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Mađarska Od Nagodbe 1867. Do 1. Svjetskog Rata View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Mađarska od Nagodbe 1867. do 1. svjetskog rata Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Diplomski studij Povijesti i Hrvatskog jezika i književnosti Ivana Barišić MAĐARSKA OD NAGODBE 1867. DO 1. SVJETSKOG RATA Diplomski rad Mentor: prof.dr.sc. Ivan Balta Osijek, 2012. 0 Mađarska od Nagodbe 1867. do 1. svjetskog rata SAŽETAK Nakon sloma neoapsolutizma car Franjo Josip I. objavio je Listopadsku diplomu (1860.) i Veljački patemt (1861.) kojima je učvršćen centralizam. Porazom Austrije u ratu s Pruskom (1866.) car uspostavlja sporazum s Mađarima te je 1867. godine postignuto sklapanje Nagodbe, kojom je stvorena Austro-Ugarska Monarhija sa središtem u Beču i Budimpešti te su utvrđeni autonomni i zajednički poslovi. Za Andrássyjeve vlade (1867.-1871.) donesen je Zakon o narodnostima (1868.) kojim nisu priznata nacionalna prava nemađarskim narodima u Ugarskoj. Gušenjem seljačkog pokreta Andrássy je pridonio konsolidaciji Dvojne Monarhije. Kao ministar vanjskih poslova istaknuo se stvaranjem fronte Velike Britanije, Francuske i Njemačke, uperene protiv ruskog širenja u jugoistočnoj Europi, te sklapanjem vojnog saveza s Njemačkom (1879.). Kálmán Tisza (1875.-1890.) učvrstio je dualistički sustav, ali je ojačao i netolerantni nacionalizam uz poticanje mađarizacije. Na prijelazu stoljeća mađarsku politiku vodila su tri premijera: Gyula Szapáry (1890.-1892.) provodi zdravstvene i financijske mjere, Sándor Wekerle (1892.-1895.) financijske i vjerske reforme, a za Dezsöa Bánffyja (1895.-1899.) slavilo se tisuću godina mađarskog osvajanja Dunavskog bazena. Godine 1905./1906. nastupila je kriza dualizma koja se očitovala u jačanju parlamentarne oporbe pod vodstvom Stranke neovisnosti. Za druge Wekerleove vlade jača politička djelatnost seljaštva i radikalnih demokrata. Drugi mandat Istvána Tisze (1913.-1917.) obilježen je slamanjem parlamentarne opstrukcije, a na međunarodnoj sceni Balkanskim ratovima (1912.-1913.) za oslobođenje od osmanske vlasti. Atentat na prijestolonasljednika Franju Ferdinanda bio je povod za izbijanje Prvog svjetskog rata. Zbivanja na bojišnici i teško stanje u Ugarskoj rezultirali su sve većim zahtjevima mađarskog naroda za prekidom rata. Mirovnim sporazumom u palači Trianon u Versaillesu (1920.) potpisan je mirovni ugovor s Mađarskom, kojim je Mađarska izgubila dvije trećine svojih nekadašnjih teritorija te gotovo šezdeset posto stanovništva, uključujući i trideset posto etničkih Mađara. Ključne riječi: Nagodba, Gyula Andrássy, mađarizacija, nacionalni i radnički pokret, István Tisza, Prvi svjetski rat 1 Mađarska od Nagodbe 1867. do 1. svjetskog rata SADRŽAJ SAŽETAK 1. UVOD ................................................................................................................................ 3 2. STANJE U MAĐARSKOJ DO NAGODBE 1867. ........................................................... 4 2.1. GODINE 'BACHOVOG APSOLUTIZMA' (1851.-1860.).............................. ....... 4 2.2. LISTOPADSKA DIPLOMA.VELJAČKI PATENT 1860./1861. ........................ 5 3. MAĐARSKA PREMA NAGODBI.........................................................................................8 3.1. LAJOS KOSSUTH – PLAN PODUNAVSKE KONFEDERACIJE.........................8 3.2. POLITIKA KOMPROMISA.................................................................................11 3.3. AUSTRO-UGARSKA NAGODBA........................................................................13 3.3.1. OBILJEŽJA »DUALIZMA«................................................................15 3.3.2. NACIONALNO PITANJE...................................................................17 4. GYULA ANDRÁSSY (1867.-1871.)...................................................................................18 4.1. ZAKON O NARODNOSTIMA (1868.)................................................................19 4.2. SOCIJALNO PITANJE.........................................................................................21 4.3. VANJSKOPOLITIČKO DJELOVANJE...............................................................22 5. KÁLMÁN TISZA (1875.-1890.) - »DESETLJEĆE MIRA« ............................................. 25 5.1. »GENERAL TISZA«.............................................................................................27 5.2. NACIONALNO I SOCIJALNO PITANJE...........................................................27 5.3. QUIETA NON MOVERE.......................................................................................28 6. MAĐARSKA NA PRIJELAZU STOLJEĆA.......................................................................29 6.1. GYULA SZAPÁRY (1890.-1892.)........................................................................29 6.2. SÁNDOR WEKERLE (1892.-1895.)....................................................................30 6.3. DEZSÖ BÁNFFY (1895.-1899.)...........................................................................32 7. KRIZA DUALIZMA - 1905./1906. .....................................................................................34 8. DRUGA VLADA WEKERLEA I TISZE............................................................................37 8.1. SÁNDOR WEKERLE (1906.-1910.)....................................................................37 8.1.1. POLITIČKE ORGANIZACIJE SELJAŠTVA........................................38 8.2. ISTVÁN TISZA (1913.-1917.)..............................................................................40 8.2.1. BALKANSKI RATOVI (1912.-1913.). POSLJEDICE..........................41 9. MAĐARSKA U PRVOM SVJETSKOM RATU..................................................................42 9.1. BALKAN – »BAČVA BARUTA«........................................................................42 9.2. TIJEK RATA. STANJE U UGARSKOJ...............................................................44 9.3. »IZGUBILI SMO OVAJ RAT«.............................................................................46 10. ZAKLJUČAK.....................................................................................................................48 11. POPIS LITERATURE........................................................................................................49 12. POPIS PRILOGA...............................................................................................................49 2 Mađarska od Nagodbe 1867. do 1. svjetskog rata 1. UVOD U ovom diplomskom radu istražuje se politička povijest mađarske države od donošenja Austro-Ugarske Nagodbe 1867. godine do Prvog svjetskog rata. Zadatak je rada opisati stanje u tadašnjoj Kraljevini Ugarskoj s osobitim naglaskom na odnos s nemađarskim narodima na području Ugarske te odnos s Bečom odnosno Habsburškom Monarhijom. Uvodno poglavlje rada Stanje u Mađarskoj do Nagodbe 1867. s potpoglavljima Godine 'Bachovog apsolutizma' (1851.-1860.) te Listopadska diploma.Veljački patent 1860./1861., daje sažet pregled zbivanja u Ugarskoj do donošenja Nagodbe. Središnji dio rada započinje poglavljem Mađarska prema nagodbi u kojem se opisuje politička djelatnost Lajosa Kossutha te nastanak Nagodbe. Poglavlje se bavi i osnovnim obilježjima dualističkog sustava Monarhije i nacionalnim pitanjem u njezinom austrijskom i ugarskom dijelu. Sljedeća poglavlja daju pregled zbivanja u Ugarskoj kroz političku djelatnost najistaknutijih mađarskih političara. Četvrto poglavlje tako opisuje odnos premijera Gyule Andrássyja (1867.-1871.) prema nemađarskim narodima te seljačkom i radničkom pokretu (potpoglavlja Zakon o narodnostima (1868.) i Socijalno pitanje) i njegovo djelaovanje kao ministra vanjskih poslova (potpoglavlje Vanjskopolitičko djelovanje). Poglavlje Kálmán Tisza (1875.-1890.)- »Desetljeće mira« istražuje Tiszin dolazak na vlast i njegov odnos prema nacionalnom i socijalnom pitanju. Šesto poglavlje Mađarska na prijelazu stoljeća bavi se djelovanjem triju mađarskih premijera: Gyule Szapáryja (1890.-1892.), Sándora Wekerlea (1892.-1895.) te Dezsöa Bánffyja (1895.-1899.). U poglavlju Kriza dualizma-1905./1906. razmatra se stanje u Ugarskoj za mandata Kálmána Szélla (1899.-1903.), Istvána Tisze (1903.-1905.) te Géze Fejérváryja (1905.-1906.). Sljedeće poglavlje opisuje političko djelovanje Sándora Wekerlea te Istvána Tisze za njihovog drugog premijerskog mandata, koji je u slučaju Wekerlea obilježen stvaranjem političkih organizacija seljaštva, a u slučaju Tisze Balkanskim ratovima (1912.-1913.) Posljednje poglavlje Mađarska u Prvom svjetskom ratu istražuje uzroke izbijanja Prvog svjetskog rata te stanje u Ugarskoj odnosno sudbinu mađarske države nakon završetka rata. Temeljna literatura u pisanju rada bile su knjige Povijest Mađarske mađarskih autora Petéra Hanaka i Lászlóa Kóntlera. Od ostalih autora istaknula bih Habsburšku Monarhiju A. J. P. Taylora, Povijest Austrije E. Zöllnera i T. Schüssel te Povijest Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe 19. i 20. stoljeća D. Dukovskog. 3 Mađarska od Nagodbe 1867. do 1. svjetskog rata 2. STANJE U MAĐARSKOJ DO NAGODBE 1867. 2.1. GODINE 'BACHOVOG APSOLUTIZMA' (1851.-1860.) Nakon sloma mađarske revolucije 1 (13. kolovoza 1849. kod mjesta Világos) pod vodstvom Lajosa Kossutha, koji je kao glavnu ideju imao stvaranje velike mađarske nacionalne države, Ugarska je »pacificirana« vojnom okupacijom i potpunim političkim, upravnim i gospodarskim podređivanjem Habsburškoj Monarhiji. Namjera svega bila je da se Ugarska kazni2 jer se smatralo da je pobunom protiv habsburške dinastije
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