DOCSLIB.ORG

Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain Och Howard Florey NOBELPRISET I FYSIOLOGI ELLER MEDICIN 1945

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain Och Howard Florey NOBELPRISET I FYSIOLOGI ELLER MEDICIN 1945 Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain och Howard Florey NOBELPRISET I FYSIOLOGI ELLER MEDICIN 1945 ”för upptäckten av penicillinet och dess botande verkan vid olika infektionssjukdomar” Nobelstiftelsen© Nobelstiftelsen© Nobelstiftelsen© Fleming tillhörde inte de mest fanatiska forskarna. Han drack ”afternoon tea”, spelade biljard, schack, kort, tog en Sir Alexander Fleming Sir Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey drink för att sedan gå hem * 6 augusti 1881 i Lochfield, * 19 juni 1906 i Berlin, * 24 september 1898 i Ade- Skottland Tyskland laide, Australien till familjen och äta middag † 11 mars 1955 i London, † 12 augusti 1979 i Mulrany, † 21 februari 1968 i Oxford, England Ireland England klockan åtta på kvällarna. Alexander Fleming upptäcker 1928 att ett och blodförgiftning till döden. Idag kan vi med mögel har växt i en av hans bakterieodlingar. penicillin eller motsvarande antibiotika bota Runt möglet har bakterierna dött. I de andra dem. Men för stor användning av antibiotika proverna, där det inte finns mögel har bak- har också lett till att bakterier blivit resistenta. terierna växt normalt. Fleming inser snabbt Detta innebär att det börjar bli allt vanligare att det här är en fantastisk upptäckt. Kan man med bakteriesjukdomar som inte går att bota använda den här mögelsvampen som medi- med de antibiotika som finns tillgängliga idag. cin? Han börjar odla den speciella svampen Det finns därför ett stort behov av att hitta nya i större skala, för att få möjlighet att också former av antibiotika. Redan 1945 i sin Nobel- testa den på bakterier som angripit djur och föreläsning varnade Fleming för att bakterier det fungerar. lätt kan utveckla motståndskraft mot penicil- linet om det används fel. Från mögelsvampen (Penicillium notatum) lyckas Fleming få fram ett ämne som dödar ett Alla läkemedel kan ge oönskade effekter. Några flertal olika bakteriearter. Penicillinet är upp- personer får biverkningar efter en läkemedels- täckt och därmed det första antibiotiska pre- behandling, andra inte. Man ska inte använda paratet. Antibiotika är idag samlingsnamnet penicillin om man vet om att man är överkäns- för alla bakteriedödande ämnen producerade lig mot ämnet, eftersom man kan få kraftiga av mikroorganismer (t ex encelliga svampar). reaktioner, till exempel hudutslag. Penicillin Alexander Fleming skriver om sin upptäckt (och liknande antibiotika) minskar antalet 1929 men detta får inte så mycket uppmärk- bakterier i kroppen, både de som orsakar sjuk- samhet, eftersom han också konstaterar att dom och andra som är nyttiga. Den minskade det är svårt att isolera ämnet i större mängder. mängden nyttiga bakterier i tarmarna gör att Ernst Chain och Howard Florey tar vid när medicinen kan ge magbesvär. Fleming ger upp. 1940 lyckas de utveckla en metod för att rena penicillin. Fem år senare, 1945 har de också lyckats ta fram en metod för att masstillverka och distribuera stora mängder av penicillin. För hundra år sedan ledde vanliga bakterie- sjukdomar som till exempel lunginflammation Till mänsklighetens största nytta | NOBELPRISBELÖNAT ARBETE .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • René Dubos, Tuberculosis, and the “Ecological Facets of Virulence”
    HPLS (2017) 39:15 DOI 10.1007/s40656-017-0142-5 ORIGINAL PAPER René Dubos, tuberculosis, and the “ecological facets of virulence” Mark Honigsbaum1 Received: 15 January 2017 / Accepted: 23 June 2017 / Published online: 4 July 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Reflecting on his scientific career toward the end of his life, the French- educated medical researcher Rene´ Dubos presented his flowering as an ecological thinker as a story of linear progression—the inevitable product of the intellectual seeds planted in his youth. But how much store should we set by Dubos’s account of his ecological journey? Resisting retrospective biographical readings, this paper seeks to relate the development of Dubos’s ecological ideas to his experimental practices and his career as a laboratory researcher. In particular, I focus on Dubos’s studies of tuberculosis at the Rockefeller Institute in the period 1944–1956—studies which began with an inquiry into the tubercle bacillus and the physiochemical determinants of virulence, but which soon encompassed a wider investigation of the influence of environmental forces and host–parasite interactions on susceptibility and resistance to infection in animal models. At the same time, through a close reading of Dubos’s scientific papers and correspondence, I show how he both drew on and distinguished his ecological ideas from those of other medical researchers such as Theobald Smith, Frank Macfarlane Burnet, and Frank Fenner. However, whereas Burnet and Fenner tended to view ecological interactions at the level of populations, Dubos focused on the interface of hosts and parasites in the physio- logical environments of individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Miracle of the Mould Howard Florey and Colleagues Overcame Great Obstacles to Isolate Penicillin
    books and arts The miracle of the mould Howard Florey and colleagues overcame great obstacles to isolate penicillin. The Mould in Dr Florey’s Coat: The Remarkable True Story of the Penicillin Miracle by Eric Lax Little, Brown: 2004. 288 pp. £16.99 William Shaw HAAS/BETTMANN/CORBIS D. Well-researched and readable accounts of medical science and disease are always wel- come. The first thing to note about this new work by Eric Lax, whose earlier efforts have been a well-regarded biography of Woody Allen and an engaging account of cancer chemotherapy, is that its title prom- ises a great deal — and does so rather late in the day. There is little doubt that, after more than half a century of personal reflections and scholarship, the story of the emergence of penicillin as a life-saving medicine remains remarkable — not least for the obstacles overcome and for the personalities of the trio of Nobel laureates involved: Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. But promise of a true story begs the question of what has been on offer since 1945. And was there a miracle? Well, nearly, at least in the sense that the small team assembled by Florey at the Sir William Dunn School of Norman Heatley (below left) oversaw the mass production of penicillin in 1940s America. Pathology in Oxford, UK, in the dark and difficult early honorary doctorate of medi- from farther afield, such as the Yale papers years of the Second World cine, the first non-medical of John Fulton, Florey’s close friend and War, hardly seemed like a person to be so honoured.
    [Show full text]
  • DAVID NACHMANSOHN March 17, 1899-November 2, 1983
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES D A V I D N ACHMANSOHN 1899—1983 A Biographical Memoir by SEVERO OCHOA Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1989 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. DAVID NACHMANSOHN March 17, 1899-November 2, 1983 BY SEVERO OCHOA AVID NACHMANSOHN'S scientific life path was strongly D influenced by his early studies on the biochemistry of muscle in Otto Meyerhof's laboratory. This experience led to an interest in the biochemistry of nerve activity, a field of study to which he would devote most of his scientific life. In so doing, he contributed—perhaps more than any other in- vestigator—to our understanding of the molecular basis of bioelectricity. David Nachmansohn was born in Jekaterinoslav, Russia (now Dnjetropetrowsk, USSR). His parents came from middle-class families among whom were many lawyers, phy- sicians, and other professionals. Before David and his two sisters reached school age, the family moved to Berlin where they had many relatives. Thus, David's background and edu- cation were essentially, if not exclusively, German. His college education was strongly humanistic, with Latin, Greek, liter- ature, and history as mainstays, some mathematics, and the rudiments of physics. Through his readings, perhaps pri- marily through his reading of the second part of Goethe's Faust when he was only seventeen years of age, he became interested in philosophy—so much so that he continued to attend courses and seminars in philosophy even while a med- ical student at Heidelberg in 1920.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaker's Manuscript
    Nobel Prize Lessons 2018 Speaker’s manuscript – the 2018 Medicine Prize The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the five prizes founded by Alfred Nobel and awarded on December 10 every year. Before Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896, he wrote in his will that the largest part of his fortune should be placed in a fund. The yearly interest on this fund would pay for a prize given to “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” Who is rewarded with the Medicine Prize? • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is thus awarded to people who have either made a discovery about how organisms work or have helped find a cure for a disease. • This is May-Britt Moser, 2014 Nobel Laureate in Medicine. In 2005 she and Edvard Moser discovered a type of cell in the brain that is important for determining one's position. They also found that those cells cooperate with different nerve cells in the brain that help us to navigate. You can say that the Laureates discovered and explained a kind of GPS system in the brain. • Other Medicine Laureates include: • Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, who received the 1962 Prize for their discoveries and descriptions about the structure of DNA molecules. • Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, who received the 1945 Prize for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effects on bacterial diseases. Medicine Prize 2018 • The 2018 Nobel Prize is about a new way of treating cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Society Template
    An interview with Ron Whittam Conducted by David Miller and Richard Naftalin on 12 August 2014 Published December 2019 This is the transcript of an interview of the Oral Histories Project for The Society's History & Archives Committee. The original digital sound recording is lodged with The Society and will be placed in its archive at The Wellcome Library. An interview with Ron Whittam Ron Whittam photographed by David Miller This interview with Ron Whittam (RW) was conducted by David Miller (DM) and Richard Naftalin (RN) on 12 August 2014 DM: Let’s make sure we’re starting. Fine. So okay this is David Miller, it’s the 12th August 2014 and we’re are in Leicester at the home of Professor Ron Whittam and we’re here to record for the oral history project of the Physiological Society. So, also here is Richard Naftalin whose voice you’ll hear and Ron Whittam himself, of course. So we’re going to run through elements of Ron’s life and background as he wishes to cover in the usual way. So that’s enough from me. Perhaps Richard if you could just say a few words so that it’s recognised whose voice is whose. RN: Okay, well I’m Richard Naftalin. I’m currently Emeritus Professor at King’s College London but I was, had the privilege of being, in Leicester University and I was appointed lecturer to Ron Whittam’s department of General Physiology in 1968. I came to Leicester as newlywed and as a virgin physiologist to Ron’s department so that was very exciting –at least for me.
    [Show full text]
  • The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London Galen Medal Winners
    The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London Galen Medal Winners 1926 Prof WE DIXON, BSc, MA, MD, DPH, FRS Pharmacology 1927 Sir Gowland HOPKINS, MA, LLD, DSc, FRCP, FRIC, FRS Discovery of vitamins 1928 Prof JJ ABEL, MD, ScD, LLD Isolation of Adrenaline 1930 Prof E FOURNEAU, Directeur de 1'Institute Pasteur Pharmacology of amino-alcohols 1932 Sir Henry DALE, OM, GBE, MA, MD, FRCP, FRS Neurophysiology 1934 Prof Sir Frederick BANTING, MC, Hon FRCS, DSc, LLD Discovery of Insulin 1946 Sir Alexander FLEMING, FRCP, FRCS, FRS Penicillin Lord FLOREY, MA, MD, FRCP, FRS 1947 F CURD, BSc, PhD D DAVEY, MSc, PhD Discovery of Paludrine F ROSE, BSc, PhD 1948 Sir Lionel WHITBY, CVO, MC, MD, FRCP Sulphonamides 1949 Prof J TREFOUEL, Directeur de 1'Institute Pasteur Sulphonamides 1951 Prof Sir Charles DODDS, Bt, MVO, MD, FRCP, FRS Biochemistry 1953 Sir Charles HARINGTON, MA, PhD, FRS Synthesised Thyroxin 1954 EL SMITH, DSc, FRIC Vitamin B12 1955 Lord BROCK, MS, FRCS Cardiac surgery 1957 Prof Sir Ernst CHAIN, MA, DPhil, FRS Production of Penicillin 1958 Sir Macfarlane BURNET, OM, MD, FRCP, FRS Vaccines for virus infections 1959 Prof Sir Bradford HILL, CBE, PhD, DSc, FRS Medical statistics 1960 Sir Tudor THOMAS, DSc, MD, MS, FRCS Corneo-plastic surgery 1961 Prof R PATERSON, CBE, MC, MD, FRCS, FFR Radiotherapy 1962 Prof W PENFIELD, OM, CMG, MD, DSc, FRS Neurosurgery & Neurophysiology 1963 Prof Sir Alexander HADDOW, MD, DSc, PhD, FRS Experimental pathology & cancer research 1964 FP DOYLE, MSc, FRIC Chemical & biological GN ROLINSON, BSc, PhD development
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiologytoday
    microbiologytoday microbiology vol36|feb09 quarterly magazine of the society today for general microbiology vol 36 | feb 09 the legacy of fleming ‘that’s funny!’: the discovery of penicillin what manner of man was fleming? the future of antibiotic discovery look who’s talking when good bugs fight bad contents vol36(1) regular features 2 News 38 Schoolzone 46 Hot off the Press 10 Microshorts 42 Gradline 49 Going Public 36 Conferences 45 Addresses 60 Reviews other items 33 The Defra-commissioned independent review of bovine tuberculosis research 54 Education Development Fund report 58 Obituary – Professor Sir James Baddiley FRS 59 Obituary – Emeritus Professor Naomi Datta FRS articles 12 ‘That’s funny!’: the 24 Look who’s talking! discovery and development Julian Davies of penicillin Antibiotics aren’t just for fighting infections; they are part of the bacterial signalling network. Kevin Brown The chance discovery of penicillin 80 years ago made Alexander Fleming a famous scientist. 28 When good bugs fight bad Roy Sleator 16 What manner of man was There are alternative methods available Alexander Fleming? for combating infectious diseases – not just antimicrobial chemotherapy. Philip Mortimer Alexander Fleming, the Society’s first President, did so much more than discover penicillin. 32 A precious memory Norberto Palleroni One of the few people left who met Fleming recounts his 20 Antibiotics and experience. Streptomyces: the future of antibiotic discovery 64 Comment: Debating creationism Flavia Marinelli Many options for drug discovery
    [Show full text]
  • Leading Research for Better Health
    < Contents > Contents Please click on the > to go directly to the page. > Introducing the MRC >AchievementsIntroducing thetimeline MRC Achievements>1913 to 1940s timeline >1950s to 1980s >1913 to 1940s >1990s to 2006 >1950s to 1980s >1990s to 2006 > Leading research for better health >NobelLeading Prize resear timelinech for better health Nobel>1929 Prizeto 1952 timeline >1953 to 1962 >1929 to 1952 >1972 to 1984 >1953 to 1962 >1997 to 2003 >1972 to 1984 1997 to 2003 >MRC research over the decades MRC> From resear discochvery over to healthcare:the decades translational research > EvidenceFrom discovery for best to pr healthcareactice: clinical — translational trials research > EvidencePublic health for bestresearch practice: clinical trials > PubDNAlic revhealtholution research > ReducingDNA rev olutionsmoking: preventing deaths > ReducingTherapeutic smoking: antibodiespreventing deaths > TherapeuticReducing deaths antibodies from infections in Africa > ReducingPreventing deaths heart fromdisease infections in Africa > PrevMedicalenting imaging: hearttransformingdisease diagnosis > MedicalCutting childimaging: leukaemia transforming deaths diagnosis > Cutting child leukaemia deaths < Click on any link to go< directly Contentsto a page >> < Contents > < Contents > < Contents > < Contents > Leading research for better health The most important part of the MRC’s mission trials, such as those on the use of statins to lower is to encourage and support high-quality research cholesterol and on vaccines in Africa.The MRC with the aim of improving human health.The MRC is the UK’s largest public funder of clinical trials is committed to supporting research across the and it supports some of the most productive entire spectrum of the biomedical and clinical and ambitious epidemiological studies in the world, sciences. We are proud of our international including the UK Biobank.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimcrobial Stewardship 11-11
    11/8/11 Antimicrobial Stewardship Protecting a Valuable Resource November 8, 2011 Edward Lifshitz, MD Medical Director Communicable Disease Service NJDHSS [email protected] (609) 826-5964 Edward Lifshitz, MD [email protected] “One can think of the middle of the twentieth century as the end of one of the most important social revolutions in history, the virtual elimination of infectious diseases as a significant factor in social life” 1962 Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research 1960 Nobel Prize co-winner in Physiology or Medicine Edward Lifshitz, MD [email protected] “Unless we act to protect these medical miracles, we could be heading for a post-antibiotic age” 2001 Gro Harlem Brundtland WHO Director-General Edward Lifshitz, MD [email protected] 1 11/8/11 Antimicrobial Stewardship “Antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals seek to optimize antimicrobial prescribing in order to improve individual patient care as well as reduce hospital costs and slow the spread of antimicrobial resistance.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2005, p. 638-656, Vol. 18, No. 4 Edward Lifshitz, MD [email protected] Microbes vs Humans Microbes Microbes Humans by factor # on Earth 5 x 1031 7 x 109 ~ 1022 # cells in a Human 5 x 1013 5 x 1012 ~ 5 - 10 Mass - kg 5 x 1019 3 x 1011 ~ 108 Generation time 30 min 30 years ~ 5 x 105 Time on earth, years 3.5 x 109 4 x 106 ~ 103 Data: Schaechter M, et al, Microbiology in the 21st century:
    [Show full text]
  • 1901-2009 NOBEL PRIZE:1901-2009 O Prêmio Nobel De Medicina Desse Ano Foi Entregue a Elizabeth Blackbur
    EDITORIAL PRÊMIO NOBEL: 1901-2009 NOBEL PRIZE:1901-2009 Rosa Lúcia Vieira Maidana, Francisco Veríssimo Veronese, Sandra Pinho Silveiro O prêmio Nobel de Medicina desse ano foi entregue a Elizabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak e Carol Greider (Figura 1) por terem elucidado a estrutura e o processo de manutenção dos telômeros, como descrevem didaticamente Jardim et al. nesse volume da revista (1). Elizabeth Blackburn (University of California, San Francisco, EUA), Jack Szostak (Harvard Medical School, Boston, EUA) e Carol Greider (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, EUA) descobriram que os telômeros são sequências de DNA situados nas extremidades dos cromossomos e possuem uma estrutura que protege os cromossomos de danos como a erosão. Também de- monstraram que uma enzima específica, a telomerase (descoberta em 1984 por Elizabeth Blackburn e sua então assistente Carol Greider), está envolvida no processo de reparação dos cromossomos após a mitose celular. Como descrevem Calado e Young em revisão publicada em dezembro de 2009 no New England Journal of Medicine (2), os telômeros e a telomerase são protetores contra danos ao genoma que podem surgir de uma replicação assimétrica do DNA. Sem os telômeros, o material genético poderia ser perdido toda vez que ocorre uma divisão celular. As implicações clínicas destes processos são importantes, uma vez que alte- rações nos telômeros estão causalmente relacionadas a patologias em que ocorre mutações genéticas, como a anemia aplásica. Telômeros curtos estão associados a risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular, e mutações no gene da telomerase a condições como fibrose pulmonar e hepática e susceptibilidade a alguns tipos de câncer (ex., coloretal, esôfago, leucemia mielóide).
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet: the Challenge of Mass Production
    Fact Sheet: The Challenge of Mass Production Discovery Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the bacteria-killing properties of penicillin while conducting research at St. Mary’s Hospital in London in 1928. Upon returning to his disorganized lab from a weekend vacation, Fleming noticed that one of the Petri dishes was uncovered and a blue-green mold was growing inside. Rather than tossing the contaminated dish into the trash, he looked carefully and observed that the mold had killed bacteria growing nearby. Quite by accident Fleming had discovered penicillin, the antibiotic released by the mold of the genus Penicillium. Alexander Fleming’s original photograph of the contaminated dish. Alexander Fleming was well acquainted with the treatment of bacterial infections after spending World War I as a captain in the British Medical Corps. He witnessed firsthand the lack of medicine to treat infections, with disease causing approximately one third of military deaths during the Great War. Despite its historical significance, Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928 brought little attention. The technology and funding needed to isolate and produce the antibiotic was lacking at the time. Fleming, however, continued to grow the Penicillium notatum strain in his lab for twelve years, distributing it to scientists and saving the specimen for someone willing and able to transform the “mold juice” into a medicine suitable for human use. Purification and Trials Meanwhile, Australian scientist Howard Florey hired Ernst Chain to help with his microbiology research at Oxford University. Florey and Chain were interested in Alexander Fleming’s work and in 1938, began studying the antibacterial properties of mold.
    [Show full text]
  • Continental Britons Jewish Refugees from Nazi Europe
    CONTINENTAL BRITONS JEWISH REFUGEES FROM NAZI EUROPE CONTINENTAL BRITONS JEWISH REFUGEES FROM NAZI EUROPE ANTHONY GRENVILLE 1 CONTINENTAL BRITONS JEWISH REFUGEES FROM NAZI EUROPE CONTINENTAL BRITONS JEWISH REFUGEES FROM NAZI EUROPE ANTHONY GRENVILLE 3 Published by The Association of Jewish Refugees and The Jewish Musem, London 2021 (second edition) in association with the exhibition Continental Britons Jewish Refugees from Nazi Europe © Anthony Grenville 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrival system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanial, photocopying, recording or otherwise without written permission of the publishers. CONTENTS Continental Britons: Jewish Refugees from Nazi Europe 5 German-Jewish Life before Hitler 7 The Jews of Austria 15 National Socialism and the Jews, 1933-1939 17 The Arrival of the Jewish Refugees in Britain, 1933-1940 21 The Initial Settlement of the Jewish Refuges, 1933-39 29 The Outbreak of War 36 Internment 37 The Refugees and the Second World War 41 Refugee Settlement in Britain after 1945 48 Taking Root, 1945-1960 55 The Refugees in Britain and Subsequent Decades 63 Contribution to British Society 65 This publication has been produced in association with the exhibition Continental Britons Jewish Refugees from Nazi Europe shown at The Jewish Museum, London to mark the 60th anniversary of The Association of Jewish Refugees 8 May – 20 October 2002 Exhibition sponsored by The Association of Jewish Refugees 1 Hampstead Gate 1A Frognal
    [Show full text]