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(Cucurbita Moschata Duch.) Rootstock Lines Used for Grafted Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Seedling Cultivation

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(Cucurbita Moschata Duch.) Rootstock Lines Used for Grafted Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Seedling Cultivation Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Turk J Agric For (2018) 42: 124-135 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/tar-1709-52 Use of phenotypic selection and hypocotyl properties as predictive selection criteria in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) rootstock lines used for grafted cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedling cultivation 1, 2 3 3 4 Onur KARAAĞAÇ *, Ahmet BALKAYA , Münevver GÖÇMEN , İsmail ŞİMSEK , Dilek KANDEMİR 1 Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey 2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey 3 Antalya Tarım Hybrid Seeds Inc., Antalya, Turkey 4 Samsun Vocational School, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey Received: 15.09.2017 Accepted/Published Online: 14.01.2018 Final Version: 26.04.2018 Abstract: In recent years, grafted cucumber seedling use has been rapidly increasing worldwide, especially for providing tolerance to stress conditions and positively affecting yield potential. However, graft incompatibility is still an important issue in grafted seedling production. Hypocotyl properties of rootstocks and scions are of great importance for ensuring graft compatibility. This study aimed to select superior rootstock genotypes based on certain selection criteria, such as hypocotyl morphology, grafted seedling visual evaluation, and graft compatibility properties, of 42 pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) genotypes that are included in the cucumber rootstock breeding program and are resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Three C. moschata and three C. maxima × C. moschata rootstocks were used as control cultivars. All genotypes were grafted with the Gordion 1F cucumber cultivar using the splice grafting method. In the pumpkin rootstock genotypes, the cross-sectional area of the hypocotyls varied between 3.47 mm2 and 10.42 mm2, pith cavity area varied between 0.59 mm2 and 4.14 mm2, and pith cavity rate varied between 10.3% and 65.2%. Vascular bundle numbers of the genotypes were between 6 and 12. In the rootstocks, success rates of the grafts ranged from 56% to 100%. Among the rootstock/scion combinations, 100% success rate was obtained in 19 inbred pumpkin rootstocks. Scion rooting never occurred in 11 of the pumpkin rootstocks. The correlation analysis of the investigated properties showed that there was a statistically nonsignificant relationship between the cross- sectional area of the hypocotyl, vascular bundle number, and graft success rate (P > 0.05). The parameter with the greatest negative effect on graft success rate was scion rooting (r: –0.49, P < 0.05). The results showed that scion rooting depended on the pith cavity rate and decreased as the pith cavity rate decreased (r: 0.56, P < 0.05). The weighted-ranking method was employed to select the most promising pumpkin rootstock genotypes for grafted seedling production. According to the evaluations, 12 pumpkin rootstocks were selected as the most superior rootstock candidates. We aim to develop new hybrid rootstocks for cucumber in the near future by carrying out special combinations of tools from test-based hybridization studies among the selected pumpkin lines. Key words: Cucurbit, grafting, pith cavity, selection 1. Introduction rates around the world: 94% in Japan (Bie et al., 2017), Cucumber cultivation is a widespread practice throughout 95% in Korea (Davis et al., 2008), 30% in China (Huang the world. In the last decade, global cucumber production et al., 2014), 11% in Taiwan (Lee et al., 2010), 10% in increased by 58% and reached 75 million tons (http:// Greece (Diánez et al., 2007), and 3% in France (Diánez et www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC). A contributing factor al., 2007). In Turkey, 8% of the total cucumber seedling to the increase in production is the now widespread use production is composed of grafted seedlings. In 2015, of grafted cucumber seedlings, which enables tolerance grafted cucumber seedling production reached 9 million to biotic and abiotic stress conditions (Louws et al., 2010; seedlings (Yetişir, 2017). Today, rootstocks derived from Schwarz et al., 2010; Bekar et al., 2017). The first studies C. moschata (pumpkin), C. maxima × C. moschata, and on grafting in cucumber were carried out in the 1960s Cucurbita ficifolia species are used as rootstocks for to increase the tolerance to Fusarium wilting disease cucumber (Balkaya, 2014). The use of hybrid C. moschata and low temperatures (Marukawa and Takatsu, 1969). rootstock is more common due to its positive effect on the Today, grafted cucumber seedlings are used at varying yield and quality of cucumber, cheaper rootstock seeds, * Correspondence: [email protected] 124 KARAAĞAÇ et al. / Turk J Agric For and higher graft compatibility of the rootstocks (Sakata et quality. Numerous studies have focused on the effects al., 2007, 2008a, 2008b). The hole insertion, splice, tongue of hypocotyl thickness and vascular bundle number on approach, cleft, excised-root, and pin grafting methods are the success of grafting (Oda et al., 1993; Traka-Mavrona used in grafted cucumber seedling production (Davis et al., et al., 2000; Edelstein et al., 2004; Yetişir and Sarı, 2004; 2008; Lee et al., 2010; Balliu and Sallaku, 2017). However, Farhadi et al., 2016). However, no detailed studies on in recent years, hole insertion and splice grafting methods the effect of the pith cavity on graft incompatibility were are preferred in graft production facilities for providing found in the relevant literature. This study aims to select higher labor productivity (Oda et al., 2001; Lee and Oda, promising rootstocks based on their hypocotyl properties, 2010). Surface area is also higher for healing after grafting seedling visual evaluation, and graft compatibility among in these methods (Oda, 2007). the pumpkin rootstock genotypes included in the squash Incompatibility can emerge when squash rootstocks rootstock breeding programs. Furthermore, we aim are grafted with cucumber and melon (Oda et al., 1994; to provide insight into the future use of the selected Aloni et al., 2008). Graft incompatibility occurs as a result rootstocks in the development of hybrid rootstocks for of hormonal (Aloni et al., 2010), genetic (Edelstein et grafted cucumber seedling production. al., 2004), and physiological (Aloni et al., 2008) factors. Hypocotyl properties of rootstocks are important factors in 2. Materials and methods the success of grafted seedling production. An excessively 2.1. Plant materials long hypocotyl obstructs the attachment of the graft clip to In this study, 25 pumpkin rootstock lines in the S7 the dissection point, while an excessively short hypocotyl generation obtained from studies by Balkaya et al. (2010) complicates grafting (Yıldız and Balkaya, 2016). Therefore, and Karaağaç and Balkaya (2013) and 27 pumpkin (C. hypocotyl properties of candidate genotypes in rootstock moschata) lines obtained from the USDA-ARS Seed breeding programs and their graft compatibilities with Gene Bank (USA) were used as rootstocks (Table 1). different scions are among the important selection criteria These lines were tested against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. (Cousins, 2005; King et al., 2010; Yıldız and Balkaya, cucumerinum, and resistant materials were selected for 2016). Today, rootstock breeding programs for vegetables the hybrid rootstock breeding program (Göçmen et al., are mostly carried out to establish disease resistance 2014). In this study, C. moschata (Early type F1, Kitora and increase yield. A review of the relevant literature F1, Bodyguard F1) and C. maxima × C. moschata hybrid showed that there were few studies concerning hypocotyl cultivars (TZ-148 F1, S. Shintosa F1, Ultra F1) were used morphology-based selection in rootstock breeding. This as the control rootstock cultivars (Table 1). The study study will provide a detailed investigation of the effects was carried out from 15 November 2012 to 15 March of hypocotyl morphology, seedling visual evaluation, 2013 in the seedling production facility of Antalya Tarım and graft compatibility-based selection on new cultivar Hybrid Seeds Inc., Antalya, Turkey, and the greenhouse development for the breeding of new cucumber rootstocks. and laboratories of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Graft compatibility depends on the rate of scar tissue Agriculture, Samsun, Turkey. repair and the reestablishment of transfer in the phloem 2.2. Seedling experiments and xylem on the dissection surface (Martínez-Ballesta Cucumber seeds were sown on 15 November 2012 and 15 et al., 2010). This necessitates similar cambial regions in January 2013 in a peat + perlite mixture at a 3:1 rate 4 days the dissection point both in the rootstock and in the scion before the rootstock seeds. Seedlings were grown at 25 °C (Pina and Errea, 2005). In some cases, some morphological with 70% humidity and 300 µmol m–2 s–1 light intensity differences emerging in later periods of rootstock and for 16 h and at 20 °C at 70% humidity and 10 µmol m–2 scion development can negatively affect seedling quality s–1 light intensity for 8 h for 15 days (Karaağaç, 2013). in spite of the previously established graft compatibility. The experiment was carried out in three replications The structural state of the pith cavity is one of the factors and designed in accordance with a randomized block that can cause this problem. Differences due to pith cavity experimental design such that each replication comprised characteristics can even occur in genotypes that have 30 plants.
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