Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses in Selected Mountains in Mindanao, Philippines

AsianVol. 1 JournalNo. 1 December of Biodiversity 2010 Asian Journal of Biodiversity CHED Accredited Research Journal, Category A Art. #103, pp. 72-90 Print ISSN 2094-1519 • Electronic ISSN 2244-0461 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/ajob.v1i1.103

LESLEY CASAS LUBOS [email protected] Liceo de Cagayan University, Research and Publication Office Cagayan de Oro City, Mindanao, Philippines

Date Submitted: Sept. 14, 2009 Final Revision Complied: Nov. 9, 2009

Abstract - The paper determined the species richness, distribution, and status of mosses in selected mountains in Mindanao, Philippines. Field collections of mosses were conducted in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon Province ,Mt. Matutum, South Cotabato Province , and Mt. Malambo, Davao Province at 10 meters on each side of the trails using alpha- taxonomy method. The mosses were collected, classified, and identified. Its status were also assessed. The study revealed 137 species, 87 genera and 33 families of mosses. Of the 137 species, 109 were found in Mt. Kalatungan , 59 in Mt. Matutum. and 20 in Mt. Malambo. Assessment of status of the species revealed 7 species as Philippine record, 37 new to Mindanao, 1 collected only twice, 29 widespread, 12 rare species, and all species collected were new record in terms of locality. Mt. Kalatungan had the highest species richness, followed by Mt. Matutum, and Mt. Malambo had the least number of species. Based on the findings, with the alarming rate of degradation of the mountains which is basically caused by human activities such as land clearing, slash and burn method for expanding crop plantation, urbanization, firewood consumption, over collection of moss plant materials of horticulture, landscaping

72 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos

and other commercial purposes. Some species are epiphytes on tree trunks or branches of live trees while others are on rotten logs, rock surfaces, moist stones along the stream banks and some grow well on soil. Hence, the identified habitats of new records in the Philippines, new to Mindanao , new in terms of locality, widespread , and rare species of mosses should be protected through a strict implementation of the forest laws by concerned authorities.

Keywords - Mosses, species richness, distribution, status, Mindanao Island, Philippines.

INTRODUCTION

The large and diverse Philippine moss flora has a modern checklist (Tan and Iwatsuki, 1991). The history and progress of Philippine bryology were reviewed and summarized by Tan (1992) who discussed in detail the floristic composition and affinity of the archipelagic moss flora (see also Tan, 1984). In Tan’s publications, Mindanao was cited as an important island, albeit with a still incompletely known flora, which may hold critically the key to a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the entire Philippine moss flora. In recent years, the Island of Mindanao has been postulated to have a different geological origin and plate tectonic history from the rest of the islands forming the Philippine archipelago (Hall, 1998). As such, this second largest southern island of the country may harbor important floristic and bryogeographical information that needs to be documented before the local forests become completely decimated. To date, Mindanao Island has a total of 187 genera and 314 species of mosses (cf. Tan and Iwatsuki 1991), 50 of which are known only from this island. The rest are found also in Luzon and the Visayas Islands. Among the 50 species of Philippine mosses known from Mindanao, 4% are widespread in the tropics, 60% are Malesian taxa, 21% have an Australasian link, 10% have a Bornean link, and only 6% have a continental Asiatic connection. Clearly, the moss flora of Mindanao has a strong southern and Australasian influence compared to other large islands in the country (Tan ,1998). The main objective of this paper is to determine the species richness, distribution, and status of mosses in selected mountains in Mindanao, Philippines. 73 Asian Journal of Biodiversity

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Survey and Collection

Survey of mosses was conducted in Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon Province, Mt. Matutum, Tupi, South Cotabato Province, and Mt. Malambo, Datu Salumay, Davao Province. Representative specimens of mosses were collected at 10 m on each side of the trail from base to the upper portion of the three selected areas using alpha- taxonomy method.

Classification and Identification

The specimens collected were classified and identified using the taxonomic keys of Bartram (1939). Morphological characters of the leaf (leaf arrangement, midrib, base, apex, margin, cells, shape) and sporophyte (size, shape, texture of capsule and seta, number of teeth) were used to identify the species.

Photographs

A camera was used for documentation. Stereomicroscope, trinocular microscope and dissecting microscope were also used to identify and classify the species of mosses.

Preparation of Herbarium specimens

The collected specimens of mosses were placed in a plastic bag or ziplock, labelled with the following data: collection number, name of collector, altitude, name of the mountain, date of collection, and associated habitats. This was then air-dried and placed in a standard packets and properly labeled for herbarium vouchers.

74 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos

Assessment of Conservation Status

A New Annotated Checklist of Iwatsuki and Tan (1991), print scientific journals and on-line journals were used to determine the status of the collected specimens. Assessment of conservation status of the species, whether new record in the Philippines, new in Mindanao, new in terms of locality, rare, and widespread was made.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species Richness and Distribution

A total of 137 species, 87 genera and 33 families of mosses were found in the three selected mountains in Mindanao, Philippines (Figs. 1 and 2, p. 87 and Table 1 p. 76). Mt. Kalatungan (Fig. 3 p. 87) showed the highest species composition with 109 species , followed by Mt. Matutum (Fig. 4 p. 88) with 53 species, and Mt. Malambo (Fig. 5 p. 88) with only 20 species of mosses (Table 1).

75 Asian Journal of Biodiversity STATUS NRL,NRM NRL,W NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL,W NRL,R,NRM NRL NRL,W NRL NRL,W NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL MATUTUM x / x / x x x x / x x / / MALAMBO x x x / x x / x x x x x / KALATUNGAN / / / x / / / / x / / / / ( Dozyy & Molk) Par. ( Broth.) Tan & Kop. ( Broth.) Tan on the selected mountains in Mindanao, Philippines Table 1. Checklist of family, genera, and species of mosses 1. Checklist of family, Table ( P. Beauv.) Wijk & Marg. Wijk Beauv.) ( P. ( Duby) Giese & Frahm ( Arnott) Par. Arnott) ( cf. ( Brid. ex anon.) Par. ( C. Mull.) Ren. Hook. f. & Wils. ( Griff.) Jaeg (Nees)Par. ( Mitt.) Jaeg C. Mull.) Besch. ( C. Mull.) Mitt. Griff. ( Ren.) Ren. Brid. Nom. Cons Brid. Michx. Brid.Nom. Cons ( C. Mull.) Besch. Family / Genera Species Fissidentaceae Fissidens Hedw. Fissidens oblongifolius Fissidens nobilis Dicranaceae Campylopodium ( Campylopodium medium Campylopus Campylopus ericoides Campyopus umbellatus Dicranella Dicranella setifera Dicranoloma Dicranoloma billarderi Dicranoloma blumii brevisetum var. Dicranoloma brevisetum samoanum var. Dicranoloma brevisetum Dicranoloma reflexum Holomitrium Holomitrium cylindraceum Leucoloma Leucoloma molle Trematodon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

76 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRP,NRL,R NRL,NRM NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL,W x x x x x / x / / x / x x x x x x x x x x x / / x x x x x x x x x x / / / / / / x / / / / / / / / / / C. Mull. Ren. & Card. ( Dozy & Molk.) Fleisch. Hedw. ( Dozy & Molk.) Ellis Dozy & Molk. ( Besch.) Broth. ( Hook.) Schwaegr. Michx. Sull. & Lesq. ( Schwaegr.) Mitt. ( Schwaegr.) A. Br. ex C. Mull. A. Br. ( Brid.) Hampe Dix. ( Brid.) Mitt. ( Ness ex Hampe) Ellis ( Hook.) Jaeg. Dozy & Molk. Hedw. Schwaegr. Brid. Ellis Sw. in Web. Sw. Hampe Hedw. Nom. Cons Hedw. Trematodon longicolis Trematodon Leucobryaceae Cladopodanthus Cladopodanthus speciosus Leucobyum Leucobryum aduncum Leucobyum boninense Leucobryum chlorophyllum Leucobyum javense Leucobyum sanctum Leucophanes Leucophanes glaucum Leucophanes angustifolium Octoblepharum Octoblepharum albidum Calymperaceae Calymperes serratum Calymperes Exostratum Exostratum blumei Exostratum sullivantii Syrrhopodon gardneri Syrrhopodon japonicus Syrrhopodon Pottiaceae Barbula Barbula obscuriretis Hyophila Hyophila involuta 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Table 1 continued Table

77 Asian Journal of Biodiversity NRL,NRM NRL,R,NRM NRL,R NRL,W NRL NRL,W NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL,R,NRM NRL,NRM NRL x / x x x / x x x x x x / / x x x x x x x / x x x x / x / / / / / / x / / / x (Schwaegr.) Mont. (Schwaegr.) ( Mitt.) Hilp. Hook. Lac. ( Schwaegr.) Par. ( Schwaegr.) ( Nog.) T. Kop. ( Nog.) T. ( Bosch. & Lac.) T.Kop. ( Schwaegr) Thir. ( Schwaegr) Broth. Hedw. Card. & Dix. Schwaegr. Williams Schwaegr. Mitt. Mitt. Kop. Hampe. Wills. Hook.F. & Wils. Hook.F. Hedw. Hook. Hedw. Hedw. Hyophila rosea Hyophila rosea Pseudosymblepharis Pseudosymblepharis angustata Weissia controversa Weissia Funariaceae Funaria calvescens var. Funaria hygrometrica Splachnaceae Tayloria indica Tayloria Bryaceae Brachymenium Brachymenium nepalense Bryum Bryum apiculatum Bryum sahyadrense Rhodobryum Rhodobryum aubertii Rhodobryum giganteum Mniaceae Orthomnion Orthomnion elimbatum Plagiomnium Plagiomnium integrum Rhizogoniaceae Hymenodon Hymenodon angustifolius Pyrrhobryum 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Table 1 continued Table

78 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos NRL NRL,W NRL NRP,NRL,R NRL,W NRL NRL,W NRL NRL NRL,NRM NRL NRL,NRM NRL,W NRL, R,2 C NRL NRL NRL NRL x / x x / x x / / x / / x x x / / x x x / x x x / x x x x x x x x x x x / / x / / / x / x / x x / / / / / / ( Herz.) Touw ( C. Mull.) Jaeg. Broth. & Geh. ( C. Mull.) Jaeg. Broth. & Geh. ( Brid.) Touw C. Mull. ( Dozy & Molk.) C. Mull. C. Mull. ( Hedw.) Mitt. ( Hedw.) ( Bosch. & Lac.) T. Mitt. ( Bosch. & Lac.) T. Nees ex Schwaegr. Nees (Aust.) Aust. Mitt. C. Mull. Ex aongstr Broth. ( Dozy & Molk.) Mitt. ( C. Mull.) Lindb. Ex Mitt. Brid. ( Mitt.) Touw ( Mitt.) Brid. Brid. Nees Pyrrhobryum latifolium Pyrrhobryum spiniforme Pyrrhobryum Rhizogonium Rhizogonium graeffeenum Hypnodendraceae Hypnodendron auricomum Hypnodendron dendroides Hypnodendron diversifolium Hypnodendron ssp.caducifolium reinwardtii Hypnodendron subspinervium Hypnodendron ssp arborescens Bartramiaceae Philonitis Philonitis calomicra Philonitis mollis Philonitis runcinata Philonitis thwaitesii Spiridentaceae Spiridens Spiridens reinwardtii Erpodiaceae Erpodium biseriatum Orthotrichaceae Macromitrium blumei Macromitrium longicaule Macromitrium salakanum Macromitrium ochraceum Macromitrium 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Table 1 continued Table

79 Asian Journal of Biodiversity NRL NRL,W NRL,R NRP,NRL,R NRL NRP,NRL,R NRL,W NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL NRP,NRL,R NRL,W NRL,NRM / / / / / x / x / x / x / x x x / x x x x / x x x x x x x x / / / x x / / / / / / / / / / Dozy & Molk ( Bartr.) During ( Bartr.) Fleisch. Broth. ( Broth ex C. Mull.) Broth. Broth. Bart. Akiyama ( Broth.& Geh.) Fleisch. ex Broth. ( C.Mull.) Fleisch. Fleisch. ( Geh.) Par. Reinw. & Hornsch. Reinw. Mitt. ( Dozy & Molk.) Hampe ex Bosch Lac. Fleisch. Mitt. Fleisch. Fleisch. Fleish. Duby Brid. Endi. P. Beauv. P. Racopilum Racopilum johannis-winkleri Racopilum spectabile Cyrtopodaceae Bescherellia philippinensis Bescherellia Pronodontaceae Neolindbergia cladomniodes Neolindbergia Pterobryaceae Calyptothecium Calyptothecium recurvulum Garovaglia bauerlenii Garovaglia elegans Garovaglia zwickeyi luzonensis var. Garovaglia Pterobryopsis gedehensis Pterobryopsis Symphysodon neckeroides var. Symphysodon neckeroides Symphysodontella Symphysodontella attenuatula Symphysodontella subulata Symphysodontella parvifolia Trachyloma indicum Trachyloma Meteoriaceae Aerobryidium crispifolium Aerobryidium 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Table 1 continued Table

80 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos NRL NRL,W NRL NRL NRL,W NRL NRL,NRM NRL NRL,NRM NRL NRL,W NRL NRL,W NRL NRL,W x / x x / x x x x x x / / x / x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x / x / / / / / / / / / x / / / ( C. Mull.) Fleisch. ( Sull.) Isov. ( Hook.) Fleisch. ( Sm.) Fleisch. ( Brid.) Dozy & Broth. ( Ness.) Fleisch. ( Dozy & Molk.) Fleisch. ( Hook.) Fleisch. ( Mont.) Fleisch. (Dozy & Molk.) Dozy Molk. ( Hook) Jaeg. ( Brid.) Fleisch. ( C. Mull.) Jaeg. Broth. ( Mitt.) Broth. ( Mitt.) Fleisch. Fleisch. ( C. Mull.) Mull. On F. Mull. ( C. Mull.) Mull. On F. Fleisch. Fleisch. Reichardt Fleisch. Ex Broth ( Brid.) Dozy & Broth. Dozy & Molk. ( C. Mull.) Mull. Fleisch. Ex. Broth. Hedw. Nom. Cons. Hedw. Aerobryidium filamentosum Aerobryidium Aerobryopsis wallichi Aerobryopsis Aerobryum speciosum Aerobryum Barbella Barbella cubensis Floribundaria Floribundaria floribunda Meteoriopsis Meteoriopsis squarrosa Meteonium Meteonium subpolytrichum Papillaria Papillaria fuscencens Papillaria leuconeura Phyllogoniaceae Cryptogonium Cryptogonium phylogonioides Neckeraceae Himantocladium Himantocladium cyclophyllum Himantocladium plumula Homaliodendron flabellatum Homaliodendron Neckera Neckera warburgii Neckeropsis lepineana Neckeropsis 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Table 1 continued Table

81 Asian Journal of Biodiversity NRL NRL NRL,NRM NRL,W NRL NRL NRL NRL NRL,W NRL,NRM NRL NRL x x x / / x x x / x x / x x x x x x x x x x x x / / / x x / / / x / / / ( Reinw.) Fleisch. ( Reinw.) ( C. Mull.) Iwats., Tan & Touw Tan ( C. Mull.) Iwats., cf. ( Fleisch.) Iwats., Tan & Touw Tan cf. ( Fleisch.) Iwats., Broth in Warb ( C. Mull.) O. Kuntze ( Hook.) Fleisch. ( Brid.) Fleisch. Dozy & Molk.ex. Bosch Lac. ( Horsch.) Mitt. ( Mont.) Mitt. ( Griff.) Nog. Fleisch. Dozy & Molk. ( Besch.) Broth. Dozy & Molk Desv. Mitt. (C. Mull.) Mitt.,nom.cons Nog. Mitt. Felisch. Hook. F. & Wils. Hook. F. Pinnatella Pinnatella mariei Pinnatella alopecuroides Lembophyllaceae Neobarbella Neobarbella comes Hookeriaceae Calliscostella Calliscostella papillata Calyptrochaeta parviretis Calyptrochaeta remotifolia Calyptrochaeta Chaetomitriopsis Chaetomitriopsis glaucocarpa Chaetomitrium Chaetomitrium warburgii Cyclodictyon Cyclodictyon blumeanum Distichophyllum Distichophyllum tortile Leucomiaceae Leucomium Leucomium strumosum Hypopterygiaceae Lopidium Lopidium struthiopteris Thuidiaceae Pelekium 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Table 1 continued Table 100 101 102 103

82 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos NRL,W NRL,W NRL NRL,NRM NRL NRL,NRM NRL NRL NRL,W NRP,NRL NRL NRL NRP,NRL,R NRL NRL,W x x / / x / / x x / x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x / / x x / / / x / / / / / / / x x / / x ( Williams) Broth. ( Williams) ( Mont.) C. Mull. ( Mont.) B.C. Tan ( Lac.) Jaeg. ( Hook.) Mitt. C. Mull. Reinw. & Horsch.) Fleisch. Reinw. Broth in ther) B.C. Tan, Schof & Ramsay, Schof & Ramsay, Broth in ther) B.C. Tan, ( Dozy & Molk.) Molk. ( Jaeg.) Bartr. ( Hampe) Broth. ( Mitt.) Bosch. & Lac. ( Dozy & Molk) Buck Tan C. Mull. Hampe B.S.G. C. Mull. Schimp. Schimp. In B.S.G. Mitt. B.C. Tan, ( Mont) B.C.Tan B.C. Tan, Mitt. Schimp in B.S.G. velatum Mitt. velatum C. Mull. Pelekium Thuidium Thuidium cymbifolium Thiudium glaucinum Brachytheciaceae Eurrhynchium vagans Eurrhynchium Palamocladium Palamocladium nilgheriense Homalothecium Homalothecium appressifolium Rhynchostegium Rhynchostegium celebicum Entodontaceae Entodon Entodon plicatus Erythrodontium julaceum Erythrodontium Sematophyllaceae Acroporium ramicola Acroporium stramineum ( Acroporium strepsiphyllum Acroporium Meiotheciella Meiotheciella papillosa ( comb.nov. Meiothecium Meiothecium microcarpum Radulina Buck & Tan Radulina hamata Table 1 continued Table 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

83 Asian Journal of Biodiversity NRL,NRM NRL NRL NRL NRL,W NRL NRL NRL NRL,W NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL NRL,W NRL,NRM NRL, R x x / / x x / / x x x x / x x / x x x x / x x x x x x x x x x / / x / x x / / / / / x / / cf. ( Duby) cf.Jaeg. ( C. Mull.) Jaeg. Fleisch. ( Hook.) Mitt. ( C. Mull.) Jaeg. ( Broth.) Broth. Dix. Ex Bartr. ( Reinw. & Hornsch.) Jaeg. ( Reinw. ( Dozy & Molk.) Jaeg. Mitt. ( Thwaits & Mitt.) Tan & Mitt.) ( Thwaits ( Sull.) Broth. ( Dozy & Molk.) Broth. cf. Broth. ( Brush & Schimp Zant var. superba ( Grev.) superba ( Grev.) ( Brush & Schimp Zant var. Fleisch. Mitt. Mitt. Mohr. P. Beauv. P. ( Schimp.) Mitt. ( C. Mull.)C. Mull. R. Br. Rhaphidostichum Rhaphidostichum piliferum Sematophyllum Sematophyllum subpinnatum Trichosteleum ruficaule Trichosteleum ( C. Mull.) Mull. Trimegistia calderensis Trimegistia Hypnaceae Ectropothecium dealbatum Ectropothecium falciforme Ectropothecium ferrugineum Ectropothecium ichnotocladum Ectropothecium monumentorum Ectropothecium penzigianum Ectropothecium striatulum Ectropothecium Ctenidium Ctenidium luzonense Vasicularia reticulata Vasicularia Buxbaumiaceae Diphyscium Diphyscium involutum Polytrichaceae Dawsonia Dawsonia longifolia Zant Pogonatum Table 1 continued Table 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133

84 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos NRL NRL,NRM NRL,NRM NRL,W x x / / 53 / / x x 20 / / / x 109 ( Sw.) Brid. ( Sw.) ( Dozy & Molk.) Molk. ( Ther) Touw. ( C. Mull.) Dozy. Legend: x - absent / - present - New record in the Philippines NRP NRM - New record in Mindanao - New Record in terms of Locality NRL - Rare R 2 C - 2nd collection in the Philippines Widespread W- Pogonatum camusii Pogonatum cirratum ssp.cirratum Pogonatum microphyllum Pogonatum neesii TOTAL Table 1 continued Table 134 135 136 137

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Table 2. Number of family, genera, and species of mosses in the three selected mountains in Mindanao, Philippines

MOUNTAIN FAMILY GENERA SPECIES Kalatungan 32 76 109 Matutum 24 44 53

Malambo 12 17 20

This study confirmed the report and observation of Tan (1992,1994,1998) and Tan, Lubos, and Schwarz (2000) that mosses grow best in moist forest with high altitude. Mt. Kalatungan has the highest altitude compared to Mt. Matutum and Mt. Malambo.

Assessment

The three mountains revealed that there are 7 new records of mosses in the Philippines, 37 new to Mindanao, 137 new records in terms of locality, 12 rare species, 1 collected twice, and 29 widespread species (Table 3).

Table 3. Status of mosses in three selected mountains in Mindanao, Philippines.

Status Kalatungan Matutum Malambo

1. New Record in the Philippines (NRP) 6 1 0 ( reported by Tan, Lubos, and Schwarz,2000)

2. New record in Mindanao (NRM) 33 8 0

3. New record in terms of locality (NRL) 109 53 20

4. Rare (R) 11 3 0

5. 2nd collection (2C) 1 0 0

7. Widespread (W) 21 13 4

86 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos

Fig. 1. Philippine Map Fig. 2. Mindanao Map

Fig. 3. Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon Province with highest elevation of 2,824 masl

87 Asian Journal of Biodiversity

Fig. 4. Mt. Matutum, South Cotabato Province with highest elevation of 2,286 masl.

Fig. 5. Mt. Malambo, Salumay, Davao Province with highest elevation of 1,278 masl.

88 Species Richness, Distribution, and Status of Mosses... Lubos

CONCLUSION

The study found that there are new records of mosses found in Mindanao, particularly in Mt. Kalatungan in Bukidnon, Mt. Matutum in South Cotabato and Mt. Malambo in Salumay, Davao Province.

LITERATURE CITED

Bartram, E.B. 1939 Mosses of the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science. 68:1- 425.

Hall, R. 1998 The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SEAsia and the distribution of land and sea,pp. 99-131. In: R. Hall & J. D. Holloway(eds.), Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publisher,Leiden.

Tan, B. C. 1984 A reconsideration of the affinity of Philippine moss flora. 3. Hattori Bot. Lab. 55: 13-22.

Tan, B. C. 1992 Philippine muscology (1979-1989).In: T. Koponen and J. Hyvönen (eds.).Proceedings of the Congress of East Asiatic Bryology, Helsinki, August 12-19, 1990. Bryobrothera 1: 137- 141.

Tan, B. C. 1994 The bryophytes of Sabah (North Borneo) with special reference to the BRYOTROP transect of Mount Kinabalu. XIX. The genus Acroporium (Sematophyllaceae, Musci) in Borneo, with notes on species of Java and the Philippines. Willdnowia 24: 255-294.

Tan, B. C. 1998 Noteworthy disjunctive patterns of Malesian mosses, pp. 235- 241. In: R. Hall & J. D. Holloway (eds.), Biogeography and

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Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publisher, Leiden.

Tan, B. C. and Z. Iwatsuki. 1991 A new annotated Philippine moss checklist. Harvard Papers Bot. 3: 1

Tan, B.C., L.C. Lubos, Uwe Schwarz. 2000 New and Biogeographically Noteworthy Records of Philippine Mosses from Mindanao Island. Tropical Bryology 18.pp.27-38,

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