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ST ANTONY's SERIES General Editor: Alex Pravda, Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford Recent Titles Include: Mark D. Alleyne

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ST ANTONY's SERIES General Editor: Alex Pravda, Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford Recent Titles Include: Mark D. Alleyne ST ANTONY'S SERIES General Editor: Alex Pravda, Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford Recent titles include: Mark D. Alleyne INTERNATIONAL POWER AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION Craig Brandist CARNIVAL CULTURE AND THE SOVIET MODERNIST NOVEL Sir Alec Cairncross MANAGING THE BRITISH ECONOMY IN THE 1960s: A Treasury Perspective Alex Danchev and Thomas Halverson (editors) INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE YUGOSLAV CONFLICT Anne Deighton (editor) BUILDING POSTWAR EUROPE: National Decision-Makers and European Institutions, 1948-63 Reinhard Drifte JAPAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 1990s: From Economic Superpower to What Power? Jane Ellis THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, 1985-94 Y Hakan Erdem SLAVERY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS DEMISE, 1800-1909 João Carlos Espada SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS: A Critique of F. A. Hayek and Raymond Plant Christoph Gassenschmidt JEWISH LIBERAL POLITICS IN TSARIST RUSSIA, 1900-14: The Modernization of Russian Jewry Amitzur Ilan THE ORIGINS OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI ARMS RACE: Arms, Embargo, Military Power and Decision in the 1948 Palestine War Leroy Jin MONETARY POLICY AND THE DESIGN OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN CHINA, 1978-90 Matthew Jones BRITAIN, THE UNITED STATES AND THE MEDITERRANEAN WAR, 1942-44 Dae Hwan Kim and Tat Yan Kong (editors) THE KOREAN PENINSULA IN TRANSITION Anthony Kirk-Greene and Daniel Bach (editors) STATE AND SOCIETY IN FRANCOPHONE AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE Jaroslav Kerjčí and Pavel Machonin CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1919-92: A Laboratory for Social Change Iftikhar H. Malik STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN PAKISTAN: Politics of Authority, Ideology and Ethnicity Javier Martínez-Lara BUILDING DEMOCRACY IN BRAZIL: The Politics of Constitutional Change, 1985-95 Leslie McLoughlin IBN SAUD: Founder of a Kingdom J. L. Porket UNEMPLOYMENT IN CAPITALIST, COMMUNIST AND POST­ COMMUNIST ECONOMIES Charles Powell JUAN CARLOS OF SPAIN: Self-Made Monarch Neil Renwick JAPAN'S ALLIANCE POLITICS AND DEFENCE PRODUCTION William J. Tompson KHRUSHCHEV: A Political Life Christopher Tremewan THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOCIAL CONTROL IN SINGAPORE The European Community and the Security Dilemma, 1979-92 Holly Wyatt-Walter Foreword by Robert O'Neill ~ in association with ~ Palgrave Macmillan First published in Great Britain 1997 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-14247-7 ISBN 978-1-349-14245-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14245-3 First published in the United States of America 1997 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-16336-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wyatt-Walter, Holly, 1968-1995. The European Community and the security dilemma, 1979-92 / Holly Wyatt-Walter; foreword by Robert O'Neill. p. cm.- (St. Antony's series) Originally presented as the author's thesis (Oxford). Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-312-16336-5 (cloth) 1. National security-Europe. 2. Europe-Defenses. 3. Europe­ -Politics and government-1945- I. Title. II. Series. UA646.W95 1996 355'.03304-dc20 96-21864 CIP © Andrew Wyatt-Walter 1997 Foreword © Robert O'Neill 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 Contents Foreword by Robert O'Neill ix Acknowledgments xii List of Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Justification 1 Project focus 2 Definitions 4 The role of theory 7 Structure 10 Part 1: Historical and Conceptual Aspects of Security and Integration, 1945-79 1 Past as Prologue: the Historical Relationship between Integration and Security 15 Introduction: security vacuum and economic instability 15 The Atlantic connection and US leadership 16 Economic response: the European Coal and Steel Community 19 Defense response: a European Defense Community and early lessons for the EC 21 After EDC: the 1960s and the French approach to an EC security identity 28 Economic influence needs a voice: the 1970s and European political cooperation 32 Conclusion: high politics, low politics, and the institutional divide to 1979 37 2 The Theoretical Relationship between Integration and Security 39 Introduction: theory mirrors practice 39 Pre-paths to integration: federalist and functionalist utopias meet post-war reality 40 v VI Contents Paths to integration in the 1950s: pluralism and neofunctionalism 42 Integration in the 1960s: the 'intergovernmental' critique 51 Theoretical enlargement in the 1970s: beyond integration to systemic theory 54 Theory and experience: security and integration prior to 1979 60 Conclusion: theoretical expectations for the period 1979-92 64 Part II: 'Crisis in the Alliance' and West European Responses, 1979-87 3 The Changing External Dimension: US-European Divergences 69 Introduction and conceptual issues 69 Economic context and structural change 71 Strategic context and the decline of detente 80 Transatlantic turbulence continues 93 Conclusion: security community and changing identity 96 4 Fragmented 'Subsystems': the West European Response to Crisis 98 Introduction and conceptual issues 98 Political response: European Political Cooperation (EPC) 101 Economic response: 'Europe must not fall behind' 110 Military response: 'a European pillar to the alliance' 119 Conclusion: intergovernmentalism and the new European security debate 132 Part III: Europe in Flux: Internal Integration and External Disintegration, 1987-90 5 Internal Dynamism and the Consequences of the Single European Act 137 Introduction and conceptual issues 137 Impact on the West European defense market 140 Internal security: the impact of the SEA on borders 147 Conclusion: functional limitations and the success of indirect spill-over 154 Contents vn 6 Changing External Dimension: the EC Takes the Lead 157 Introduction and conceptual issues 157 The EC lead in restructuring Eastern Europe 158 German unification and the response of EC partners 161 The changing nature of security: NATO's obsolescence and initial hopes for CSCE 165 Franco-German quid pro quo and the first phase of the IGC 174 Conclusion: Competing institutions and the EC in the lead 182 Part IV: Security Threats after the Cold War: the EC as a Security Actor? 1990-92 7 Testing Times for Security Aspirations: 'the EC Must Take the Lead' 187 Introduction and conceptual issues: the EC sets itself a test 187 The Gulf War and lessons learned about CFSP 188 The triangular debate heats up: member states, the Commission, and a US response 195 Evolving national positions and NATO-EC rivalry in the approach to Maastricht 201 The breakdown of Yugoslavia and the recognition crisis 213 Concluding the IGC: an emerging compromise? 217 Conclusion: the status quo looks increasingly appealing 219 8 Maastricht and the Grand Compromise 221 Introduction and conceptual issues: the Maastricht compromise 221 Title V: the Common Foreign and Security Policy 222 Ratification and clarification after Maastricht 232 Conclusion: a convergence of views 244 9 Conclusion: the EC and Security - Continuity within a Changing Relationship 246 Empirical findings 246 National dispositions 248 Theoretical implications 251 Concluding points 256 viii Contents Notes 258 Bibliography 308 Index 332 Foreword This book is important for two reasons. First, it is a major examina­ tion of the debate which has taken place on the role of the European Community in security policy issues over the past fifteen years - the most thorough work of its kind in recent years. Second, as a result of the author's tragic death in July 1995, it marks her most substantial contribution to the literature of her field and forms a memorial to her life and work, particularly, but not only, during her years at St Antony's College, Oxford, 1989-94. The message of the book itself is salutary to those who follow the life of the European Community and the European Union. The Com­ munity itself has chosen to reject substantial supranational integration in the fields of security and defence, preferring to leave those issues in the hands of the United States-led North Atlantic Alliance. Despite European dissatisfaction with American leadership of the Alliance, when it came to a choice Europe itself shunned full responsibility for the maintenance of its own security. In some ways this is a tribute to the quality of leadership that the United States has given the Alliance over the past forty-six years. But it also reflects European unwillingness to make the effort necessary to stand on its own feet. It leaves Europe in a dependent situation, apparently lacking both the maturity and the strength to fend for itself against possible enemies that are weaker economically. It is not a situation that gives the slightest comfort to those who wish European integration
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