Jewish Population of Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties 2010
Ira M. Sheskin, Ph.D. Director of the Jewish Demography Project of the Sue and Leonard Miller Center for Contemporary Judaic Studies and Professor Department of Geography and Regional Studies University of Miami [email protected]
Electronic copies of the data, reports, and slides from the 1994 Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County are available at www.jewishdatabank.org. This 2010 update was funded by Menorah Manor.
May 2010 Sivan 5770 Executive Summary T his 2010 study updates the Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County completed by this author for the Jewish Federation of Pinellas County in 1994. This study uses a Distinctive Jewish Name (DJN) methodology to estimate the size and geographic distribution of the Jewish population in Pinellas County as well as Hillsborough and Pasco Counties. No telephone interviewing was completed, and this study does NOT substitute for the full community study that is needed in these communities. See the Methodology section at the end of this report for more information.
L In 2010, 31,320 persons live in 13,500 Jewish households in Pinellas County. Of the 31,320 persons in Jewish households, 26,135 persons (83%) are Jewish. In addition, another 500 Jewish persons live in institutions without their own telephone numbers.
L 28,200 persons live in 11,750 Jewish households in Hillsborough County. Of the 28,200 persons in Jewish households, 23,000 persons (82%) are Jewish.
L 10,100 persons live in 4,350 Jewish households in Pasco County. Of the 10,100 persons in Jewish households, 8,400 persons (83%) are Jewish.
L 69,620 persons live in 29,600 Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area. Of the 69,620 persons in Jewish households, 57,535 persons (83%) are Jewish. (Another 15,500 Jews (as of 2001) live in Sarasota and Manatee Counties just to the South.)
L 46% of Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area live in Pinellas County, 40% in Hillsborough County, and 15% in Pasco County.
L From 1994-2010, the number of Jewish households in Pinellas County increased by 500 households (4%), from 13,000 households to 13,500 households. The number of Jewish households in Hillsborough County increased by 650 households (6%), from 11,100 households to 11,750 households. The number of Jewish households in Pasco County increased by 1,550 households (55%), from 2,800 households to 4,350 households.
L From 1994-2010, the number of Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area increased by 2,700 households (10%), from 26,900 households to 29,600 households.
L The geographic distribution of Jewish households in Pinellas County changed modestly since 1994. In Hillsborough County, significant growth occurred in South Tampa and a significant decrease occurred in North Tampa.
L Pinellas County (St. Petersburg) has the largest, and Hillsborough County (Tampa) has the second largest, Jewish population in the state outside South Florida. Table of Contents
Executive Summary...... 2
Definition of the Geographic Areas...... 4
Current Size of the Jewish Community...... 6
Geographic Distribution of the Jewish Population...... 9
Changes in the Jewish Population, 1994-2010...... 11
Geographic Distribution of Jewish Households, 1994 and 2010...... 13
Comparisons with Other Jewish Communities...... 14
Methodology...... 17
Some Relevant Findings from the 1994 Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County...... 21 List of Tables
Table 1: Current Size of the Jewish Community...... 7 Table 2: Geographic Distribution of the Jewish Population...... 9 Table 3: Persons in Jewish Households, 1994-2010...... 12 Table 4: Geographic Distribution of Jewish Households, 1994 and 2010...... 13 Table 5: Jewish Communities in Florida...... 15 Table 6: Changes in Estimation Parameters in Florida Communities with Two Jewish Community Studies...... 20 Page 4 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Definition of the Geographic Areas
Pinellas County ì North Pinellas L Includes zip codes 33755, 33759, 33761, 33763, 33765, 33767, 34660, 34677, 34681, 34683, 34684, 34685, 34689, 34695, and 34698 L Includes Clearwater, Dunedin, Oldsmar, Palm Harbor, Safety Harbor, and Tarpon Springs
í Central Pinellas L Includes zip codes 33756, 33760, 33762, 33764, 33770, 33771, 33774, 33785, and 33786 L Includes Belleair Beach, Clearwater Beach, and Largo
î South Pinellas L Includes zip codes 33701, 33702, 33703, 33704, 33705, 33706, 33707, 33708, 33709, 33710, 33711, 33712, 33713, 33714, 33715, 33716, 33772, 33773, 33776, 33777, 33778, 33781, and 33782 L Includes Pinellas Park, Seminole, St. Petersburg, and St. Petersburg Beach
Hillsborough County ï North Tampa L Includes zip codes 33548, 33549, 33556, 33558, 33559, 33603, 33604, 33607, 33612, 33613, 33614, 33615, 33618, 33624, 33625, 33626, 33634, and 33635 L Includes Carollwood, Land O’ Lakes, Lutz, Odessa, and Town ‘n’ Country
ð New Tampa L Includes zip codes 33617, 33620, 33637, and 33647 L Includes New Tampa and Temple Terrace
ñ South Tampa L Includes zip codes 33602, 33606, 33609, 33611, 33616, 33621, and 33629
ò East and South County L Includes zip codes 33510, 33511, 33527, 33534, 33547, 33565, 33566, 33567, 33569, 33570, 33572, 33573, 33584, 33592, 33594, 33598 33605, 33610, and 33619 L Includes Apollo Beach, Brandon, Plant City, Riverview, Ruskin, and Sun City Center Pasco County No subareas defined. L Includes Dade City, New Port Richey, Port Richey, San Antonio, St. Leo, and Zephyrhills
Page 6 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Current Size of the Jewish Community T able 1 shows results for the current size of the Jewish population of Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties. Since no local Jewish community studies have ever been completed in Hillsborough or Pasco Counties, sufficient data do not exist to estimate the number of persons by geographic subareas in these counties.
Pinellas County
Table 1 shows that 31,320 persons live in 13,500 Jewish households in Pinellas County. Of the 31,320 persons in Jewish households, 26,135 persons (83%) are Jewish. In addition, another 500 Jews live in institutions without their own telephone numbers.
Of the 26,135 Jews, 1,582 Jews live in part-year households and 24,553 Jews live in full- year households. (Part-year households live in the county for 3-7 months of the year. Full- year households live in the county for 8-12 months of the year.)
In North Pinellas, 12,840 persons live in 5,350 Jewish households. 84% of persons in Jewish households are Jewish. Thus, 10,742 Jews live in North Pinellas.
In Central Pinellas, 5,865 persons live in 2,550 Jewish households. 82% of persons in Jewish households are Jewish. Thus, 4,782 Jews live in Central Pinellas.
In South Pinellas, 12,656 persons live in 5,600 Jewish households. 84% of persons in Jewish households are Jewish. Thus, 10,611 Jews live in South Pinellas.
Within Pinellas County, 42% of Jewish households live in South Pinellas, 40% in North Pinellas, and 19% in Central Pinellas.
Hillsborough County
Table 1 shows that 28,200 persons live in 11,750 Jewish households in Hillsborough County. Of the 28,200 persons in Jewish households, 23,000 persons (82%) are Jewish.
Within Hillsborough County, 46% of Jewish households live in South Tampa, 26% in North Tampa, 18% in East and South County, and 10% in New Tampa.
Pasco County
Table 1 shows that 10,100 persons live in 4,350 Jewish households in Pasco County. Of the 10,100 persons in Jewish households, 8,400 persons (83%) are Jewish. Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 7
Three County Tampa Bay Area
Table 1 shows that 69,620 persons live in 29,600 Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area. Of the 69,620 persons in Jewish households, 57,535 persons (83%) are Jewish. (Another 15,500 Jews (as of 2001) live in Sarasota and Manatee Counties just to the South.)
Table 1 Current Size of the Jewish Community
Number of Percentage Number of Average Persons in Number of Jewish Jewish Household Jewish of Households Households Size Households Jews North Pinellas
Part-Year Households 2.4% 325 2.00 650 632 Full-Year Households 37.2% 5,025 2.43 12,211 10,111 All North Pinellas 39.6% 5,350 2.40 12,840 10,742 Central Pinellas
Part-Year Households 1.0% 135 1.82 246 227 Full-Year Households 17.9% 2,415 2.32 5,603 4,555 All Central Pinellas 18.9% 2,550 2.30 5,865 4,782 South Pinellas
Part-Year Households 3.4% 460 1.90 874 724 Full-Year Households 38.1% 5,140 2.29 11,771 9,887 All South Pinellas 41.5% 5,600 2.26 12,656 10,611 All Pinellas County
Part-Year Households 6.8% 920 1.92 1,766 1,582 Full-Year Households 93.2% 12,580 2.35 29,563 24,553 All Pinellas County 100.0% 13,500 2.32 31,320 26,135 Page 8 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population
Table 1 Current Size of the Jewish Community
Number of Percentage Number of Average Persons in Number of Jewish Jewish Household Jewish of Households Households Size Households Jews Hillsborough County
North Tampa 26.1% 3,060 New Tampa 9.5% 1,110 South Tampa 46.1% 5,420 East and South County 18.4% 2,160 All Hillsborough County 100.0% 11,750 2.40 28,200 23,000 Pasco County
All Pasco County 4,350 2.32 10,100 8,400 3 County Tampa Bay 29,600 2.35 69,620 57,535
Note: Although most percentages presented in the tables are shown to the nearest tenth and most numbers are shown to the nearest integer, it should be noted that all percentages and numbers are estimates. Most percentages in the text are rounded to the nearest integer. The reader may notice small differences in the percentages and numbers of households and persons shown in various parts of this report due to rounding. At times, also due to rounding, the reported percentages may not sum to 100% and the reported numbers may not sum to the appropriate numerical total. However, the convention employed shows the total as 100% or the appropriate numerical total. Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 9 Geographic Distribution of the Jewish Population T able 2 shows that 46% of Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area live in Pinellas County, 40% in Hillsborough County, and 15% in Pasco County.
Three geographic subareas (South Pinellas, South Tampa, and North Pinellas) each contain about 18% of households in the three county Tampa Bay area.
The geographic distribution of persons in Jewish households and of Jews is slightly different from the distribution of Jewish households due to variations among the geographic areas in average household size and in the percentage of persons in Jewish households who are Jewish.
Table 2 Geographic Distribution of the Jewish Population
Persons in Jewish Jewish Jews in Households Households Jewish Households
Geographic Area Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage North Pinellas 5,350 18.1% 12,840 18.4% 10,742 18.7% Central Pinellas 2,550 8.6 5,865 8.4 4,782 8.3 South Pinellas 5,600 18.9 12,656 18.2 10,611 18.4 North Tampa 3,060 10.3 New Tampa 1,110 3.8 28,200 40.5 23,000 40.0 South Tampa 5,420 18.3 E and S County 2,160 7.3 Pasco County 4,350 14.7 10,100 14.5 8,400 14.6 Tampa Bay Area 29,600 100.0% 69,620 100.0% 57,535 100.0% All Pinellas 13,500 45.6% 31,320 45.0% 26,135 45.4% All Hillsborough 11,750 39.7% 28,200 40.5% 23,000 40.0% Pinellas and Hillsborough Counties Households on Federation Mailing Lists
3549 4689 3556
3647
4685 3592 3565 4684 4681 3625 3618 3613 4660 4683 3624 3620 3626 3612 4698 4677 3617 4698 3761 3635 3637 4695 3604 3634 3614 3584 3763 3615 3610 3566 3767 3603 3755 3527 3765 3759 3605 3607 3510 3602 3756 3609 3567 3764 3606 3786 3629 3619 3770 3511 3594 3771 3760 3762 3611 3774 3773 3785 3778 3716 3782 3616 3776 3702 3772 3777 3621 3781 3569 3534 3708 3708 3709 3714 3703 3704 3710 3713 3701 3547 3572 3706 3707 3707 3705 3711 3706 3712 3570 3573 3598
3715
Each dot represents 4 households Dots are randomly placed within each zip code Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 11 Changes in the Jewish Population, 1994-2010 T able 3 shows the estimated changes in the population in Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area from 1994-2010. The estimates of average household size in Pinellas County are based upon the 1994 Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County. In 2010, the number of Jewish households in Pinellas and Hillsborough Counties is about the same as in 1994, while Pasco County showed a significant increase from 1994-2010.
Pinellas County
Table 3 shows that the number of Jewish households in Pinellas County increased by 500 households (4%) from 1994-2010, from 13,000 households to 13,500 households.
Some of the numbers from the 1994 Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County have been rounded in this report.
Hillsborough County
Table 3 shows that the number of Jewish households in Hillsborough County increased by 650 households (6%) from 1994-2010, from 11,100 households to 11,750 households.
Pasco County
Table 3 shows that the number of Jewish households in Pasco County increased by 1,550 households (55%) from 1994-2010, from 2,800 households to 4,350 households.
Three County Tampa Bay Area
Table 3 shows that the number of Jewish households in the three county Tampa Bay area increased by 2,700 households (10%) from 1994-2010, from 26,900 households to 29,600 households. Page 12 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population
Table 3 Persons in Jewish Households, 1994-2010
Number of Average Persons in Jewish Household Jewish % Year Households Size Households Increase Pinellas County
1994 13,000 2.32 30,160 2010 13,500 2.32 31,320 3.8% Hillsborough County
1994 11,100 2.40 26,640 2010 11,750 2.40 28,200 5.9% Pasco County
1994 2,800 2.32 6,500 2010 4,350 2.32 10,100 55.4% Three County Tampa Bay Area
1994 26,900 2.35 63,300 2010 29,600 2.35 69,620 10.0% Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 13 Geographic Distribution of Jewish Households, 1994 and 2010 T able 4 shows that the geographic distribution of Jewish households in Pinellas County changed modestly since 1994. In Hillsborough County, significant growth occurred in South Tampa and a significant decrease occurred in North Tampa.
Table 4 Geographic Distribution of Jewish Households, 1994 and 2010
1994 2010 Number of Number of Jewish Jewish Geographic Area Households Percentage Households Percentage North Pinellas 5,060 18.8% 5,350 18.1% Central Pinellas 2,240 8.3 2,550 8.6 South Pinellas 5,700 21.2 5,600 18.9 North Tampa 5,350 19.9 3,060 10.3 New Tampa 1,300 4.8 1,110 3.8 South Tampa 2,400 8.9 5,420 18.3 E and S County 2,050 7.6 2,160 7.3 Pasco County 2,800 10.4 4,350 14.7 Tampa Bay Area 26,900 100.0% 29,600 100.0% All Pinellas 13,000 48.3% 13,500 45.6% All Hillsborough 11,100 41.3% 11,750 39.7% Page 14 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Comparisons with Other Jewish Communities T able 5 shows the Jewish population in all communities in Florida. Pinellas County (St. Petersburg) has the largest, and Hillsborough County (Tampa) has the second largest, Jewish population in the state outside South Florida. Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 15
Table 5 Jewish Communities in Florida Number of Jews Number of Persons Part-Year in Jewish Part-Year and and Community Full-Year Full-Year Full-Year Households * St. Petersburg (2010) 25,055 26,635 31,320 Tampa (2010) ** 23,000 23,000 28,200 * Orlando (1993) 1 20,600 21,000 25,900 * Jacksonville (2002) 12,800 13,000 16,200 * Sarasota (2001) 12,200 15,500 17,500 Pasco County (2010) ** 8,400 8,400 10,100 Lee County (Fort Myers) 8,000 8,000 NA * Martin-St. Lucie (2004) 5,800 6,650 7,700 Brevard County 5,000 5,000 NA Naples 4,200 4,200 NA Daytona Beach 4,000 4,000 NA Gainesville 2,500 2,500 NA Tallahassee 2,200 2,200 NA Fort Pierce 1,060 1,060 NA Lakeland 1,000 1,000 NA Pensacola 975 975 NA Key West 650 650 NA Marion County (Ocala) 500 500 NA Vero Beach 400 400 NA Winter Haven 300 300 NA Crystal River 100 100 NA Other Communities 100 100 NA Total (Excluding South Florida) 138,840 145,170 NA Page 16 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population
Table 5 Jewish Communities in Florida Number of Jews Number of Persons Part-Year in Jewish Part-Year and and Community Full-Year Full-Year Full-Year Households South Florida * Broward (2008) 170,700 186,300 206,700 * Miami (2004) 107,300 113,300 121,300 * South Palm Beach (2005) 107,600 131,300 136,800 * West Palm Beach (2005) 101,400 124,250 137,300 Total South Florida 487,000 555,150 602,100 Total Florida 625,840 700,320 NA * Data are based upon a scientific community study. Dates in parentheses indicate the date of the most recent scientific community study or update study. Data in St. Petersburg, Broward, and Martin-St. Lucie were updated from an earlier scientific study using a Distinctive Jewish Name methodology. ** Data are based upon studies using a Distinctive Jewish Name methodology. With this methodology no distinction can be made between part-year and full-year households. Thus, the data appear in italics in the rightmost two columns of the table. Also note that such data are considered far less accurate than data from scientific studies. 1 Data have been updated (as of 2001) from a 1993 study based upon information from the Orlando Jewish Federation. Notes: 1) Full-year households live in Florida for 8-12 months of the year. 2) Part-year households live in Florida for 3-7 months of the year. 3) For communities without scientific community studies, the number of part-year Jews and the number of persons in Jewish households are not available, except where the latter have been updated using a DJN methodology study. Numbers in italics in the Number of Jews: Part-Year and Full-Year column are repeated from the Number of Jews: Full-Year column because no estimate of part-year Jews is available for these communities. Source: Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, “Jewish Population of the United States, 2008,” American Jewish Year Book 2008, Volume 108 (David Singer and Lawrence Grossman, Editors) (New York: The American Jewish Committee). Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 17 Methodology
Pinellas County T his 2010 study used a methodology employing Distinctive Jewish Names (DJNs) to update the size and geographic distribution of the Jewish population of Pinellas County since the 1994 Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County that was completed by this author. The methodology for that study is shown in Chapter 2 of the Main Report of that study at www.jewishdatabank.org. No telephone interviewing was completed as part of this study. Although the results of this study are considered far less accurate than the results of scientific studies, the results of this study should be considered to be generally indicative of changes in the Pinellas County Jewish community since the last scientific study in 1994.
In 1994, a major Jewish community study using Random Digit Dialing (RDD) was completed, which estimated 13,000 households and 30,160 persons in Jewish households in Pinellas County. The estimate of the number of Jewish households for 2010 is based upon a count of households with one of 31 DJNs in the 2010 CD-ROM telephone directory, calculating a ratio (the DJN Ratio) between the RDD estimate of Jewish households in 1994 and the number of households with a DJN in the 1994 CD-ROM telephone directory, and applying this ratio to the number of households with a DJN in the 2010 CD-ROM telephone directory.1
An adjustment was then made to address the issue of cell phone-only households. Almost no households were cell phone-only in 1994, but based on data provided by Survey Sampling, Inc., about 16.8% of households in Florida are cell phone-only in 2010. Cell phone-only households are not listed in the CD-ROM telephone directory, resulting in a probable undercounting of DJNs in 2010. 28% of persons in Jewish households in Pinellas County were age 65 and over in 1994 (a comparable percentage can be assumed in 2010), and few households in that age group are cell phone-only. We assumed the cell phone-only rate in Pinellas County to be about 15% in 2010 and made an adjustment to the DJN count accordingly.
The following assumptions are made in deriving the 2010 Jewish population estimate using the DJN methodology: ì the percentage of Jewish households with telephones (landline or cell) remained constant from 1994-2010; í the percentage of Jewish households with unlisted landline telephone numbers remained constant from 1994-2010;
1 See Ira M. Sheskin, “A Methodology for Examining the Changing Size and Spatial Distribution of a Jewish Population: A Miami Case Study,” in Shofar, Special Issue: Studies in Jewish Geography (Neil G. Jacobs, Special Guest Editor), Fall, 1998 (Vol. 17, No. 1), pp. 97-116. Page 18 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population
î the percentage of Jewish households with a DJN remained constant from 1994- 2010; and ï the percentage of Sephardic, Israeli, Hispanic, and Former Soviet Union (FSU) households (who tend not to have DJNs) remained constant from 1994-2010.2
The methodology also assumes that: ð the average household size, the percentage of part-year households, and the percentage of persons in Jewish households who are Jewish in each of the three geographic areas remained constant from 1994-2010.
Assumption number ì is quite reasonable as the number of Jewish households without telephones is negligible. No information is available regarding assumption í, but there is no reason to believe that any significant change has occurred.
As to assumption î, the percentage of Jewish households with a DJN has probably decreased because of increases in the rate of intermarriage, although Table 6 suggests that increases in intermarriage rates in South Florida have been minimal. It is likely that Pinellas County is similar in this respect.
The effect of changes in the percentage of Sephardic, Israeli, Hispanic, and FSU households (assumption ï) is minimal since these are not large groups in Pinellas County.
As to assumption ð, Table 6 suggests that even over a relatively long period of time, average household size, the percentage of part-year households, and the percentage of persons in Jewish households who are Jewish did not change significantly in South Florida.
Hillsborough and Pasco Counties
No previous scientific studies have been completed for Hillsborough and Pasco Counties. The DJN Ratio from Pinellas County was applied to the number of households with a DJN in Hillsborough and Pasco Counties in 1994 and 2010 to estimate the size of the Jewish community.
US Census data suggest that the percentage elderly is much lower in Hillsborough County than in Pinellas County, suggesting a higher average household size for Jewish households in Hillsborough County than in Pinellas County. Thus, based upon a comparison table of average household sizes in 55 American Jewish communities, an average household size of 2.40 was assumed to estimate the number of persons in Jewish households in Hillsborough County.
2 In 1994, only 0.8% of adults in Jewish households in Pinellas County were born in Israel and 1.0%, in the Former Soviet Union. Thus, the effect of changes in the number of households in these groups from 1994-2010 is probably not significant. Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 19
US Census data suggest that the percentage elderly is about the same in Pasco County as in Pinellas County, so the Pinellas County average household size was applied to estimate the number of persons in Jewish households in Pasco County.
Since the Jewish population of Hillsborough County is likely younger than that of Pinellas County, a slightly lower percentage Jewish (82%) was applied to estimate the number of Jews in Hillsborough County based upon a comparison table of such percentages in 55 American Jewish communities.
Since US Census data suggest that the percentage elderly is about the same in Pasco County as in Pinellas County, the 1994 Pinellas County percentage of persons in Jewish households who are Jewish was applied to estimate the number of Jews in Pasco County. Page 20 Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population
Table 6 Changes in Estimation Parameters in Florida Communities with Two Jewish Community Studies
Year of Study Percentage Individual Average Jewish Intermarriage Household in Jewish Part-Year Community Earlier Later Rate Size Households Households Miami 1994 2004 7% to 9% 2.19 to 2.25 93% to 93% 6% to 7% South Palm Beach 1995 2005 3% to 5% 1.89 to 1.87 96% to 96% 25% to 19% West Palm Beach 1999 2005 6% to 9% 1.92 to 1.99 93% to 90% 22% to 18% Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco Counties Jewish Population Page 21 Some Relevant Findings from the 1994 Jewish Community Study of Pinellas County
1. 28% of persons in Jewish households are age 65 and over.
2. The 28% age 65 and over in Jewish households is slightly higher than the 26% for all residents of Pinellas County in 1994 and is well above the 21% for all residents of Pinellas County in 2008.
3. 13% of persons in Jewish households are age 75 and over.
4. Current demographic trends throughout the United States suggest that the 48% of elderly persons in Jewish households who were age 75 and over in 1994 has increased.
5. The number of Jewish elderly (and elderly in general) is likely to increase in the near future as the first baby boomers reach age 65.
6. About 30% of persons in Jewish households in North and South Pinellas are age 65 and over, compared to 18% in Central Pinellas.
7. 1,900 Jews age 65 and over live alone.
8. 45% of females age 75 and over in Jewish households are widowed.