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Deposited in DRO: 04 November 2008 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Harvey, M. M. (2005) 'Travel from Durham to York (and back) in the fourteenth century.', Northern history., 42 (1). pp. 119-130. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174587005X38462

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Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds Northern History conveniently tocome. lawyers contendedthatYorkwastoofarfromtheboundaryofhisdioceseforhim travel cametobeincludedbecause,whenHatfieldwassummonedYork,heorhis is commonlyconsideredinEnglandtobeanordinary day’sjourney’[ was thatYorkfurtherfromtheTeesthanCanterbury isfromRochester‘which unam dietam considerate personareverendipatris,viarumdiscrimina ettemporisqualitate,longaultra time ofyear,whichwasmuchmorethanaday’sjourney’ [ the personofaforesaidreverendfather,difficulties ofthejourneyand Hatfield’s casewasthathehadbeensummoned‘to aplacetoofarawayconsidering dence arecontained.Inordertounderstandthedepositionsoneneedsrealizethat Miscellaneous ChartersoftheCathedralDurhamwherecopiestheirevi- Ą DURHAM February fortheirlists; witnesses itlistedwereheardon4–6February1360(1),5527cand2610give56 Miscellaneous CharterintheDurhamCathedralMuniments5527atellsusthat in York,beginninglate1360,withthewitnessesrecordedFebruarynextyear. the parishionersappealedtoRomeandhadtheircaseheardbypapaljudges-delegate The detailsofthewholecaseareirrelevanthere;sufficetosaythatincourseit Oswald’s churchinDurhamagainstBishopThomasHatfieldbetween1360and1364. fourteenth century.TheyformpartofacourtcasebroughtbytheparishionersSt throw considerablelightontravelnorthwardsinandbeyondYorkshirethe (AND BACK)INTHEFOURTEENTHCENTURY 3 2 1

After Martinmas,heclaimed,theroadswerefar too muddy.Oneofhispoints I haveaddedasanappendixthenamesofwitnesseswith,nexttoeach, DCM, Loc The pointspleadedinthispartofHatfield’s caseareinDCM,Loc D(urham) C(athedral)M(uniments),MiscCh5527c,fols9 The University of Leeds, 2005 DOI: 10.1179/174587005X38462 DOI: The UniversityofLeeds,2005

CATHEDRAL TRAVEL FROMDURHAMTOYORK XXVII ]. 3 , XLII:1,March2005 26(18). REGULAR CONTRIBUTIONS

2 ARCHIVES 1 2611saysitslistwasheardon14–16February.Detailsabout M ARGARET containaremarkableseriesofdepositionswhich Durham H v , 10 ARVEY v . XXVII 26(20). ad locumnimisremotum que quidem Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds to givethisevidence.TheywentviaNeasham,which theyreached‘atfullday’or both describedtravellingtoYorkfromDarlingtonabout 2February,probablyinfact from DurhamCity,andDominusThomasCupper, anotherpriestfromDurham, short winterdayandverylonginsummer.Dominus WalterJakes,amasspriest ent lengthsandwitnesseswouldsaythattheyweredescribing ‘theseparts’,withtheir the light. for countingmoney’[ Richard deCroxdale,livinginDurham,saidthat the daybegan‘withdaylightfit cubent anteoccasumsivelint ‘may risewiththesunandgotobedbeforeitsetsiftheywish’[ mercator pannicommuniterlaboransperpatriam area’ [ Bishopton ‘cultivatinglandbutformerlyaclothmerchanttravellingthroughthe expressed thisindifferentways.WilliamdeSockburn,ahouseholderliving not surprisingly,wasmeasuredformostofthewitnessesfromsunrisetosunset.They day andwouldvaryaccordingtothearea. distancia communiterreputaturinAngliaunadietavulgaris 120 inducias in thelaw.[ that therewasonesortofdayordinarilyusedandanotherwhichlegal,written of thedifferencebetweenadayforlegalpurposesandanordinaryone.Heputit Master HugodeFletham,whowasaclerkandnotary,showedclearconsciousness ity, revealingstrikingdifferencesbetweenpersonswithdifferentoccupations.Only could bedonevariedgreatly. Therefore theirestimatesofthelengthjourneypossibleandwaysthatit from Durham,afishmonger,personsofverydifferentexperienceandsocialstatus. it inwinter.ThewitnessesrangedfromMasterHugodeFlethamtoWilliamPorter journey, andsomeofthemrepliedwithopinionsaboutwhethertheBishopcoulddo was andwhattheroutewas.Theywerealsoaskedtheyconsideredtobeaday’s shortest wayfromtheboundariesofdiocesetoYork,howlongthatdistance The questionstheywereaskedincludedinallcaseswhatconsideredtobethe and someexplainedwheretheywerelivingnow.Allgavereasonsfortheiranswers. both sidesofthecase,someremarkablydetailed.Manygavetheirageandstatus his dioceseofDurham. whether theBishopcouldornotreachYorkinonedayfromboundariesof the qualityofpeopleconcerned. and thatwhatcountedasenoughmustdependonthetypeofcase,distance, porary Englishcanonist,saidthatsomeonecitedtoappearmustbegivenenoughtime lawyers, thesummonsbreachedcanonlaw.WilliamLyndwood,almostcontem- 6 5 4 Measurements bydaylightmeantthatwinterandsummer dayswereofverydiffer- The questionofwhatwasconsideredaday’sjourneyproducedthemostdissimilar- The Durhamarchiveshavepreservedthedepositionsofforty-fourwitnessesfor Lyndwood, W. Lyndwood, DCM, Loc . moram trahensinBishoptonpaterfamilias,colensterrasnuncetaliquandofuit XXVII Provinciale quod una(dieta)estvulgarisetalialegalisquescribituriniure Provinciale, (seuConstitutionesAnglie) 26(20). , Book3,tit7,c.4,at cum lucedieiaptoadnumerandumpecuniam TRAVEL ]. Othershadotherwaysofmeasuringtheday’slength.

FROM dieta 5 Aday,hesaid,wastobeconsideredanatural

. DURHAM 6 ThusthecaseofHatfieldcametodiscuss (Oxford,1679,Greggreprint1968), Book2,tit1,c.2at

], saidrobustlythatnoblepersons TO

YORK ]. 4 Thus,accordingtohis surgant cumsoleet ] andendedwith ] Theday, Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds horses’ [ Dunwell, wholivedinYork,hadcomeoverarivercrossingsummer‘withsmall Witnesses recognizedthatmuchdependedonthequalityofhorse.SoJohnde quocumque potenteetvalente laborare that thiswasaday’sjourney‘foranyonewhois strongandabletotravel’[ his master’shorsefromDarlingtontoYorkevenon theshortestdayandwassure contexts. GalfridusdeThornton,aservantinYork, claimed tohavewalkedfollowing seems toimplyjourneyonbusiness,thoughIhave translatedit‘travel’inmost [ toYorkinonedaysummerandothers withhim,‘withweakhorses’ day [ people ridingstrongerhorses’coulddobetweenforty-eight andfiftymilesinone occasum solisvidelicetcircameridiemlicetcommuniteretvaldedelicatelaboraret [ long beforesunset,thatisaboutmidday,althoughheusuallytravelledverygently’ said that‘insummerhebeganhisdayimmediatelyaftersunriseandendedit tough, vigorousmen.Notallwerelikethis,evidently.RobertdeSireson,forinstance, et iumentisadarandumvenitEbor’perlucemdieiillius daylight [ Sockburn, havingfirstsethislord’sservantstotheploughandstillarrivedatYorkin Darlington toYork.HeoftencamefromSockburnYork,beginninghisdayat knight (whomwewillmeetagain),declaredthatinsummerheoftenwalkedfrom who livedat iuratus transivitutdicitperlxmiliariaunodiecumequosuo miles. Heclaimedtohavetravelledsixtymilesonhorsebackinoneday[ in [East]Lothian( from thelittletown( (therefore in1356) to havegonewithHatfieldintoScotlandthelasttimeKingwasin claimed remarkablylongdayseveninwinter.AlexanderdeBelingham from Wearmouth.Itwasintheirinterest,ofcourse,tolengthentheday.Some said, forexampleDominusRobertAresomorSireson,achaplainandmass-priest horseback andbetweenthirty-sixfortyinsummerwaswhatamancoulddo.So of thewitnessesforcitizens,however,aboutthirtymilesinadaywinteron and measuredthedaybydistancetheyreckonedtobeabletravel.Formost that mostwitnessesrealizedawinterdaywasmuchshorterthansummerone (Meaux?) talkedofstartingtwoorthreemilesbeforeday.Thisusagemerelyconfirms York. Theymustthereforehavestartedinthesemi-dark.JohnTraversof sunrise’ andgottotheirdestinationalittleaftervesperssaidinthemonasteryof as analternativeto and consideredthatepiscopalhorseswouldbestronger thanhis. cum equisdebilibus tempore estivopostortumsolisstatimincipietdietamhuismodietfinietdiuante 7 There were,ofcourse,manyreasonswhyaday’sjourneymightbeshorter. Clearly muchdependedalsoonthefitnessofrider. Itisofinteresttoseethat See DNBarticleonHatfield. aliquando inforcioribusequitantibus cum parvisequis incepit diemsuamapudSockburnepositisprimoperservientesdominibobuis Angrum 7 Louzian andtheytravelledwithalltheBishop’straininonedaywinter ]. RichardofCroxdalehaddonethejourneywithone smallhorse itinero twomilesfromSockburnandwasaservantofRobertdeHerle, villeta ]. WilliamdeMunketonreckonedthatinsummer‘sometimes for‘travel’ourtextuses ) onabout2February,adistancemuchmorethanthirty ) called MARGARET Bankyll ]. Heclaimedtohavedone thejourneyfrom ]. ThomasCuppersaidthathehaddone

(?BankshillinDumfrieshire)toBolton HARVEY laboro , anacceptedusagewhich ]. RogerofDunnington, ]. Clearlytheselastwere ipsemet Meles ]. 121 pro Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds (Mass), 1968–77), velociter equitare episcopus satisjuvenisetrobustusadlaborandumquemviditistetestisutdicitfirmiter and thiswitnesshasseenhim,sohesays,ridingsteadilyfast’[ toYorkinwinter,assertingthat‘thebishopisquiteyoungandfittravel that HatfieldwasabletomakeajourneylongerthanfromDarlingtonor Dominus RichardTalbot,achaplaintoMasterWilliamFarnham,saidthatheknew presumably fromtheconventthere,whocouldbesupposedtoweakercreatures. Neasham (onthebanksofTeesinDurhamdiocese)companynuns, 122 between, hadestimatedtwentymiles. Bracton, calculatingformerchantstocomeandgo inonedayanddobusiness de Buryforalongtime,andtheyregularlydidthirty-two milesadayinwinter. however, saidhehadservedtheBishopsofDurham LouisdeBeaumontandRichard the moreordinarytravellersmightcoverthirty.John Travers,aforesterofGirsby, another chaplain,putitattwenty-fouroreventwenty miles,whereasBonerthought diocese thoughnowsubjecttothebishopofDurham, andWalterdeWynerthorp day inwinterattwentymiles.WilliamBoner,achaplain fromKirklingtoninYork City, andThomasdeWham,anotherchaplainfrom Durham,puttheepiscopal shorter thanthatforanordinarycommercialtraveller. WilliamDobynfromDurham his train.Forthissortofreasonsomethewitnesses madeanepiscopaldaymuch could fitinmasswithhishouseholdbutnotifhewantedtotravelonedayall difference tospeed,sothatRobertSireson,forinstance,thoughttheBishop William. York, merchantsheardmassontheOuseBridge,nodoubtatchantrychapelofSt the journeyfromNeashamtoYork.WilliamdeMunketonsaidthat,coming itinere journey’ [ with whomhehadtravelled(fromDarlingtontoYork)sometimesheardmassonthe did so.ThomasBower,aforesterfromWeardale,saidthat‘someofthemerchants travel. Witnesseswereaskedaboutfittingmassintotheirdayandaveryfewsaidthey travellers. Clearlyabishopmightbeexpectedtowishhearmassonthedayof Walter ofMiddleham,regardedthisas‘fitting’[ et cumfalleriscapella and wheeledcarts’[ household, bringingequipmentfordivineserviceandwithsumpterhorses,hand-carts et fardellissuis vidit faceredictasdietas,videlicetvulgareshominessicutsuntmercatorescumpackis .precipuetalesqualesipse . . qui communiteritinerantperraroaudiviuntmissassuas that iscommonmensuchasmerchantswiththeirpacksandbundles’[ .especiallysuchashesawdoingtheseday’sjourneys, . who travelrarelyhearmass. be summedupbythatofJohndeCoucy,abutcherYork,whosaidbluntly‘men 10 9 8 Some ofthewitnesses,however,recognizedthatbishopswerenotjustordinary Furthermore, ofcourse,theBishopwasagreatmanandwouldtravel‘withhis DCM, MiscCh7231,fol.7 Victoria CountyHistory Bracton, ]. DominusRichardTalbot,asbefittedachaplain,hadoftenheardmasson 8 Butfarmoresaidthatmassdidnotcomeintotheirday;testimonycan quosdam ipsorumsicitinerantiumaliquandoviditaudiremissassuasinmedio De legibusetconsuetudinibusAnglie III ]. , fol.235,p.198. ]. : ueescmttmfmla um aaimcmcrets... . ducere secumtotamfamiliamsuam,caragiumcumcarrectis. City ofYork v givesthisas ]. ThevicarofStMary’schurch,BishophillJunior,inYork, TRAVEL , ed.P.M.Tillott(Oxford,1961),pp. 515–16. beate MariesuperBichehill,Ebor

FROM 10 , ed.G.E.Woodbine,transS.E. Thorne,4vols(Cambridge

DURHAM ut decet

TO

YORK ]. . See 9 Thisclearlymadeagreat VCH, YorkCity et estidem , p.389. homines Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds nearer byabouttwomiles toYorkthanNeasham.Accordingsomewitnesses, two Sockburn theriverdoesan enormousmeander,thustakingthedioceseofDurham usually cross. parata proequitibusetomnibus there was‘usuallyaboatreadyforhorsemenandall’ [ [ year andthestateofroadswhatwitnessescalled‘thedangersways’ that therewaswhathecalled‘aroyalhighway’[ and eventhenscarcelydiditinoneday. Martinmas (11November)becausewhenhediddoitonlystoppedtoeatatThirsk that thisjourneywasverydifficulttodobetweenAllSaints(1November)and gelu itaquodhominespoterantsuperterrametaquamcongelatamtransire men couldpassoverthefrozenearthandwater’[ last Michaelmas,butheadded‘exceptwhentherewasastrongandgreatfrostsothat ad transeundum Northallerton ‘areverymuddyanddifficulttotravelon’[ that fromMartinmas(11November)to2FebruarytheroadsbetweenYorkand to saythatinwinter-timetheroadsweredreadful.WalterdeWynerthorpconsidered Darlington bymodernroads,isaboutforty-eightmiles.Somewitnesseswereanxious ‘on ahighway’[ Helperby andthentoYork.RobertdeSiresonthoughtthatonecouldgoThirsk Darlington overtheTeesandfromthereviaNorthallerton,Thirsk,Tollerton,or the dioceseofDurhamtoYorkwasunderstoodbyallwitnessesgofrom marked theboundarybetweendiocesesofDurhamandYork.Thejourneyout had amanoratDarlingtoninanycase. ordinary men’[ of otherwaysovertheriverbutsaidthatNeasham was‘themostcommonwayfor Durham toYorkwasspendthenighteitheratDarlington orNeasham.Heknew had aregularferry.RichardTalbotsaidthattheusual customforthosegoingfrom crossing wasthatithadafordandboatwhichcould alsotakehorsesandclearly Darlington, whereindeedtwofordscanstillbediscerned.Theadvantageofthis agreement thattheusualcrossingpointwasatNeasham,aboutfourmilesfrom the nearestcrossingplacesforthosewhowishedtogetYork.Therewasgeneral the boundaryofdiocese,andmostwitnesseswerequestionedcloselyabout was thecrossingofTees,whichformuchitslengthinCountyDurhammarked ad transeundumetdicitquodregiastrataaltaacviapublica travel on’andhecalledit‘aroyalroadahighpublicway’[ Sireson thoughtthattheroadfromGirsbywasveryshorttoYorkand‘veryeasy of thevillGirsbyandthroughitsfieldsfromYorktowardsDurham.Robert 11 discrimina viarum There wereothercrossings,however.Ifonelooks at themaponecanseethat Part oftheproblem,forthosewhothoughtdistancetoofar,wastime Not allthewitnessesagreedwiththis,ofcourse.JohnTraversGirsbythought The majorobstacletospeedytraveloutofthedioceseDurhamsouthwards G. Cookson, The TownscapeofDarlington ]. JohnTraversof majus communepassagiumprocommunibushominibus ]. ThesecertainlyincludedthecrossingofRiverTees,which per altamviam ]. Thismeantthatevenifthewaterwashighonecould MARGARET ] bySessayandEasingwold.Thisjourney,from , VCHStudies(2003),pp.13–14,23–26. Meles 11 agreedwithhim;ithadbeenlikethissince WilliamdeSockburnsaidthatatNeasham

HARVEY excepto quandofuitforteetmagnum alta viaregiastrata navicula queestibicommuniter sunt valdelutoseetdifficile ]. iira...facilia . miliaria . ] fromtheend ]. Thebishop ]. Johnknew 123 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds molendarius dictimolendiniibidemtenuit naviculam quiaibinonestcommuniteraliquanaviculanisi fueritpropiscibuscapiendisquam .nisicumequo,nonper . .nonsitibidemcommunistransitus. .cum equisomnitemporeanni. . fishing whichthemillerofmillkeepsthere[ crossing exceptwithahorseandnotbyboatbecausethere isnotusuallyaboatexceptonefor .butthereisnotacommon common passageatthefordwithhorsesalltimesof year. horses there’[ Galfridus deThorntonexplainedthattherewas‘noboatbigenoughfortaking transeunt ibidem .seddumtaxatprohominibuspeditibusquicommuniter . quia ibinonestnaviculaproequis. [ .butonlyforthoseonfootwhocommonlycrossthere . there isnoboatforhorses. Those wishingtocrossthewateratmillusuallybyfordwiththeirhorsesbecause a fordwherehorsemencouldcross. molendinum superaquamdeTesesituatumestunummiliaremtantum mill’ [ Tees amilebeyond[Great]Smeaton,calledbyAlexanderdeBelingham‘thenew the samecrossingviewedfromeithersideofriver.Therewasamillon Sockburn, otherstalkofcrossingnearSmeatonmill.Thesealmostcertainlydescribe possible placescouldbeusedtocrossthere.Someofthewitnessestalkcrossingat 124 ‘on Wednesdaylast’[ crossing andknewalsoofitsdifficulties.Hehadcrossedthefordonhorse-back quando aquaestbassaperequos et navemquandoaquaestbassa when itwashighbyboat[ both agreedthatwhenthewaterwaslowonecouldcrossbyboatandford Durham bothsaidthatatthemillofSmeatontherewasacommonpassageand mill. RichardChalunnerfromDurhamandJohndelBiresShincliffenear William deMunketon,however,saidthattherewasbothaboatandfordatthe and horses’[ crossed atSmeatonmillinsummerandhadseenthere‘asafeboatforcarryingmen had recentlybeenintheserviceofThomasNeville,ArchdeaconDurham, he wasgivinghisevidenceinearlyFebruary.JohnDunwellofYorkhowever,who de Herill of SirRobertHerill(or Herle)’ [ passage andpeople‘couldonlycrossthereifthey werespecialfriendsorfamiliars quando aquaestmodicaetbassa communiter ibidemtranseuntdictamaquamsedequites nontranseuntibidemnisi dicti molendinitenetibidemcommuniterunamnaviculam perquamaliquandopedites took peopleonfootbuthedidnottakehorsesunlessthewaterwaslow’[ Middleham whoexplainedthat‘themillerusuallykeptaboatthereinwhichhe horse’s belly’[ Volentes transireaquamadpredictummolendinumcommunitertranseuntpervadiumcumequis 12 John TraversofGirsby,however,saidthatatthe milltherewasnotacommon The explanationofthesedifferentperceptionswasgiveninpartbyWalterde VCH, Yorks,NorthRiding de Smethtonusquevadiumettransitumiuxtamolendinumquodvocaturnovum ]. RobertHerlewasdescribed bysome(RogerofDunningtonandJohn unam securamnavemadportandamhominesetequos non esttammagnanaviculaibidemquesufficiatadtransvehendumequos et aquaindetetigitequumusqueventrem ]. die mercuriiproximepreterito , I , 198foramillinthisarea. TRAVEL est communepassagiumquandoaquaaltaetpervadium ]. ThomasBenet,rectorof[Kirby]Sigston,knewthe ]. RobertSiresonsaidthatpeoplecrossedbythe (Chalunner). . . (Chalunner).

FROM nisi sintspecialesamicivel familiares dominiRoberti 12 . . ] . WilliamdeSockburnsaid

DURHAM transeunt pervadiumetestcommunepassagium commune passagiumpernavigiumet

TO ] ‘andthewatercameuptohis

YORK ]. Weneedtorememberthat ]. ] andtherewas molendarius ]. Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds wood calledThurstandalewood,(whichisthemodernStaindaleWood). Middleham wasevenmorespecific.Hesaidthatthedioceseendedatacertain of thedioceseDurhamandGirsbywasinparishSockburn.Walterde without crossingtheTeesatall.Thefields[ Robert deSiresondescribedhowonecouldcometoDurhamdiocesefromYork The edgeofDurhamdioceseatGirsbywasmuchnearertoYorkthanNeasham. out ofthedioceseDurhamtoYork,itmatteredexactlywhereboundarywas. over thewaterinNorthYorkshire.Sincemainpointatissuewasnearestway Sockburn, inDurhamdiocese,alsoincludedGirsbyandwhatisnowEast diocese ofDurhamdidnotinfactendattheTeesSockburn,sinceparish married aRobertHerle. must havebeenasub-tenant;PetronillaConyers,daughterofSirJohn andSockburn.SockburnwasheldbytheConyersfamilythisRobert Ravenston, thelatterhavingalsoservedhisfather)asaknightwhowaslordof 228–29. as crossingtheriveratDinsdalePark. bridge therenowbutatrackdoesleaddowntowhere onemayhavebeen. use it,perhapsbecausetheycontinuedtothinkitwas broken.Thereisnosignofa copied ithadfirstwritten dimidium anniproximeiampreteriti vocatus Pontasbriggperquemhominestransirenunc possuntetpotueruntpertotum ‘men couldnowcrossitandhadbeenabletodoso foraboutsixmonths’[ de Dunelm,wholivedinYork,saidthatthebridgewasnearmilland to thisbridgewheretherewasacommonpassageovertheTeeswithhorses.Adam other persons.RobertdeSiresonsaidthatonecouldgothroughtheGirsbyfields recolit transire antequamponsillefuitconfractusquodcontigithincasexanniselapsisut he thoughthadhappenedaboutsixyearsbefore’[ bridge). Hesaidthatthishadbeenthecrossing‘beforebridgewasbroken,which Middleham saidtherewasastraightroadtotheriverat but onewhichwasclearlynotwellknownin1361.IfcameviatheGirsbyfields, Munketon). Sockburn) orbecausetheyburiedtheirdeadinSockburncemetery(Williamde either becausethepeopleofGirsbypaidtheirtithestoSockburn(Williamde questioned aboutthisattestedthattheyknewtheareawasinSockburnparish and thiswoodthefieldsofDinsdalewereallindioceseDurham.Those chapel andahermitage. bridge acrosstheriveratDinsdalewhichwasprobably Romaninoriginandhada 16 15 14 13 One ortwowitnessesshowedveryclearunderstandingofthejurisdictionsinvolved. This complicatedsetofjurisdictionsalsocoveredanotherwaycrossingtheriver, Sheet 55,SEsheet;NZ346120. The VictoriaHistoryoftheCounty ofDurham VCH, Yorks,NorthRiding R Surtees, ]. HeusuallycrossedatSockburn.Ponteesbridgeismentionedonlybytwo The HistoryandAntiquitiesoftheCounty PalatineofDurham , I 13 , 449–54forthewholeparishofSockburn. 15 Theimportanceofhispartinallthistestimonywasthatthe Itismarkedonthesix-inchOrdnanceSurveymap of1899 Persbrigg MARGARET (Piercebridge).Ponteesbriggwasawell-attested ]. Solittleknownwasthisthatthescribewho , ed.W.Page, 16 Aswehaveseenmostofthetravellersdidnot

HARVEY campos III (1905–28),299;Surtees, ] ofGirsbywerethenearestpart ubi solebanthominescommuniter , 4vols(1823), Pountaysbrigg III History ofDurham , 247. 14

unus pons Caldehall (Pontees- 125 , III , Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds 126 1999), p.99forStBartholomew’sfair, 24August. became archdeaconin1334andwasaseniorcanon ofYorkatthetime. of Durham.TheArchdeaconwasthesonRalph, firstBaronNevilleofRaby,who said thathehadnotlongsincebeeninthehousehold ofThomasNeville,Archdeacon said hewasafisherman[ est demorehominumsuecondicionisexercenciumhuiusmodimercimonium the roadsatnight‘asisusualformenofhiskindexercisingthistrade’[ brought fishforsalefromDurhamdiocesetoYorkandmoreusuallypassedalong the journeyviaSockburnwasverydifficultinwinter.Portersaidthatheoften William PorterandAdamSerjauntwerebothsellersoffishthoughtthat say where. places tofeedhishorse’[ John deRavenston,goingfromDarlingtontoYorkinsummer,‘stoppedthree hospice atNeashamsothatpeopleeitherwenttoSmeatonorDarlingtoninoneday. at Northallerton.ThomasdeWhamfromDurhamsaidthattherewasnocommon way didthesame.IftheycouldnotgettoDarlingtonintimewinterstayed certainly thebishopcoulddosoathisownmanor.Manypeoplecomingother coming southfromDurhamseemtohavestayedthenightatDarlingtonand to Durham,whichclearlymadeadifferenceforthelengthofday’sjourney.Those ihteBsoswoepoe i,Lusd euot(37×33)andRichard × with theBishopswhoemployedhim,LouisdeBeaumont (1317 what appearsaverypoliticallychargedcase.John TraversofGirsbyhadtravelled Duncolm. RogerofDunyngtonhadbeenseveraltimes atthefairNorthallerton. William Waldyng,ThomasDoghty,Attehall, JohnCoucy,andRobertde travelling fromYorktoDarlington.ThisprobablyappliedthebutchersofYork. alios artificescumsuismercimoniisetcaragiis ‘several merchantsandotherartisanswiththeirgoodscarts’[ at Darlington.AlexanderdeBelingham,whosaidhewasfromEryholme,hadseen knew theroadfromYorktoDarlingtonwell,itbecausetheywentfairs portante unumsaccumdexxpetrislaneusqueEbor to York‘withahorsecarryingsackofwoolweighingtwentystones’[ Robert, sonofPeterGirsby,recountedhowlastLenthehadtravelledfromGirsby in noctibus in aliislocisdiocesisDunelmetaliquandocitiusquandoquetardiusmultumlaborat earlier, sometimeslaterandhetravelledalotatnight’[ His day’sjourneybegan‘afterthemarketatYorkorinotherplaces,sometimes his fishtosellbeyondthedioceseofDurhamcityYorkatalltimesyear. declined becausehewastoobusy. been appointedoneofthejudges-delegateinthis case bythepapalcuriabuthad 19 18 17 Several ofthewitnesseswereemployedbyecclesiastical persons.JohndeDunwell Some ofthesewitnessestellonesomethingabouttheirtravelsandjobs. A fewtravellerscommentedontheplacestostoporstayjourneyfromYork DCM, MiscCh7231,fol.2 A. B.Emden, C. M.Newman, ]. Thushedidnotknowwhatadayforanordinarypersonmightbe. A BiographicalRegisteroftheUniversity ofOxford Late MedievalNorthallerton.ASmall markettownanditsHinterland,c.1450–1540 r/v . moratus fuitintribuslocispascendoequumsuum piscarius TRAVEL

] whocommonlyjourneyedwithhishorsesbearing 19 FROM Verypossiblyhedidnotwishtobeembroiledin

DURHAM ] atthetimeoflastDarlingtonfair

TO , ]. Severalofthosewhosaidthey II

(Oxford,1957),1351. YORK post forumfactuminEborvel plures mercatoreset cum unoequo ]. Hedidnot 18 , (Stamford, ]. Adam Hehad sicut 17 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds a notary,wasscribetotheYorkChapter. very variedstatus.Therewas,notsurprisingly,agroup ofclergy.HugodeFletham, social levelofthepersonsinvolved.Whatonecandiscover aboutthewitnessesshows the companyofbishops’[ William deSockburn,wasmoreemphatic,sayingthat ‘hehadnottravelledmuchin ‘ordinary people’[ and theirways.Theusualdisclaimerwastosaythatthosetheyknewaboutwere anxious todisassociatethemselvesfromanysuggestionsthattheyknewaboutbishops journey fromNeashamtwice,oncetocomegivehisevidence.Severalwerealso and WilliamDobynofDurham.WhitberdDurhamhadonlydonethe Neasham. ExampleswereWilliamdeCaldebeckofGateshead,JohnColchester Several professedtoknownothingofSockburnorSmeaton,thoughfamiliarwith to knowroadswithwhichonemighthaveexpectedthematleastbeacquainted. thought tobeafrequentandintrepidtraveller. to LondononcewithaclerkfromtheBishop’shousehold.TheBishopwasclearly 1360) andhegotthereataboutmidday.ThomasBenethadtravelledwiththeBishop arriving atCraykefromHowdenonthevigilofAssumptionlastyear(14August had seentheBishopdothisjourneyinwinter.WilliamMunketon to Crayke,hismanornearYorkandintomuchmoreremoteparts.WalterJakes members oftheBishop’shouseholdthatBishoptravelledfromAuckland Hugh deFlethamandTesedale,bothinvolvedintheecclesiasticalcourts. of York. Consistory courtofDurhamandaformerchaplain toJohnThoresby,Archbishop of Walkington,OfficialtoHatfield(animportantjudicial position),advocateofthe in DurhamwithMasterWilliamdeFarnham.Farnham wasacanonlawyer,rector was thedoorkeeperofnunsatNeashamconvent.JohnTravers Purification last’(3February1361)andtherehaddeliveredalettertothenunwho of CroxdalehadgonefromDarlingtontoNeasham‘ontheWednesdayafter the leadingparishioner,tointerviewHatfieldincourseofargument. about thebeginningofcase.HedescribedhowhehadgonewithRobertLitster, priory ownedlivings.Munketonwasoneofthosewhohadgivenseparateevidence had donebusinessforthePriorofDurhamatHowdenandHemingbrough,where 45).WilliamdeMunketontravelledonhisownbusinessbutalso × de Bury(1333 he becameanadvocateatthepapalcourt. was probablythemanwhosoontoleaveDurhamforRomancuriawhere them asJohndeAppleby,OfficialofDurhamandMasterSimonNeuton.Appleby journey becausehehadbeenwithothersattemptingtorideitfromYork,andnamed thought eventhewaybyNeashamwastoomuddyforBishopinwinter,knew 23 22 21 20 Thus someoftheperceptionseaseordifficulty oftheroadssprangfrom It isequallystrikingthatsomeofthewitnesseshadtravelledlittleandprofessednot One ortwodescribedthetravelsofBishop.JohnTraversGirsbyknewfrom Notes fromthecard-indexin5,The College,Durham. DCM, 1.3Archiep.4,dated1356. Emden, DCM, Loc Oxford 23 Talbotmustthereforehavebeeninaverygoodposition toknowabout XXVII , I 26(17). , 40–41. personas vulgares non multumlaboravitincomitativaepiscoporum MARGARET ]. Theformerclothmerchantturnedfarmer, 22 RichardTalbotdescribedhimselfasliving

HARVEY 21 WilliamdeEsshehadtravelledwith de Meles ]. 20 Richard , who 127 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds non vultrespondere he wasacriminal‘hedidnotwishtoreply’[ concerning ‘days’thattherewasanattempttoimpugnhisgoodfaith;‘askedwhether and 1380. seen actingaseitheratrusteeorconveyoroflandinDurhamCitybetween1356 criminal recordsmayhavesurfaced.JohndeBaumburgh,achaplain,canoftenbe with hiswife,atenementinthemarketplaceDurham1362. then Durhamwasaverysmallcity. by Walter’ssisterAgnes.Thesepeoplemustthereforehaveknowneachother,but had previouslybeenheldfirstbyJohndeSmethton,thenWalterJakesand 714. 1368–69. the prioryforcelebratingatStMargaret’schapel,adependencyofOswald’s,in involved inthecaseagainstHatfield. Durham CityinthegiftofPrioryalso. Rounton. have beenappointedbyDurhamPriory,aswouldThomasBowes,rectorofWest the Bishop’shabits.ThomasBenet,rectorofKirbySigston,Yorkdiocese,would 128 in thecopy5,TheCollege. Town intheLaterMiddleAges’,3vols(unpub.D.Phil.thesis,YorkUniv. 1985), Durham (1311–1540)’(unpub.Ph.D.thesis,CambridgeUniv.1955); M Camsell,‘TheDevelopmentofaNorthern granted amessuageinElvet,Durham. elsewhere. JohndeColchesterwasprobablythemanwhoin1352withhiswifeJoan for propertytransactionsinthecitybetween1364and1377. off thetrouble.Hehadseenitallfromnave. had givenevidenceoftheincidentinStNicholaschurch,Durhamwhichsparked parish, between1356and1359. chaplain ofthecountrychapelCroxdale,outsideDurhambutpartStOswald’s doing businessinpropertywithBaumburgh1356. was alsoaDurhamchaplain,yetanotherofthesechaplains,whocanbeseen in allthefinancialaffairsofparish. he wasprocuratorofStOswald’schurch,thatisactedastheagentforpriory a burgageinAlvertongate1352. 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 37 36 35 34 The DurhamandYorklaitywhogaveevidencecanalsosometimesbetraced Several ofthelesserclergywerechaplainslivinginDurham.WalterdeWynerthorp Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Camsell, thesis, DCM, Hostiller’saccounts. Camsell, thesis, DCM, Hostiller’saccounts. Camsell, thesis, DCM, Hostiller’saccounts,1376,1382–3,1383–4,1383A,mentioned 1373–4inDCM,4.16.Spec.56a. Camsell, thesis, Camsell, thesis, DCM, Loc R. Donaldson,‘PatronageandtheChurch:Astudyinsocialstructure ofthesecularclergyindiocese VCH, Yorks,NorthRiding II II III , 19. , 365. , 654. 33 24 27 WilliamdeEsshehadpartofatenementinDurham1382–83,which In1371heactedforRobertLitsterwhowastheleaderofparishioners In1366,ThomasdeWhamwasrectorofStMaryintheNorthBailey, XXVII II II II III II 26(17). , 63. , 43,54,78,81,202,260. , 26. , 14,26,223,270,271,296,326,360,400,408; , 612. ]. Sincethewholecasehadbegunwithanepiscopalvisitationsome , I , 409,446;BenetwasawitnesstoDCM,1.3.Archiep.4,in1356. TRAVEL 31 ThomasCuppercanalsobeseenactingasatrustee

37 FROM ThereisanAdamdeSerjaunt,perhapsthefather 34 28 35 Before1376,andagain(orstill)inthe1380s

RogerdeNormantonseemstohaveowned, 29 DURHAM WalterJakes,withhisbrotherJohnwho Interrogatus ansitcriminosusdicitquod 26 25

Itwouldappearfromtheevidence TO III , 438,541,550,557,598,601,609,612,635,

YORK 30 Walteralsoservedasthe II , 150.Volumesarenumberedas 36 WilliamPorterheld 32 Hewaspaidby Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds BOWES BOWER BONER CALDEBECK CROXDALE CORBRIG COUCY COLCHESTER CHALUNNER BIRES though therewereseveralDoghtysandDughtysinthelists. because theyoftenmadethecrossingsconcerned,canbetracedasfreemenofYork, DOBYN out likeamerchantwithpackhorse. ford atNeasham,andeveninsummer,whichallagreedwaseasyenough,orstriding possible tothinkoftheBishopDurhamcrossingTeesquicklyevenover might notbeachievedandcertainlybyanyonetravellinginanystyle.Itis the linestoseethatalthoughdistancesstatedcouldbedoneinwintertheyoften when hesaidthattravelforhimwasdifficultinwinter.Onecanreadbetweensomeof that, preposterousthoughinonesenseitseems,theBishopprobablyhadapoint such adiversegroupdiscussingtravelconditionsinthisway.Whatitalsorevealsis bridge, forinstance,isnotfoundanywhereelse.Itinanycaseveryunusualtofind owned twotenementsinCrossgate,Durham,whichlaterbelongedtoWalterJakes. ing todiscoverthattherewasaJohndeSmethtonwhoin1339withhiswife, ( York. Thomas deStrensall,thoughhedoesnotsayso,mayhavebeenagoldsmithof Kepier Hospitalin1319. of thewitnessin1361,whoownedaplace[ BELINGHAM BAUMBURGH ATTEHALL freedom ofYorkin1349. de Smethton,tanner(barker),however,maybethemanwhohadbeengranted CUPPER BENET 42 41 40 39 38 Names ofWitnesses owing obediencetothebishopofDurham.Misc.Ch.2611. Misc. Ch.2610. 2610. The evidencepresentedhereisuniqueforitstime.WhatittellsaboutPontees- York MemorandaBook Camsell, thesis, Ibid., Freemen ofYork Ibid., 42 , Johndel,livinginShincliffenearDurham,aged30andmore.Misc.Ch.5527c,fol.5; I II , Thomas,rectorof[Kirby]Sigston,Yorkdiocese.MiscChs5527c,fols.6 , 44. , William, , William,citizenofDurham.Misc.Ch.2611. , , John,butcher[ , 401. , or , Thomas,priest,aged30,livinginDurham.Misc.Ch.5527c, fol.3 dominus , Johnde,calleddeSmethton,barker.Misc.Chs2617,5527a. , William,butcher[ HOWER , Richardof,livinginDurham,aged30.Misc.Chs5527c, fols.5 , Williamde,ofGateshead.Misc.Ch.2611. , Alexanderde,agedthirty.Misc.Ch.5527c,fol.2 , Richard,livinginDurham,aged40.Misc.Ch.5527c,fol. 4. , Johnde, II , Johnde,citizenofDurham.Misc.Ch.2611. , , 59,62,andabove I , ed.F.Collins,SurteesSociety, Thomasde,rectorofWestRounton[ capellanus ) , , Thomas,ofWeardale,forester,Misc.Ch.2617,5527a. I , ed.M.Sellers,SS, carnifex clericus 38 40 NoneoftheseveralYorkbutchers,allchosen,nodoubt, OurwitnesscallshimselfacitizenofYorkbutitisintrigu- , fromKirklingtoninYorkdiocese,livingdiocesebut carnifex ], citizenofYork.Misc.Chs2617,5527a. livinginDurhamaged30.MiscChs5527c,fol.10;2610. MARGARET ] andcitizenofYork.MiscChs2616,5527b. CXX A (1912),2; PPENDIX XCVI placea

(1897),16,29. HARVEY II , 54forhissonWilliam. ] onthewayoutofDurhamtowards Rungeton v . ]. Misc.Chs5527c,fol.7 39 JohndeCorbriggor v ; 2610. v –6; 2610. v –7; 2610. 129 41 v ; Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds SOCKBURN FLETHAM SERJAUNT TRAVERS THORNTON SIRESON WYNERTHORP WHITEBERD WHAM WALDYNG TRAVERS TALBOT STRENSALE DUNYNGTON ESSHE MIDDLEHAM NORMANTON MUNKETON RAVENSTON PORTER GORMIRE JAKES GRISBY DUNWELL SELBY Source: DurhamCathedralMuniments(DCM),at 5, TheCollege,Durham. DUNELM DUNCOLM DOGHTY 130 aliquando fuitmercatorpannicommuniterlaboransperpatriam a clothmerchanttravellingthearea[ mass there[ deserviens 5527a. [ Durham city.Misc.Ch.2611. Bishops LouisBeaumontandRicharddeBury.Misc.Chs2617,5527a. [ Girsby. Livingat Chs 5527aandb. father forthirtyyears.Misc.Chs5527c.fols.8 Langton Thomas Nevillerecently[ communis operariusetrefectorvestimentorumecclesiasticorum capellanus moramtrahensinDunelmcumMagistroWillelmodeFarnham , , Johnde,livinginYorkcity,commonworkerandremakerofecclesiasticalvestments , Williamdel, , dominus , RobertsonofPeterof,aged40,livinginGirsby.Misc.Chs5527c,fol.9 dominus , , William,citizenofDurham,fisherman,Misc.Ch.2611. ]. Misc.Chs2616,5527a. , or , Thomas,butcher[ , Adamde,aged30,livinginYork.Misc.Ch.5527c,fol.11 , John,ofGirsby[ , John,de dominus , Galfridus,householderlivinginLangton[ , masterHugode.Misc.Chs5527c,fol.10 ]. Misc.Chs2616,5527a. , Johnde,livinginYork,aged30,washousehold[ , William,butcher[ , Adam,citizenofDurham,fisherman.Misc.Ch.2611. , Robertde,citizenofYork,butcher.MiscChs2617,5527a. , Williamde,livinginBishopton,ahouseholdercultivatinglandandoncehewas , Galfridusde,livinginYork,aservant[ , Thomasde,Misc.Chs2616,5527b. , Williamde,aged44,citizenofDurham.Misc.Chs5527c,fols.1–2;2610. ibidem celebransmissas , William,ofDurham.Misc.Ch.2611. , Johnde,livinginCroxdale,aged50andmore;servedRobertHerlehis ARESOM , Walterde,vicarofthechurchSaintMary,BishophillJunior,York.Misc. , Rogerof,aged40,servantofRobertHerle,knight,lordSockburnand , Rogerde,livinginDurham.Misc.Ch.2611. Walter, Thomasde, , Walterde, Richard,chaplain,livinginDurhamwithMasterWilliamdeFarnham Angrum Meles clericus capellanus

dominus , (?Meaux)livinginDurhamdioceseforfiveyears.Misc.Ch.2611. non estdiu twomilesfromSockburn.Misc.Ch.5527c,fol.8 TRAVEL livinginDurham.Misc.Ch.2611. capellanus carnifex Grysby capellanus carnifex Robertde, , aged40andmore.Misc.Ch.5527c,fols.3

], livingatGirsby,foresterandformerservantofboth ]. Misc.Ch.2616(incomplete);5527a. FROM moram trahensinBishoptonpaterfamiliascolensterraset ] andcitizenofYork.Misc.Chs2616,5527b. ]. Misc.Ch.5527c,fol.6 ] andcitizenofYork.Misc.Chs2616,5527b. . OfDurhamdiocese.Misc.Ch.2611. , owingobediencetothebishopofDurham,livingin

DURHAM capellanus v –9; 2610.

v TO moram trahensincivitateEbor’ibidem ; 2610. . LivinginWearmouth,celebrating

YORK paterfamilias moramtrahensin r/v ]. Misc.Chs2617,5527a. ]. Misc.Chs2616,5527a. . de familia v . ]. Misc.Chs2617, ] ofArchdeacon r/v . r/v r/v . ; 2610.