. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate basic properties and concentration of metals, PAHs, PCBs, pesticide residues in sediments collected from Rożnów reservoir; (2) to use a battery of bioassays (Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit and Microtox) to evaluate the toxicity of sediments. Rożnów reservoir is located in the Malopolska province on the Dunajec River. The characteristic feature of the reservoir is its degree of silting, which is about 30%. Bottom sediments were sampled from the most silted part of the reservoir – backwater. The samples were collected using Beeker and Instorf type samplers from 20 set locations. The physical and chemical properties of Rożnów reservoir bottom sediments revealed a high potential of their application for agricultural and environmental purposes (including land reclamation). These sediments may be recommended as the material to be used for increasing productivity of poor soils, soilless and degraded areas through improvement of their physicochemical properties. Considering these sediments, elevated contents of benzo(a)pyrene in 3 samples raised some concerns. It is worth mentioning that benzo(a)pyrene has some mutagenic and carcinogenic properties and is one of the most hazardous environmental contaminants. Therefore, the assessment of these 3 samples should also include other (additional) parameters of the sediments, such as granulometric composition, organic carbon content and the sediment ecotoxicity. The studied sediments from these three sites had granulometric composition of silt loam and revealed a high content of organic carbon. These features to the greatest extent affect benzo(a)pyrene sorption in bottom sediments. Moreover, in these points, bottom sediments revealed a low toxicity for the test organisms.

Keywords: bottom sediments, silting, chemical composition, pollution, toxicity, management of bottom sediment

126 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORMS OF Zn AND Pb IN SCOTS PINE NEEDLES AS AN INDEX OF RESISTANCE OR SENSITIVITY BIOLOGICZNIE AKTYWNE FORMY Zn I Pb W IGŁACH SOSNY ZWYCZAJNEJ JAKO WSKAŹNIK ODPORNOŚCI LUB WRAŻLIWOŚCI

Natalia Tatuśko1, Jean Diatta2, Ewa Chudzińska3 1Department of Soil Science and Land Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznan 2Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71F, 60-625 Poznan 3Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan [email protected]

The progressive anthropopressure resulting from industrial activity constantly interferes the environment and negatively impacts natural components. This process disturbs the harmony and further inhibits the conservation of the biodiversity. A Zinc and Lead Smelter located at the Miasteczko Śląskie has been emitting dusts containing sulphur (acid rain) compounds as well as heavy metals for decades. These compounds were transferred by winds to the nearby forest complexes (mainly coniferous forests) established as buffer zones. Investigations consisted of determining biologically active forms of Zn and Pb in the needles of two varieties of Scots pine (sensitive (S) and tolerant (T)) of different needle ages (annual (1) and biennial (2)). The extracting test is an aqueous solution with different pH (acidic – 3.5 and neutral – 6.5). The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the magnitude of the contamination of the investigated area, the impact of acid rain on the growth of the mobility of heavy metals accumulated in the needles. Based on the data of the study, it was found that the amount of Zn and Pb accumulated in pine needles ranged depending on the variety (i.e. sensitive or tolerant) and age of needles. The trend was as follows: S1 < S2 ≤ T1 < T2. Acid rain may potentially increase the mobility of metal forms, irrespective of the variety (i.e. sensitive or tolerant). It was found that zinc was the most easily mobilisable metal from the needles. The tolerant (T) variety was capable of accumulating higher amounts of potentially mobile forms than the sensitive (S) variety. One cannot explicitly state that young needles contain more potentially mobile metals than older ones. This is dependent on the type of metal and the pH of the soil. In most cases, higher regression coefficients based on the total metal content in pine needles and the levels of potentially mobile Zn and Pb were obtained with the sensitive (S) variety, but in the case of biennial needles.

Keywords: acid rain, heavy metals, indicator plants

References: Adekola F. A., Salami N., Lawai K. A. 2002. Assesment of the bioaccumulation capacity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) neddles for zinc, cadmium and sulphur in Ilorin and Ibadan cities (Nigeria). Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Science 17: 1297-1301. Baslar S., Dogan Y., Bag H., Elci A. 2003. Trace element biomonitoring by needles of Pinus brutia Ten. from Western Anatolia, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 12(5): 450-453.

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Chudzińska E., Diatta J. B., Wojnicka-Półtorak A. 2014. Adaptation strategies and referencing trial of Scots and black pine populations subjected to heavy metal pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(3): 2165-2177. Giertych M. J., De Temmerman L. O., Rachwal L. 1997. Distribution of elements along the length of Scots pine needles in a heavily polluted and a control environment. Tree Physiology 17(11): 697-703. Gworek B., Dećkowska A., Pierścieniak M. 2011. Traffic pollutant indicators: common dandelion (Teraxacum officinale), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 1: 87-92. Kord B., Mataji A., Babaie S. 2010. Pine (Pinus Eldarica Medw.) needles as indicator for heavy metals pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 7(1): 79-84. Kurczyńska E.U., Dmuchowski W., Włoch W., Bytnerowicz A. 1997. The influence of air pollutants on needles and stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. Environmental Pollution 98(3): 325-334. Leśniewicz A., Żyrnicki W. 2003. Extraction of trace elements from spruce needles. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34(5-6): 629-643. Parzych A., Jonczak J. 2013. Content of heavy metals in needles of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in selected pine forests in Słowiński National Park. Archives of Environmental Protection 39(1): 41-51. Rautio P. 2000. Nutrient alterations in Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) under sulphur and heavy metal pollution. Oulun yliopisto, Finland.

128 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DEVELOPEMENT OF THE LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICALS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS IN WATER SAMPLES OPRACOWANIE METODY OZNACZEŃ KOŃCOWYCH WYBRANYCH FARMACEUTYKÓW ORAZ ICH PRODUKTÓW TRANSFORMACJI W PRÓBKACH WODNYCH ZA POMOCĄ TECHNIKI LC-MS/MS

Michał Toński, Anna Białk-Bielińska, Joanna Dołżonek, Marta Borecka, Jerzy Wojsławski, Monika Paszkiewicz, Piotr Stepnowski Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland [email protected]

There is an increasing number of publications worldwide regarding the presence of various pharmaceuticals in the environment. This group of compounds is gaining more and more attention because of their biologically active potential and possible negative impact on the environment and human health. Some drugs are known for their persistence and stability (Zuccato et al. 2000). Even though pharmaceuticals are not included in the routine monitoring of their presence in the environmental samples, some of them have already been taken into consideration as compounds of future interest (Ribeiro et al. 2015). However, drugs introduced to both the organism and the environment undergo some different processes, and metabolites or in general transformation products (TPs) are created. Taking into account that some of the pharmaceuticals are excreted mostly as metabolites and that these products may have even a greater effect on the environment, it is necessary to include them in target analysis. The most popular analytical methods for pharmaceuticals detection are based on LC-MS technique. However, most of the reports focus only on selected group of drugs (Ribeiro et al. 2015). Therefore, in this study we present the LC-MS/MS method development for the identification and quantification of the most widely used pharmaceuticals and their metabolites/TPs belonging to different therapeutic groups (inter alia: antidepressants, beta-blockers, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or analgesics). For this purpose, an Agilent 1200 Series LC system (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, USA) coupled with HCT Ultra Ion Trap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source (Brucker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) was used. The presented method will be used in the future for routine analysis of environmental samples to determine the concentrations of selected pharmaceuticals and their TPs.

Keywords: LC-MS/MS, pharmaceuticals, metabolites

References: Zuccato E., Calamari D., Natangelo M., Fanelli R. 2000. Presence of therapeutic drugs in the environment. Lancet 355: 1789-1790. Ribeiro A., Pedrosa M., Moreira N., Pereira M., Silva A. 2015. Environmental friendly method for urban wastewater monitoring of micropollutants defined in the Directive 2013/39/EU and Decision 2015/495/EU. Journal of Chromatography A 1418: 140-149.

Financial support was provided by the National Science Centre under grant 2015/17/B/NZ8/02481.

129 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE EXPECTATIONS AND THE CONTEMPORARY RESULTS OF HEAVY METAL PHYTOEXTRACTION FROM CONTAMINATED SOILS OCZEKIWANIA I OBECNE WYNIKI BADAŃ NAD FITOEKSTRAKCJĄ METALI CIĘŻKICH Z ZANIECZYSZCZONYCH GLEB

Pavel Tlustoš, Pavla Kubátová, Jiří Balík, Jiřina Száková, Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 165 21, Czech Republic [email protected]

Phytoextraction belongs to techniques steadily removing contaminants from the soil, due to their accumulation in above ground biomass, and finally from the site after harvest. This technology belongs to the ones offering final solution therefore is really challenging (Wenzel et al. 1999). Several plant species were investigated to estimate their element uptake and the translocation into aboveground biomass. According to our former experiment (Vysloužilová et al. 2003), suitable plants for phytoextraction of metals include several species of willows and poplars. They are able to take up and translocate metals to the above ground biomass, they grow relatively fast and their roots are able to penetrate upper soil layers. They showed promising results at weakly and medium contaminated soils. Produced willow and poplar biomass can be easily used for energy production. Phytoextraction potential of Salix and Populus clones was tested in a pot experiment with Cambisol moderately contaminated with 2.23 mg Cd ∙ kg-1, 456 mg Pb ∙ kg-1, and 152 mg Zn ∙ kg-1 revealed that Salix smithiana was able to remove, after 7 years of growth in the pot experiment, up to 30% of total Cd present in soil, removal of Zn was about half and removal of total Pb was negligible compared to the amount present in soil. Removal of metals by Populus nigra was significantly lower in the case of Cd, slightly higher for Zn, and very low for Pb. Total metal uptake of both trees expressed per year was similar to highly recommended hyperaccumulating plants (Fischerová et al. 2006). Phytoextraction effectiveness is more often tested in pot and laboratory experiments, but their results can show only phytoextraction potential of trees, because they are usually annually harvested including leaves, they are planted in limited volume of soil, properly treated and watered. Longer field tests are lacking.

Keywords: willow, poplar, cadmium, lead, zinc

References: Fischerová Z., Tlustoš P., Száková J., Šichorová K. 2006. A comparison of phytoremediation capability of selected plant species for given trace elements. Environmental Pollution 144: 93-100. Vysloužilová M., Tlustoš P., Száková J. 2003. Cadmium and zinc phytoextraction potential of seven clones of Salix spp. planted on heavy metal-contaminated soils. Plant Soil and Environmental 49: 542-547. Wenzel W.W., Lombi E., Adriano D. 1999. Biogeochemical processes in the rhizosphere: role in phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils. In: Heavy metal stress in plants: from molecules to ecosystems. Prasad N., Hagemeyer J. (eds). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 401.

130 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

REDUCTION OF CADMIUM CONTENT IN SOYBEAN SEED OGRANICZANIE ZAWARTOŚCI KADMU W NASIONACH SOI

Johann Vollmann1, Tomáš Lošák2, Jaroslav Hlušek2 1Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria 2Department of Environmentalistics and Natural Resources, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic [email protected]

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal in agricultural soils which is readily taken up by crop plants, thus posing a food and feed safety risk. Genetic variation in seed cadmium accumulation has been described in soybean which enables plant breeding to select genotypes for low cadmium content using genetic markers. Therefore, marker analysis as well as pot and field experiments were carried out to validate a simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker in early maturity genotypes suitable for soybean production in Central Europe. All soybean genotypes were classified into either high or low cadmium accumulating genotypes. Marker results were clearly verified in the pot experiment (Mendel University in Brno, Czech republic) with different cadmium levels of soil (0-0.3-0.9 mg Cd ∙ kg-1) and in soybean harvest samples from three field locations in Austria (Gross Enzersdorf, Watzelsdorf and Gleisdorf) with a seed cadmium concentration varying between 0.03 and 0.16 mg∙kg-1. In general, seed cadmium content was reduced by about 50% in low accumulating genotypes as compared to high accumulating ones. Significant variation was also found for zinc and manganese content of soybean seed, and zinc was positively correlated with cadmium content. Moreover, genetic variation in cadmium accumulation within both the high and low cadmium uptake groups suggests the action of additional genetic mechanisms which could be utilized by selecting lines from appropriate crosses towards a further reduction in cadmium uptake or translocation to seeds.

Keywords: soybean, heavy metal accumulation, cadmium, plant breeding, marker assisted selection

References: Vollmann J., Lošák T., Pachner M., Watanabe D., Musilová L., Hlušek J. 2015. Soybean seed cadmium concentration: validation of a QTL affecting seed cadmium accumulation for improved food safety. Euphytica 203: 177-184. Vollmann J., Lošák T. 2016. Reduction of cadmium uptake in crop plants: a case study from soybean. In: Proceedings from International Conference „SOIL - the non-renewable environmental resource”. Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, 2016, 340-346.

131 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF TOXIC AZO DYES FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATERS METODY ADSORPCYJNE W USUWANIU TOKSYCZNYCH BARWNIKÓW AZOWYCH ZE ŚCIEKÓW PRZEMYSŁU WŁÓKIENNICZEGO

Monika Wawrzkiewicz Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland [email protected]

One of the main sources of severe pollution problems worldwide is the textile industry and its dye-containing wastewaters. The yearly world production of dyes is 700,000-1,000,000 tons, which corresponds to over 100,000 commercial products whereby azo dyes constitute 70% (Pereira and Alves 2012, Zaharia and Suteu 2012). 10-25% of textile dyes are lost during the dyeing process, and 2-50% are directly discharged as aqueous effluents in different environmental components (Zaharia and Suteu 2012). Textile effluents containing dyes are troublesome in the purification process due to the complex structure of dye molecules. Even small amounts of dye (of the order of a few ppm) are undesirable as they color water making it look unaesthetic and disturb life processes in water. Due to toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of dyes and their breakdown products (benzidine, naphthalene and other aromatic compounds), the discharge of dye-containing effluents into the water environment is undesirable. Without adequate treatment these dyes can remain in the environment for a long period of time. The dye removal technologies can be divided into three categories: biological, chemical and physical. Currently the main methods of textile effluents treatment are by physical and chemical means with the research concentrating on cheap and effective sorbents such as sandy soils, hen feathers, bottom ash, rice husk ash, orange peel, sugarcane dust, etc (Zaharia and Suteu 2012). However, it should be stressed that they are characterized by a relatively low sorption capacity towards dyes compared with the activated carbons or ion exchangers, and what is more, they need to be dumped. Anion exchange is a very versatile and effective tool for treatment of aqueous hazardous wastes. The role of anion exchange in dye effluents treatment is to reduce the magnitude of hazardous load by converting them into a form in which they can be reused, leaving behind less toxic substances in their places or to facilitate ultimate disposal by reducing the hydraulic flow of the stream bearing toxic substances. Another significant feature of the anion exchange process is that it has the ability to separate as well as to concentrate pollutants. In the paper, the results of the removal of the toxic textile azo dyes such as C.I. Acid Orange 7, C.I. Reactive Black 5 and C.I. Direct Blue 71 on the commercially available anion exchangers were summarized and discussed. The effect of phase contact time, initial dye concentration and auxiliaries presence on the dye uptake was investigated. The adsorption kinetic and equilibrium experiments were also conducted.

Keywords: azo dyes, removal, textile wastewaters, anion exchangers

References: Pereira L., Alves M. 2012. Dyes - environmental impact and remediation. In: Environmental protection strategies for sustainable development, strategies for sustainability. Malik A., Grohmann E. (eds.). Springer, Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York. Zaharia C., Suteu D. 2012. Textile organic dyes – characteristics, polluting effects and separation/elimination procedures from industrial effluents – a critical overview. In: Organic pollutants ten years after the Stockholm convention - Environmental and analytical update. Puzyn T. (ed.). InTech, Rijeka.

132 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN REMEDIATION OF INDUSTRIALLY CONTAMINATED SOIL OCENA RYZYKA ZDROWOTNEGO W REMEDIACJI TERENÓW PORZEMYSŁOWYCH

Eleonora Wcisło Research and Development Department, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas (IETU), Katowice, Poland [email protected]

The problem of industrially contaminated soil remains widespread, although it differs territorially with regard to the type, level and extent of contamination. According to the EC JRC report, estimates for the extent of local soil contamination in Europe are an average of about 4.2 for potentially contaminated sites per 1,000 inhabitants and about 5.7 for contaminated sites per 10,000 inhabitants. In Europe, mineral oils and heavy metals are the main soil contaminant categories contributing to around 60% of soil contamination (EC JRC 2014). Soil contamination may adversely affect human health through direct exposure to soil contaminants, such as incidental soil ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles, or indirect exposure via, for example, consumption of crops or vegetables cultivated in the contaminated area. To determine whether the contaminated soil is safe for humans or requires remediation, human health risk assessment is applied throughout and outside Europe, particularly intensively in the United States (Rodrigues et al. 2009). The risk assessment is recognised as a valuable tool for supporting remedial decisions on industrially contaminated sites. The human health risk assessment methods are applied throughout the entire remediation process. Their main uses are: development of risk-based remedial levels depending on current and anticipated land uses, evaluation of short- and long-term risks associated with potential remedial technologies, and evaluation of residual risks remaining at the site after remediation (USEPA 1991, Phillips 2001). The risk assessments conducted by IETU under international projects serve as examples for illustrating the role of human health risk assessment in contaminated site remediation.

Keywords: human health risk assessment, contaminated soil, soil remediation

References: EC JRC, Van Liedekerke M., Prokop G., Rabl-Berger S., Kibblewhite M., Louwagie G. 2014. Progress in management of contaminated sites. European Commission, Join Research Centre Reference Reports, EUR 26376 EN, European Union. Phillips W. 2001. Remediation risk assessments. In: A practical guide to understanding, managing, and reviewing environmental risk assessment reports. Benjamin S.L., Belluck D.A. (eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 497-514. Rodrigues S.M., Pereira M. E., Ferreira da Silva E., Hursthouse A.S., Duarte A.C. 2009. A review of regulatory decisions for environmental protection: Part I — Challenges in the implementation of national soil policies. Environment international 35: 202-213. US EPA. 1991. Risk assessment guidance for superfund, Vol. I., Human health evaluation manual, Part C, Risk evaluation of remedial alternatives, Interim, Publication 9285.7-01C. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, USA.

133 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTING ZINC, CADMIUM AND LEAD ACCUMULATION IN SOILS OCENA RYZYKA EKOLOGICZNEGO ORAZ ZDOLNOŚCI GLEB DO AKUMULACJI CYNKU, KADMU I OŁOWIU

Jerzy Wieczorek1, Agnieszka Baran1, Ryszard Mazurek2, Krzysztof Urbański3, Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas4 1University of Agriculture in Krakow 2AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków 3Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute, Pulawy [email protected]

Heavy metals have been exerting increasing pressure on the soil ecosystem over the past decades because of the intensifying industrial, urban and agricultural activities. Nowadays, key studies on heavy metals in soils cover potential ecological risk, geochemical cycling, assessment of health risk caused by metals, and toxicity assessment. Different environmental factors and methods (chemical, geostatistical and biological) must be taken into account for the assessment of ecological risk caused by exposure to heavy metals in the soil environment. Moreover, all these factors should be integrated. The aims of this study were to investigate Zn, Cd and Pb content in the soils; evaluate the efficiency of geostatistics in presenting spatial variability of metals in the soils; assess bioavailable forms of Zn, Cd, Pb in the soils and to assess soil metals binding ability; and to estimate the potential ecological risk of Z, Cd, Pb in soils. The study was conducted in southern Poland, in the Malopolska province. This area is characterized by a great diversity of geological structures and types of land use and intensity of industrial development. The metals content was affected by soil factors and the type of land use (arable lands, grasslands, forests, wastelands). 320 soil samples were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties (texture, pH, organic C content, total and available Zn, Cd, Pb content). To sum up, the study of total metals content as well as of bioavailable forms of these metals and soil Zn, Cd, Pb binding ability is an important step in assessing the risk of potential transfer in the soil-plant-human chain, and can improve the ecosystem and human health. The applied statistical and geostatistical method managed to reveal the pattern of zinc, cadmium and lead distribution in soils in various conditions. Our results can be used for planning, risk assessment and decision making in the environmental management in this region.

Keywords: metals, geostatistics, PCA, bioavailable forms of Zn, Cd, Pb, soil binding ability, risk assessment

References: Baran A., Wieczorek J., Mazurek R., Urbański K., Klimkowicz-Pawlas A. 2016. Potential ecological risk assessment and predicting zinc accumulation in soils. Environmental Geochemistry and Health DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9924-7.

The work was financed by: grant no. N N305 107640 provided by the National Science Centre, Poland and from the subsidy for science granted by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

134 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN THE UPPER PART OF BZURA RIVER OCENA ZANIECZYSZCZENIA GLEB W GÓRNYM ODCINKU BZURY

Kinga Wieczorek, Anna Turek, Wojciech Wolf Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology [email protected]

Bzura is the biggest river in region of Łódź. The total length of this river is 166 kilometers, 125 kilometers of which flows in the Łódzkie Voivodeship. Major towns located on the Bzura River are Łódź, Zgierz, Ozorków, Łęczyca, Łowicz and Sochaczew. Due to the short length and relatively small water flow, Bzura is exceptionally susceptible to the risk of pollution by untreated sewage and other contaminants (Wojewódzki Program Ochrony… 2005). In the 1990s, the share of natural waters in the river north of Zgierz amounted to 6.2% and the rest was industrial and municipal wastewater (Bald et al. 1999). Soil properties in the Bzura Valley are influenced by various natural and anthropogenic factors. One of the negative phenomena are floods that contribute to the spread of pollutants which are hazardous to the environment. Sources of these pollutants can be landfills, sewage treatment plants, urban areas and agricultural land (Berkowska). The objects of the investigation were 24 samples of soils, which were collected in floodplain areas of the upper part of Bzura river (Zgierz district). Samples were collected within the period of July-August 2014. In the majority of samples, sampling sites were chosen because of their proximity to main roads (National Road 91 and Highway A1), sewage treatment plants, manufacturing plants and landfill sites. In the tested samples, the content of available (extractant: 1 mol∙dm-3 hydrochloric acid) forms of lead, nickel, cadmium, copper and cadmium was determined by F-AAS and ET-AAS method. Besides that, soil pH (in distilled water and 1 mol∙dm-3 potassium chloride), content of organic compounds, granulometric composition and sorption capacity were studied. The presented study showed that the samples of soils are different in term of use (meadows, fallows, cultivated fields), location (urban and rural areas) and distance of the sampling sites from the river.

Keywords: Bzura River, heavy metals, soil

References: Bald K., Krakowska E., Karski K. 1999, Program rewitalizacji doliny rzeki Bzury, Zarząd Miasta Zgierza, Zgierz. Berkowska E. Ochrona środowiska przed zanieczyszczeniami będącymi skutkiem powodzi w świetle przepisów prawa wodnego, Analizy Biura Analiz Sejmowych, 4(71): 1-6. Wojewódzki Program Ochrony i Rozwoju Zasobów Wodnych dla województwa łódzkiego, 2005, Biuro Projektów Wodnych Melioracji i Inżynierii Środowiska BIPROWODMEL Sp. z o.o., Poznań.

135 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE ASSESSMENT OF IMIZADOLIUM IONIC LIQUIDS MOBILITY IN SOIL OCENA MOBILNOŚCI IMIDAZOLIOWYCH CIECZY JONOWYCH W GLEBIE

Jerzy Wojsławski, Michał Toński, Anna Białk-Bielińska, Piotr Stepnowski, Joanna Dołżonek Department of Enviromental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk [email protected]

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained high interest in the scientific community, what is proved by an increasing number of papers and patents connected with these salts. ILs structure can be freely modified to adjust them specifically to tasks by selection of proper anion and cation. Because of these properties, ILs are intensively studied for potential application in a variety of different areas, such as organic synthesis and (bio)catalysis, electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, separation technology, nanotechnology, and in use as functional fluids (e.g. lubricants, heat transfer fluids, corrosion inhibitors) (Cvjetko Bubalo et al. 2014). ILs are a promising alternative to traditional organic solvents, from both the environmental and technological perspectives, and they are commonly called `green solvents`. However, the majority of investigated (particularly imidazolium- based) ILs are assumed to be rather recalcitrant towards biotic and abiotic degradation (Neumann et al. 2010, Steudte et al. 2012, Neumann et al. 2014), which increases their risk of being environmentally persistent. Moreover, some ILs have been considered toxic towards aquatic organisms (Pham et al. 2010). Therefore, these compounds are gaining environmental relevance and have recently been described as “contaminants on the horizon” (Richardson et al. 2016). Presently, ILs are becoming large-scale products that are sold for research and commercial use by companies like BASF, Bioniqs or Degussy. It is becoming increasingly probable that these compounds will be continuously released into the environment, for example, via consumer products, as process effluents or in larger amounts as accidental spills. Therefore, there is a reasonable risk that their residues may be present in the environment in the near future. One of the major processes influencing the fate of chemicals in the environment is sorption onto soil. For this reason, leaching tests at dynamic conditions using reference soils with different physico-chemical properties were performed for selected imidazolium ILs. The mobility in the soil environment was assessed also in relation to the selected soil parameters.

Keywords: sorption, dynamic leaching test

References: Cvjetko Bubalo M., Radošević K., Radojčić Redovniković I., Halambek J., Srček V.G. 2014. A brief overview of the potential environmental hazards of ionic liquids. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 99: 1-12. Neumann J., Grundmann O., Thöming J., Schulted M., Stolte S. 2010. Anaerobic biodegradability of ionic liquid cations under denitrifying conditions. Green Chemistry 12: 620-627. Neumann J., Steudte S., Cho Ch.-W., Thömingb J., Stolte S. 2014. Biodegradability of 27 pyrrolidinium, morpholinium, piperidinium, imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquid cations under aerobic conditions. Green Chemistry 16: 2174-2184. Pham T. Chul-Woong C., Yun Y. 2010. Envorinmental fate and toxicity of ionic liquids: A review. Water Research 44: 352-372. Richardson S.D., Kimura S.Y. 2016. Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues. Analytical Chemistry 88: 546-582.

136 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Steudte S., Neumann J., Bottin-Weber U., Diedenhofen M., Arning J., Stepnowski P., Stolte S. 2012. Hydrolysis study of fluoroorganic and cyano-based ionic liquid anions–consequences for operational safety and environmental stability. Green Chemistry 14: 2474-2483.

Financial support was provided by the Nationn Science Center under grant 2015/17/B/NZ8/02481.

137 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS AND RIVERS BASED ON MEIOBENTHIC BIOFACOTRS: MeioEco, MeioTest and CrecTest OCENA STANU EKOLOGICZNEGO ZBIORNIKÓW WODNYCH I RZEK NA PODSTAWIE BIOWSKAŹNIKÓW MEIOBENTOSOWYCH: MeioEco, MeioTest oraz CrecTest

Barbara Wojtasik HydroBiolLab, Research Company and Hydrobiological Laboratory [email protected]

Analysis of the ecological status of freshwater reservoirs, particularly sediments, is a difficult and complex problem. In recent years there has been development of methods based on bioindicators: macrobenthos, microorganisms and selected species. MeioEco, MeioTest and CrecTest are three new biofactors constructed on the basis of meiobenthos. Meiobenthos assemblages are composed of small aquatic invertebrates of different systematic assignment. Most accepted criterion is given as the limits of dimensions 0.042-1 mm. These organisms are a separate functional group and functional groups are a sensitive indicator of change in the aquatic environment. Many species belonging to the group of animals were used as bioindicators. MeioEco - method for assessing the ecological status based on the analysis of major meiobenthic taxa. Analyses are conducted for the relative scale taking into account the minimum, 2 maximum on the parameters in the obtained results: N10 – the number of individuals per 10 cm , Ntaxa – number of identified major meiobenthic taxa and new factor BW to calculate the balance of taxa present in the assemblage. This method was tested for various freshwater reservoirs, including dam reservoirs, rivers and Baltic coast. MeioTest is a kind of MeioEco method. This test based on aquacultures of meiobenthic organisms. CrecTest based on stress reaction of Candona rectangulata Alm, 1914 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) of environmental condition. This species inhabit Arctic freshwater reservoirs and is resistant for many factors (T, C, concentrations of heavy metals, DDT, ethyl alcohol). C. rectangulata was used for identification of level of degradation sediments and water (lethal effect – degradation, anabiosis – progressive degradation, low life active – initial state of degradation, typical life condition – good ecological status. The developed indicators MeioEco, MeioTest and CrecTest are useful for rapid analysis of ecological status.

Keywords: bioindex, meiobenthos, environmental factor, C. rectangulata, freshwater

References: Pfannkuche O., Thiel H. 1988. Sample Processing. In: Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna. Higgins R.P., Thiel H. (eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press Washington D.C., London, 134-145. Särkkä J. 1992. Lacustrine profundal meiobenthos as an environmental indicator. Hydrobiologia 243/244: 333- 340. Wojtasik B. 2012. Candona rectangulata Alm, 1914, jako wskaźnik w badaniach klimatycznych i środowiskowych. Candona rectangulata Alm, 1914 as an indicator used in the environmental and climate studies. Wydawnictwo Oskar, Gdańsk, pp. 182. Wojtasik B. 2013. Ecological condition of small water reservoirs of Wdzydze Landscape Park (Northern Poland) based on meiobenthos assemblages analyzes. TEKA Komisji Ochrony I Kształtowania Środowiska – OL PAN, 10: 504-514.

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Wojtasik B. 2013. Zgrupowanie meiobentosu do zastosowania w ujednoliconym systemie oceny stanu ekologicznego zbiorników wodnych i rzek, w szczególności osadów dennych oraz do zastosowania w tworzeniu map stanu ekologicznego. Wniosek patentowy nr P406458, Urząd Patentowy RP. Wojtasik B., Wiśniewski W. 2014. Kompleksowa procedura ochrony zbiorników wodnych: ocena stanu ekologicznego, diagnoza metod rekultywacji i naprawa (ODN). The comprehensive method for protecting water reservoirs: assessment of the ecological status, diagnosis of repair methods and remediation (ADR). In: Innowacyjne rozwiązania rewitalizacji terenów zdegradowanych. Skowronek J. (eds.). Instytut Ekologii Terenów Uprzemysłowionych w Katowicach, Katowice, 80-90. Wojtasik B. 2015. Małżoraczek Candona rectangulata Alm, 1914 do zastosowania jako wskaźnik degradacji i/lub możliwości rekultywacji zbiorników wodnych. Patent nr 220646. Wojtasik B. 2015. Zachowanie różnorodności biologicznej obszaru Natura 2000 i Wdzydzkiego Parku Krajobrazowego poprzez wzmocnienie ochrony płazów, w szczególności żab. Raport z operacji dofinansowanej ze środków Unijnych, nr umowy o dofinansowanie: 01139-6173-SW11-6173- SW1102463/13/15, Gdynia 30.06.2015, pp. 27. Wojtasik B. 2016. Ocena stanu ekologicznego rzeki Kaczej na podstawie analizy biowskaźników. Raport wykonany na zlecenie Urzędu Miasta Gdyni, pp. 128.

139 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROTECHNICAL CONCRETE ON DREISSENA POLYMORPHA (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) LIFE CONDITION WPŁYW BETONU HYDROTECHNICZNEGO NA KONDYCJĘ ŻYCIOWĄ DREISSENA POLYMORPHA (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA)

Barbara Wojtasik1, 2, Małgorzata Zbawicka3, Lucyna Grabarczyk4, Marzena Kurpińska4 1HydroBiolLab, Research Company and Hydrobiological Laboratory, 2Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 3Institute of Oceanography PAS, Sopot, Department of Genetics and Marine Biotechnology, 4Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdańsk University of Technology [email protected]

Most hydrotechnical buildings that are being made demand setting concrete mixture directly under water (underwater concrete – UWC). The main rule of concreting under water is to limit washing away the concrete mixture binder and efficient organisation of works ensuring continuity of concreting. The aim of the research was to reach the conclusion if there was any influence between the appearance of commonly existing Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) that inhabits fresh and brackish water (low salinity) and two kinds of hydrotechnical concrete of different compositions (BP and LB) and the technology of setting in water habitat. Natural pebble aggregate compatible with PN-EN 12620 norm was used to prepare BP samples, wheras concrete marked LB was composed of lightweight aggregate compatible with PN-EN 13055, PN-EN 13043, PN-EN 13139 and PN-EN 13242. The lethal effect for two types of concrete was observed. In the case of LB concrete, the lethal effect for D. polymorpha could be a result of a high increase in electrolytic conduction in test cultivation. It was a result of placing perlit, foam glass, ash lightweight aggregate and admixtures in the test cultivation. In BP case, the parameters C and pH did not exceed the values appearing in lakes, where the existence of this kind is stated. Therefore, one should consider the possibility of occurrence of compounds toxic to D. polymorpha, arising as a reaction in the water/lake environment. D. polymorpha can be used as a factor in analysis of the influence of concrete on the natural environment.

Keywords: bioindex, concrete, freshwater, toxicity, D. polymorpha

References: Elliott P., Aldridge D.C., Moggridge G.D. 2008. Zebra mussel filtration and its potential uses in industrial water treatment. Water Research 42:1664-1674. doi:org/10.1016/j.watres. 2007.10.020. Nalepa T.F., Schloesser D.W. (eds.). 1993. Zebra mussels: biology, impacts, and control. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo, 1-810. Horszczaruk E., Brzozowski P. 2014. Bond strength of underwater repair concretes under hydrostatic pressure. Construction and Building Materials 72: 167-173.

140 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DETERMINATION OF AFLATOXIN CONTENT IN WALNUTS OZNACZANIE ZAWARTOŚCI AFLATOKSYN W ORZECHACH WŁOSKICH

Małgorzata Wołoszynowska Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego, Zakład Analityczny [email protected]

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic substances produced by certain strains of the molds Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasitic us and the rare Aspergillus nomius. Aflatoxins can occur in foods, such as groundnuts, treenuts, maize, rice, figs and other dry foods, as a result of fungal contamination before and after harvest. The aim of the study was an analytical identification and quantification of the AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) in walnuts using a validated method. The nut samples were randomly purchased from retail and wholesale shops in 8 boroughs of Poland. The samples were homogenized, the extraction method was validated, and the concentrations of the 4 AFs were determined by immunoaffinity columns. The identification and quantification of the AFs was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography. The statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the variation of the origin of samples, types of AF and nut. The recovery percentages of the AFs ranged from 70% to 92%. The limits of detection (LOD) of the AFs (ng∙g-1), based on the calibration curves, were: 0.15 (AFB1), 0.05 (AFB2), 0.05 (AFG1) and 0.1 (AFG2). Of the 40 samples analyzed, 15% were contaminated with AFB1, 5% were contaminated with AFB2 and 1% were contaminated with AFG2. The average concentrations of AFs in the walnut were 0.1 ng∙g-1 of AFB1 and 0.05 ng∙g-1 of AFB1. None of the samples of walnuts contained AFG1 and AFG2. The boroughs that were the most contaminated with AFB1 were Mazowsze (0.4 ng∙g-1) and Podkarpacie (0.5 ng∙g-1).

Keywords: walnuts, aflatoxin contamination, Aspergillus flavus

References: Amiri M.J., Karami M., Sadeghi E. 2013. Determination of AFB1 in Peanut, Almond, Walnut, and Hazelnut in Kermanshah Markets, Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(17): 1199-1202. Golge O., Hepsag F., Kabak B. 2016. Determination of aflatoxins in walnut sujuk and Turkish delight by HPLC- FLD metod, Food Control 59: 731-736.

141 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

COPPER – ADVANTAGES, RISKS AND REMOVAL METHODS MIEDŹ – KORZYŚCI, ZGROŻENIA I METODY USUWANIA

Anna Wołowicz, Zbigniew Hubicki Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Maria Curie Sklodowska University [email protected]

Nowadays, heavy metal pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metal pollution is of bioaccumulating and nonbiodegradable nature, and it can negatively affect health. Copper (II) is known to be one of the heavy metals which is widely used in many branches of industries. Copper makes up a core system of industry, automobiles, infrastructure and homes and is called a special metal of numerous applications (Beatty 2001, Davis 2001). Moreover, copper is an essential mineral in the human body and in its bio-available form it plays a number of important roles such as energy production and is responsible for female reproductive system, nervous system, immune response, glandular system, particularly the thyroid and adrenal glands as well as for bones and connective tissues. On the other hand, long-term exposure to copper can cause irritation of the mouth, nose and eyes and causes headaches, stomachaches, dizziness, vomiting and diarrhea. Additionally, high uptakes of copper can cause liver and kidney damage and even death. Due to the above mentioned facts as well as due to the effluents from industries which usually contain a considerable quantity of copper which gets into the environment through soils and water streams and finally accumulates along the food chain, development of innovative and cost-effective alternative treatment techniques for such effluents before their discharging into the environment is needed. Of the conventional methods for removal of heavy metals, coagulation, chemical precipitation, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, oxidation, evaporation, electroflotation, solvent extraction, ion-exchange and adsorption are frequently applied (Fu and Wang 2011, Hansda et al. 2015). The aim of this paper was copper (II) removal from acidic streams containing various concentrations of hydrochloric acid (0.1-6 M HCl – 100 mg Cu(II)∙dm-3) by different types of ion exchangers. Static and dynamic methods were applied. The adsorption capacities were determined and compared. Then, for the best ion exchanger, the column studies (resulting in the breakthrough curves and working ion exchange capacity determination) were carried out. The kinetic, equilibrium, desorption and ion exchangers reuse studies were conducted. The results indicate that the ion exchanger containing the bis-picolylamine functional groups could be applied in copper (II) removal from acidic streams due to the quantitative Cu (II) removal from the diluted acidic solutions (adsorption capacity is equal to 10 mg∙g-1).

Keywords: heavy metals, copper, removal, ion exchangers, adsorption

References: Beatty R. 2001. The elements. Copper. Marshall Cavendish, New York. Davis J.R. 2001. Copper and copper alloys. ASM International, USA. Fu F., Wang Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 92(3): 407-418. Hansda A. Kumar V., Anshumali. 2015. Biosorption of copper by bacterial adsorbents: A review. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology 9(2): 45-58.

142 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

GM PLANTS AS A CONTEMPORARY FORM OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION GMO JAKO WSPÓŁCZESNA FORMA ZANIECZYSZCZENIA ŚRODOWISKA

Leszek Woźniak, Krzysztof Kud Katedra Przedsiębiorczości, Zarządzania i Ekoinnowacyjności, Politechnika Rzeszowska lwozniak@prz. edu.pl

The aim of this article is to present environmental hazards (mainly environmental pollution) related to the use of genetically modified plants in the production and processing of food. A systematic review of literature was used in this research. Today we have gathered a lot of scientific evidence, presented in books and other publications, linking the production of genetically modified food to the environmental and health hazards. Scientifically proven consequences of introducing genetically modified plants into the environment are as follows: in the case of the introduction of GM crops into the environment, there will be an inevitable downfall in organic and traditional farming, GM contamination can never be removed from the environment, it will remain there forever; pollen from genetically altered plants can be lethal to bees; it is hard to keep the biological diversity if the GM plants are introduced to the nature; the release of GM organisms is irreversible. In summary, GM introduction into the environment means its permanent, irreversible pollution. It also means disappearance of biodiversity and soil pollution. The pollen of GM plants is moving at enormous distances, so there is no way to stop the pollution. With some GM plants it is associated with the use of enormous quantities of herbicides, mainly Roundup (glyphosate). The world’s most widely used herbicide, glyphosate causes cancer, says WHO study. This herbicide is therefore toxic not only to humans but to all animals.

Keywords: GM crops and plants, environmental contamination, scientific evidenc

143 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

POSSIBILITY OF RECYCLING OF BIOMASS ASHES IN SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT MOŻLIWOŚĆ RECYKLINGU POPIOŁÓW ZE SPALANIA BIOMASY W GOSPODARCE OSADAMI ŚCIEKOWYMI

Marta Wójcik, Feliks Stachowicz, Adam Masłoń Department of Materials Forming and Processing, Rzeszow University of Technology Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology [email protected]

In line with the requirements of the EU climate and energy package (3x20%), the biomass consumption in power stations has been growing increasingly. It is estimated that biomass energy constituted approximately 53% of world renewable energy production in 2010. The increasing share of biomass in final energy production causes a problem with utilization of combustion by-products. Available data indicate that only 29.1% of biomass ashes were recycled in Poland in 2012. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new biomass ashes utilization methods. The article shows a proposition of recycling of biomass ashes in sewage sludge management. In laboratory tests, ashes from straw and beech wood combustion in a domestic boiler were used. The effectiveness of sludge conditioning was investigated by capillary suction time (CST) measurement. The influence of straw and beech wood ashes on sewage sludge dewatering was examined by means of vacuum filtration for the vacuum pressure of 0.01 and 0.02 MPa. The laboratory tests showed that sewage sludge, after conditioning with f biomass ash, indicated a much stronger dewatering capacity than raw sewage sludge. According to the specific properties, biomass ashes might be effective reagents in sludge conditioning and dewatering. Additionally, this proposition could allow to manage energetic waste in line with environmental requirements and reduce the amount of polyelectrolytes used in treatment plants. However, further detailed tests are needed in order to define the optimal dose of biomass ash.

Keywords: biomass ashes, sewage sludge, dewatering, waste management, recycling

References: Wójcik M., Stachowicz F., Masłoń A. 2017. Recycling of ashes from biomass-combustion power plant in sewage sludge management. Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources and Efficiency 30th March – 1st April 2017 Subotica Serbia, 15-21. Wójcik M., Stachowicz F., Masłoń A. 2017. The application of biomass ashes for the improvement of sewage sludge dewatering. E3S Web of Conferences (accepted for publication).

144 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

DYNAMICS OF UPTAKE AND COEFFICIENT OF NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY OATS DETERMINED WITH THE USE OF ISOTOPE 15N – PRELIMINARY RESULTS DYNAMIKA POBIERANIA ORAZ WYKORZYSTANIE AZOTU PRZEZ OWIES OKREŚLONE Z WYKORZYSTANIEM IZOTOPU 15N – WYNIKI WSTĘPNE

Andrzej Wysokiński, Beata Kuziemska, Izabela Łozak Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities [email protected]

The value of fertilizer nitrogen utilization coefficient by oats determined by the differential method, which overestimates the results compared to real utilization, generalny ranges from 40 to 90% and depends on many biotic and abiotic factors. Fertilizer nitrogen utilization coefficient determined by the isotopic method (using the 15N isotope) determines the so-called real utilization and is on average 20-30% lower (Mohammad 2004, Szmigiel 2006). In the field experiment, the accumulation dynamics and the value of nitrogen utilization coefficient by oat were determined by using the 15N isotope. The first factor tested was oats growing phase (22, 35, 51, 65, 75 and 92 BBCH). The second factor was the division of 120 kg N∙ha-1 nitrogen used in the fertilizer application: a) 120 kg∙ha-1 once before sowing, b) 60 kg∙ha-1 pre-sowing and 60 kg∙ha-1 during vegetation at 35 BBCH, c) 40 kg∙ha-1 pre-sowing, 40 kg∙ha-1 at 22 BBCH and 40 kg∙ha-1 at 51 BBCH. Nitrogen was 15 introduced into the soil in the form of (NH4)2SO4 excess 5% with isotope of N. In the year of the research, in May and June, there was much less precipitation and higher air temperature than the multi-year average. The harvested oats mass was divided according to the development phase into roots, straw, flowering rum, chaff and grain. The total amount of nitrogen taken up by the oats in following growth phases (22, 35, 51, 65, 75 and 92 BBCH) was 31.5; 85.0; 112.4; 135.6; 137.6 and 138.1 kg N∙ha-1 respectively. In the whole oats biomass (on average for roots and aboveground parts) the percentage of nitrogen taken up from mineral fertilizer in following growth phases was 42.3; 37.7; 43.8; 46.7; 49.0 and 49.1% respectively. The percentage of nitrogen from fertilizer after single dose application and this divided into 2 and 3 parts was 43.3; 43.8 and 46.2% respectively. The value of nitrogen utilization coefficient from fertilizer in following growth phases was 20.8; 38.3; 47.1; 52.7; 56.4 and 56.7% respectively. The value of fertilizer nitrogen utilization coefficient after single dose application and this divided into 2 and 3 parts was 38.2; 45.4 and 52.5% respectively.

Keywords: oats, nitrogen, isotope 15N, utilization coefficient, mineral fertilisation

References: Mohammad M.J. 2004. Utilization of applied fertilizer nitrogen and irrigation water by drip-fertigated squash as determined by nuclear and traditional techniques. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 68: 1-11. Szmigiel A. 2006. Wykorzystanie azotu z nawozów przez nagoziarnistą i oplewioną formę owsa. Biuletym IHAR 239: 35-39.

145 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS NITROGEN DOSES ON COPPER AND ZINC ACCUMULATION IN YELLOW LUPINE BIOMASS WPŁYW ZRÓŻNICOWANYCH DAWEK AZOTU NA AKUMULACJĘ MIEDZI I CYNKU W BIOMASIE ŁUBINU ŻÓŁTEGO

Andrzej Wysokiński, Beata Kuziemska, Izabela Łozak Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Agronomy Institute, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities [email protected]

Nitrogen content in mineral forms in the soil may also affect the absorption of micronutrients by plants. This is mainly due to the effect of nitrogen fertilisers on the change in the pH value of the soil in the root zone of plants (Spiak et al. 2000). Field experiments determined copper and zinc content and accumulation in yellow lupine roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds. The test factors included developmental stages (BBCH 65 and BBCH 90) at which harvest was performed as well as nitrogen doses (0, 30, and 120 kg∙ha-1) introduced to the soil prior to sowing. A higher copper content (by an average of 20.9%) and zinc content (by 53.7%) were obtained in the whole mass of lupine harvested at the flowering stage compared to that at the full maturity stage. Yellow lupine fertilised with 120 kg N∙ha-1 contained and took up more copper and zinc than both lupine cultivated without nitrogen fertilization and fertilised with 30 kg N∙ha-1. The application of different nitrogen doses had no significant effect on the contents of the micronutrients in the seeds of the test plant. The amount of copper and zinc accumulated in the seeds was the highest after applying 120 kg N∙ha- 1. Lupine accumulated the largest amounts of both elements in the leaves irrespective of the developmental stage at which the harvest was carried out. The bioaccumulation factor for copper and zinc was higher in the lupine harvested at the flowering stage than in the lupine harvested at full maturity, but it was not significantly determined by the applied nitrogen fertilization. The translocation factor values for the tested heavy metals, usually higher than 1, indicate a significant potential for their accumulation in yellow lupine biomass. Under conditions of an increased zinc content in the soil, lupine green matter harvested at the flowering stage contained an above- standard amount of this heavy metal and could not be used for animal feed.

Keywords: copper, zinc, yellow lupine, nitrogen fertilization, growth stage

References: Domagała-Świątkiewicz I., Sady W. 2010. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, B and Mo availability in commercially grown white head cabbage. Journal of Elementology 15(3): 455–465. Spiak Z. 2000. Mikroelementy w rolnictwie. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych 471: 29-34.

146 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES AND SOIL CONTAMINATION WITH COPPER ON THE CONTENT OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAIZE WPŁYW RÓŻNYCH SUBSTANCJI I ZANIECZYSZCZENIA GLEBY MIEDZIĄ NA ZAWARTOŚĆ NIEKTÓRYCH PIERWIASTKÓW ŚLADOWYCH W KUKURYDZY

Mirosław Wyszkowski1, Marzena S. Brodowska2 1Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Life Science in Lublin [email protected], [email protected]

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of neutralizing effect of increasing doses of copper on the content of trace elements in plants by applying different substances. The test plant was maize (Zea mays L.). The following substances were added to the soil: compost, bentonite and zeolite. The samples of above-ground parts of maize for laboratory analyses were collected during the plant harvest. The content of the trace elements (zinc, nickel, manganese, iron and cobalt) in above-ground parts of the plants were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The content of the trace elements in above-ground parts of maize depended on dose of copper and application of different substances to soil. In the series without neutralising substances, copper contamination caused an increase in the content of cobalt, manganese, nickel and iron in above-ground parts of maize and (to a smaller degree) in the content of zinc, compared to the control object (without Cu). All neutralizing substances had a significant effect on the content of trace elements in maize. The compost, bentonite and zeolite reduced the content of cobalt, manganese, iron and zinc in above-ground parts of maize. The bentonite had a more positive effect than the compost and zeolite in remediation of cobalt, manganese and zinc from soil. The effect of these substances on the content of iron in maize was similar. The reverse effect of these substances (especially bentonite and zeolite) on the content of nickel in above-ground parts of plants was observed.

Keywords: contamination, copper, neutralizing substances, Zea mays L., trace elements

147 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAIZE AFTER APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES TO SOIL CONTAMINATED BY HEATING OIL ZAWARTOŚĆ PIERWIASTKÓW ŚLADOWYCH W KUKURYDZY PO APLIKACJI RÓŻNYCH SUBSTANCJI DO GLEBY ZANIECZYSZCZONEJ OLEJEM OPAŁOWYM

Mirosław Wyszkowski, Veranika Sivitskaya Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn [email protected]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing doses of heating oil (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g∙kg-1 of soil) and different substances (nitrogen, compost, bentonite, zeolite and calcium oxide) on the content of some trace elements in maize. Maize (Zea mays L.) cv. Reduta was the test plant. Plant samples for analysis were collected during harvesting of above-ground parts of maize in the intensive stem elongation phase. The content of the trace elements: cadmium, lead, chromium and manganese, was analyzed by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) on a SpectrAA240FS atomic absorption spectrophotometer (US-EPA 1994). The contamination of soil with heating oil had a significant effect on the content of the trace elements in maize. In the non-amended series, the dose 10 g of heating oil per kg of soil increased the content of manganese, 15 g oil ∙ kg-1 of soil increased the concentration of lead and 20 g oil ∙ kg-1 of soil increased the content of chromium in maize compared to the control treatments (without heating oil). Higher rates of heating oil caused a decrease in the content of manganese and lead in maize. The effect of heating oil on the content of cadmium in maize was relatively small and had unidirectional trend. Application of some substances to soil had a positive effect on the content of trace elements in maize. All tested substances decreased the content of manganese; compost, bentonite, zeolite and calcium oxide decreased the concentration of cadmium, and nitrogen – the content of chromium in maize. All substances had a reverse effect on the content of lead, and compost, bentonite, zeolite and calcium oxide – on the content of chromium in maize.

Keywords: contamination, heating oil, neutralizing substances, maize, trace elements

References: US-EPA 1994. US-EPA Method 3051, Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediment, sludges, soils and oils.

148 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT, ACCUMULATION OF Cd IN SHOOTS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF THIS ELEMENT IN THE XYLEM SAP IN BARLEY ZALEŻNOŚCI MIĘDZY STOPNIEM ROZWOJU WŁOŚNIKÓW, AKUMULACJĄ Cd W PĘDACH A ZAWARTOŚCIĄ TEGO METALU W SOKU KSYLEMOWYM JĘCZMIENIA

Paulina Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, Michał Szopiński, Krzysztof Sitko, Żaneta Gieroń, Eugeniusz Małkowski Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland [email protected]

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that is released into the environment from natural sources and/or by heavy industry. In crop plants, such as barley, Cd accumulation in caryopsis may exceed regulatory limit values even if these plants grow on soils with low content of this metal. Consequently, food or forage produced from such caryopsis could be harmful to animals or human beings (Yoneyama et al. 2015). Therefore, understanding of the mechanisms of Cd accumulation in barley becomes an important issue. Previous study has shown that root hairs play an important role in Cd uptake in barley (Zheng et al. 2011). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate relationships between the root hair development, accumulation of Cd in shoots and the concentration of this element in the xylem sap in barley. The influence of Cd on shoots and roots growth was also examined. The experiments were conducted on barley plants cv. ‘Karat’ and its root hair less mutant (rhl) cultivated in hydroponic cultures. It was found that Cd diminished the elongation growth of the shoots and roots of both barley forms. The increase in cadmium concentrations in the medium resulted in higher Cd accumulation in the shoots and roots. ‘Karat’ accumulated more Cd in shoots and roots compared to its rhl mutant. It is noteworthy that cv. ‘Karat’ treated with 25 µM Cd accumulated 30% more Cd in the shoots compared to rhl mutant. Examination of xylem sap showed that the presence of 10 µM Cd in the medium resulted in two-fold higher Cd concentration in xylem sap of ‘Karat’ when compared to rhl mutant. Presented results suggest that the absence of root hairs significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd in barley shoots, which was probably due to the lower concentration of this metal in the xylem sap of rhl mutant.

Keywords: Hordeum vulgare, cadmium, xylem sap, hair roots mutant, accumulation

References: Yoneyama T., Ishikawa S., Fujimaki S. 2015. Route and regulation of zinc, cadmium, and iron transport in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) during vegetative growth and grain filling: metal transporters, metal speciation, grain Cd reduction and Zn and Fe biofortification. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16: 19111- 19129. Zheng R., Li H., Jiang R., Römheld V., Zhang F., Zhao F.L. 2011. The role of root hairs in cadmium acquisition by barley. Environmental Pollution 159: 408–415.

149 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN RADIOISOTOPE CONCENTRATIONS IN MOSS AND SOIL ZALEŻNOŚCI POMIĘDZY ZAWARTOŚCIAMI RADIOIZOTOPÓW W MCHACH I W GLEBIE

Zbigniew Ziembik, Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka Independent Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Opole University, ul. kard. B. Kominka 6, 45-032 Opole [email protected]

As a direct or indirect result of a number of human activities an increase in radioactive matter content in the environment can be observed. Usually, amounts of the released radioisotopes do not pose a threat to health, although long term accumulations are not significant. For these reasons, it is necessary to investigate possible threats arising from the accumulation of natural and artificial radioisotopes in the environment, as well as studies on their retention, migration, circulation in trophic chains and impact on the biosphere. Relationships between concentrations of gamma radioactive isotopes in soil and moss were studied. Moss (Pleurozium schreberi) and soil samples were collected in the area of Bory Stobrawskie forest. This region was particularly affected by fallout after the nuclear accident in Chernobyl NPP (1986). In the samples, activity concentrations of K-40 (natural), Cs-137 (artificial), Pb-212 (member of thorium decay series), Bi-214, Pb-210 (members of uranium decay series), and U-235 (member of uranium-actinium decay series) were determined. In the soil samples, pH, electrical conductivity and organic matter content in soil were additionally determined. For the data analysis, activity concentrations of the radioisotopes were recalculated to mass concentrations. In the data exploration the methods of compositional data analysis (CoDA) were utilized. Proportionality of Pb-212 and K-40, Pb-214 and K-40, Bi-214 and Pb-212 concentrations was observed in the soil samples as well as proportionality of Pb-210 concentration and organic matter content. Neither relationship between the radioisotope concentration in moss nor its relationships to physicochemical properties of soil were observed. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed some trends to the compositional data grouping, but they were in some extent related to the grouping method applied. The cluster structures were different for moss and soil. The results show no (or weak) influence of soil radioisotopical composition on the composition of moss.

Keywords: radioisotopes, soil, moss

150 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Index of authors' names

A Dradrach Agnieszka ...... 62 Andrzejewska Agnieszka ...... 45 Drobniewska Agata ...... 48 Antonenko Elena ...... 118 Dziurka Michał ...... 93 Antonkiewicz Jacek ...... 30, 31, 32, 65, 71, 80 F B Falkowska Lucyna ...... 54, 89, 90 Babiarz Henryk ...... 96, 97 Fiedor Elżbieta ...... 84 Balík Jiří ...... 130 Filipek-Mazur Barbara...... 49, 52, 125 Bąk Krzysztof ...... 50 Frączek Marcin ...... 69 Baran Agnieszka ...... 33, 35, 36, 56, 60, 85, Furtak Karolina ...... 67 86, 126, 134 Baran Mariusz ...... 37 G Bartkowiak Agata ...... 38 Gaj Renata ...... 50 Batukaev Abdulmalik ...... 43, 118 Gajda Anna Maria ...... 67 Bełdowska Magdalena ...... 51 Galas Dagmara ...... 112 Białk-Bielińska Anna ...... 40, 53, 129, 136 Gałka Bernard ...... 62, 63 Białobrzeski Tomasz ...... 96, 97 Gambuś Florian ...... 32 Biber Maria ...... 46 Gębka Karolina ...... 51 Biesaga-Kościelniak Jolanta ...... 93 Gieroń Żaneta ...... 149 Bielińska Elżbieta Joanna ...... 31 Gondek Krzysztof ...... 35, 49, 52, 86, 87 Bobowiec Aneta ...... 41 Grabarczyk Lucyna ...... 140 Bodziach Karina ...... 89, 90 Grabarczyk Łukasz ...... 53 Bogdał Dariusz ...... 58, 100 Grajewska Agnieszka ...... 54 Bogusz Aleksandra ...... 92 Gregoraszczuk Ewa ...... 84 Boligłowa Elżbieta ...... 80 Grela Jerzy ...... 126 Borecka Marta ...... 129 Gromakova Natalya ...... 43 Borowska Katarzyna ...... 42 Grudniewska Katarzyna ...... 55 Breza-Boruta Barbara ...... 38 Gruszecka-Kosowska Agnieszka ...... 56 Brodowska Marzena S...... 147 Gruszka Patrycja ...... 41 Bubak Anicenta ...... 33 Grzebisz Witold ...... 46 Budka Anna ...... 50 Grzesiak Małgorzata ...... 64 Burachevskaya Marina ...... 43 Bzowski Zbigniew ...... 46 H Hlušek Jaroslav ...... 131 C Hofman Jakub ...... 108 Chrabąszcz Mariusz ...... 69 Horák Jan ...... 69 Chudzińska Ewa ...... 127 Hubicki Zbigniew ...... 142 Ciećko Paweł ...... 44 Ciećko Zdzisław ...... 121 I Clifton-Brown John ...... 105 Ilek Anna ...... 97 Izychard Paulina ...... 50 D Dębska Bożena ...... 42 J Deryabkina Irina ...... 118 Jablonský Ivan ...... 73 Diatta Jean ...... 45, 46, 127 Janus Łukasz ...... 58, 100 Dołhańczuk-Śródka Agnieszka ...... 47, 150 Jaremko Dawid ...... 59, 77 Dołżonek Joanna ...... 40, 129, 136 Jasiewicz Czesława ...... 30, 33, 36, 60, 80

151 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

K Ł Kaczmarski Mateusz ...... 60 Łabętowicz Jan ...... 80 Kalembasa Stanisław ...... 119 Łozak Izabela ...... 145, 146 Kalembkiewicz Jan ...... 112 Łyszczarz Roman ...... 42 Kalicki Tomasz ...... 69 Kalinowski Sławomir ...... 78 M Kalisz Barbara ...... 38 Malarczyk-Matusiak Kornelia ...... 81 Kapelewska Justyna ...... 61 Maliszewska-Kordybach Barbara ...... 68 Karczewska Anna ...... 62, 63 Małkowski Eugeniusz ...... 149 Karpińska Joanna ...... 61 Mandzhieva Saglara ...... 43, 118 Kaszubkiewicz Jarosław ...... 94 Mangold Anja ...... 105 Katarzyńska-Banasik Dorota ...... 64, 76 Marciniak Michał ...... 82 Kępczyńska Ewa ...... 66 Marczewska Patrycja ...... 83 Kępka Wojciech ...... 65 Martin Hugh ...... 71 Khan M. Jamil ...... 38 Masłoń Adam ...... 144 Kiesel Andreas ...... 105 Mazurek Ryszard ...... 134 Kisiel Anna ...... 66 McCalmont Jon Paul ...... 105 Klimkowicz-Pawlas Agnieszka .. 67, 68, 86, 134 Michno Klaudia ...... 84 Kłos Andrzej ...... 82 Mierzejewska Elżbieta ...... 85 Kłusakiewicz Edyta...... 69 Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika ...... 35, 49, 52, Kołodziej Barbara ...... 31 86, 87, 97 Koncewicz-Baran Małgorzata ...... 30, 125 Milchert Eugeniusz ...... 81 Koniarz Tomasz ...... 126 Minkina Tatiana ...... 43, 118 Konieczka Piotr ...... 70 Mioduszewska Katarzyna...... 40 Kopeć Michał ...... 71 Mos Michal ...... 105 Koper Jan ...... 42 Mrowiec Agata ...... 88 Koroluk Agnieszka ...... 126 Mulkiewicz Ewa...... 40 Korzeniowska Jolanta ...... 72, 117 Košnář Zdeněk ...... 73 N Koudela Martin ...... 73 Nałęcz-Jawecki Grzegorz ...... 48 Kotowska Urszula ...... 61, 74 Nehring Iga ...... 89, 90 Kováčik Peter ...... 75 Niemiec Marcin ...... 91, 111 Kowalik Kinga...... 64, 76 Nowak Katarzyna ...... 115 Krzyżak Jacek ...... 105, 115 Kubátová Pavla ...... 130 O Kubica Barbara ...... 116, 120 Oleszczuk Patryk ...... 92 Kucza Jarosław ...... 96 Ostrowska Agnieszka ...... 93 Kud Krzysztof ...... 143 Kurpińska Marzena ...... 140 P Kuta Elżbieta ...... 84 Papuga Krzysztof ...... 94 Kuziemska Beata ...... 77, 145, 146 Pasternak Urszula ...... 67 Paszkiewicz Monika ...... 129 L Paulauskas Valdas ...... 95, 108 Lemanowicz Joanna ...... 38 Pawliczka Iwona ...... 54 Lewińska Karolina ...... 62, 63 Piątkowski Marek ...... 58, 100 Libecki Bartosz ...... 78 Pieniążek Marcin ...... 87 Lisińska Magdalena ...... 79 Pieniążek Rafał ...... 96, 97 Listwan Ryszard ...... 44 Piszczek Monika ...... 126 Lošák Tomáš ...... 131 Piwowar Paweł ...... 56

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Pogrzeba Marta ...... 105, 115 Symanowicz Barbara ...... 119 Polański Jarosław ...... 107, 110 Szada-Borzyszkowska Alicja ...... 115 Popek Maria ...... 77 Száková Jiřina ...... 99, 130 Praus Lukáš ...... 99 Szarłowicz Katarzyna ...... 116, 120 Przepióra Paweł ...... 69 Szeląg-Sikora Anna ...... 91, 111 Ptasiński Dominik ...... 122 Szeremeta Dariusz ...... 83 Puckowski Alan ...... 53 Szopiński Michał ...... 149 Szopka Katarzyna ...... 62 R Szostek Małgorzata ...... 87, 96, 97 Radwan-Pragłowska Julia ...... 58, 100 Szostek Radosław ...... 121 Rafałowicz Tomasz ...... 45 Szulc Wiesław...... 106, 122 Rajfur Małgorzata ...... 82, 101, 123 Ratajczyk Joanna ...... 102 Ś Ratajczyk Wojciech ...... 102 Świrydo Anna ...... 74 Rogowska Justyna...... 102 Świsłowski Paweł ...... 123 Rogóż Antoni ...... 103, 104 Różyło Krzysztof ...... 92 Š Rusinowski Szymon ...... 105, 115 Škarpa Petr ...... 113 Rutkowska Beata ...... 106, 122 Ryant Pavel ...... 113 T Rzeczycka Daria ...... 55 Tabak Monika ...... 32, 41, 49, 52, 103, Rzycka Roksana ...... 107 104, 124, 125 Tarnawski Marek ...... 35, 126 S Tatuśko Natalia ...... 127 Sabiene Nomeda ...... 95, 108 Tlustoš Pavel ...... 73, 99, 130 Sajewicz Mieczysław ...... 83 Toczko Martyna ...... 119 Saniewska Dominika ...... 51, 54 Toński Michał ...... 40, 129, 136 Sechman Andrzej ...... 64, 76 Turek Anna ...... 135 Senkała Sandra ...... 110 Siepak Marcin ...... 62, 63 U Sikora Jakub ...... 91, 111 Ujevic Ivana ...... 111 Sikorska Katarzyna ...... 48 Urbaniak Magdalena ...... 85 Sitarz-Palczak Elżbieta ...... 112 Urbański Krzysztof ...... 134 Sitko Krzysztof ...... 149 Sivitskaya Veranika ...... 148 V Skwarek Korneliusz ...... 119 Vollmann Johann ...... 131 Słomka Aneta...... 84 Smreczak Bożena ...... 68 W Sobera-Madej Sylwia ...... 114 Wawryniuk Milena ...... 48 Soja Maciej ...... 115 Wawrzkiewicz Monika ...... 132 Stachowicz Feliks ...... 144 Wcisło Eleonora ...... 133 Stanisławska-Glubiak Ewa ...... 72, 117 Wernerová Johanka ...... 73 Staniszewska Marta ...... 89, 90 Wieczorek Jerzy ...... 33, 36, 134 Stefaniuk Magdalena ...... 92 Wieczorek Kinga...... 135 Stepnowski Piotr ...... 40, 53, 129, 136 Wójcik Marta ...... 144 Stobiński Marcin ...... 116, 120 Wojsławski Jerzy ...... 129, 136 Stokowski Marcin ...... 40 Wojtasik Barbara ...... 138, 140 Stolte Stefan ...... 53 Wolanin Hubert ...... 80 Sushkova Svetlana ...... 43, 118 Wolf Wojciech ...... 135

153 VIII International Scientific Conference TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT Krakow, Poland, 14-15 September 2017 ______

Wolska Lidia ...... 102 Z Wołoszynowska Małgorzata ...... 114, 141 Zaleckas Ernestas ...... 95 Wołowicz Anna ...... 142 Zbawicka Małgorzata ...... 140 Woźniak Leszek ...... 143 Zieleźnik-Rusinowska Paulina ...... 149 Wysokiński Andrzej ...... 77, 145, 146 Zielińska Anna ...... 92 Wyszkowski Mirosław ...... 147, 148 Zieliński Andrzej ...... 38 Ziembik Zbigniew ...... 47, 150

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159

CONFERENCE ORGANISER

Al PAH Mn ?

Cu Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry of the University Zn

of Agriculture in Krakow Cd Cr Ni Pb

PATRONAGE

PARTNERS

SPONSORS

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