DOCSLIB.ORG

Penning Traps

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Penning Traps PRECISION TRAPS Stefan Ulmer RIKEN Fundamental Symmetries Lab 2018 / 01 / 15 Outline • Motivation and Introduction • Trapping of Charged Particles • Basic Methods • Antiproton Measurements in Penning traps • Charge – to – Mass Ratios • Magnetic Moments Fundamental Physics in 2018 • Relativistic quantum field theories of the standard model describe a plethora of particle physics phenomena • The Standard Model is not just a list of particles and a classification - it is a theory that makes detailed, precise quantitative predictions! g / 2 = 1.001 159 652 180 73 (28) !!! At the same time, the Standard Model is the biggest success and the greatest frustration of modern physics !!! Beyond Standard Model Physics • Standard model is incomplete • contains 19 free parameters which need to be tuned by experiments • observations beyond the SM • neutrino oscillations • dark matter • energy content of the universe • several fine-tuning problems • origin of lepton helicity • absence of antimatter in the universe: known Standard Model CP violation produces one baryon in 1018 photons observed CMBR density: one baryon in 109 photons so at least we know, that we know quite a lot about almost nothing what’s next? how can we produce input to solve at least some of the problems? How to solve problems in physics? • Prominent and rather fruitful strategy: • Investigate very well understood, simple systems and look of unexpected deviations. Example: Hydrogen QED effects Basic models Relativistic models HFS – coupling and nuclear Asymmetric WI-effects effect Bethe / Schwinger Bohr / Schroedinger Dirac Pauli / Bloch etc. 1 10-4 10-7 10-4 to 10-11 !!! A single particle in a trap is one of the simplest systems you can think of !!! How to trap charged particles… • Maxwell equations: ∆Φ = 0 2 2 2 • Harmonic potential: Φ(푥, 푦, 푧) = 퐶푥푥 +퐶푦푦 +퐶푧푧 • Earnshaw theorem: Not possible to trap particles in static electric fields. Dynamic approach: Paul Trap Static approach: Penning Trap Physics idea: Oscillating rf- Physics idea: counteract the fields drive particles back to radial saddle-potential by center – time average superimposing a strong attractive (particle ping/pong) magnetic field Nobel prize in 1989 • Natural consequence: both trap-types have stability issues… Paul Trap vs. Penning Trap • Cheap • Expensive • Variable • Constrained • • Open access Closed system • STABILITY • Noisy • Controlability • Micromotion • Reliability Use Paul trap once you’re interested in physics Use the Penning trap for ultra-high precision properties which are defined by internal studies or experiments dealing with complex many interactions in composed charged systems. particle systems. Prominent in quantum information Prominent in fundamental studies Traps in Antimatter Physics • The Penning trap is the “work-horse” of the antimatter physics community. Trap as a container for positrons and antiprotons to produce antihydrogen (see lectures by Testera and Yamazaki) Trap as an instrument to study the fundamental properties of trapped antiparticles (this lecture / Smorra lecture). This entire field of physics would likely NOT EXIST without traps! Trap Results in Antimatter Physics • Two collaborations dealing with single particles in traps – ATRAP and BASE • (A)TRAP pioneered fundamental experimental methods. • BASE enhanced fractional precision of these experiments. TRAP Collaboration 1E-8 1E-9 effort stopped 1E-10 effort started 1E-11 feasibility demonstrated 1E-12 phase sensitive detection Achieved Fractional Precision Fractional Achieved 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 year ??? What is behind all that ??? Penning Trap B radial confinement of charged particles by B B zˆ a constant magnetic field 0 2 Superimpose the simplest electrostatic 2 (,) z V02 c z potential you can think of 2 results in three harmonic oscillator modes 2e U axial mode 0 0 z 2 md0 2 2 modified cyclotron mode c c z 2 4 2 2 2 magnetron mode c c z 2 4 2 • single particle in a trap: simplest superimposed static magnetic and static electric fields result in three fully decoupled harmonic single-particle oscillators. The Invariance Theorem • The three trap frequencies can be combined to a robust invariance relation tilted trap drifts B(t) potential 2 2 2 휈푐 = 휈+ + 휈푧 + 휈− contaminants B2 and B1 shift in B1 image charge • misalignment of B-axis and E-axis cancels out • ellipticities of trap potential cancel out image current • Single particles in Penning traps give 1 푞 direct access to the fundamental 휈 = 휈2 + 휈2 + 휈2 = 퐵 푐 + 푧 − 2휋 푚 properties of trapped particles Precise frequency measurements in traps provide information about fundamental properties of trapped particles. Different Perspective: Fundamental Symmetries • Within the framework of classical physics, a single particle in a Penning trap is a well understood, very simple system (three harmonic oscillators). • Penning traps thus provide perfect boundary conditions to test exotic theories and search for physics beyond the Standard Model. • How would a yet undiscovered physics effect look like? • Whatever it is: • Need to ask the right questions System 1 System 2 푯 흍 = 푯ퟎ + 푽풆풙풐풕풊풄 흍 휟푬ퟏ 휟푬ퟐ 휟푬ퟏ 휟푬ퟐ 휟푬풆풙풐풕풊풄 = 흍ȁ푽풆풙풐풕풊풄ȁ흍 푬ퟏ − 푬ퟐ = 휟푬풆풙풐풕풊풄 = 흍ȁ푽풆풙풐풕풊풄ȁ흍 A precision trap is an artificial, highly modular, extremely exotic atom Interaction Potentials – Minimal SME 휇 휇 휇 • Example: Standard Model Extension 푖훾 퐷휇 − 푚 − 푎휇훾 − 푏휇훾5훾 휓 = 0 Inspired by string theory translated to SM via effective field theory Idea of construction: Consider all possible low dimension bi- Dirac equation CPT-odd modifications linears within the Poincare group (useful but not fundamental). ퟎ 흈 휇 ퟎ ퟏ ퟎ 흈풙 ퟎ ퟏ 풚 ퟎ ퟏ ퟎ 흈풛 푏휇훾5훾 → 푏푥 +푏푦 +푏푧 ퟏ ퟎ −흈풙 ퟎ ퟏ ퟎ −흈풚 ퟎ ퟏ ퟎ −흈풛 ퟎ −흈 ퟎ −흈풙 ퟎ 풚 −흈풛 ퟎ Pseudo-magnetic field, with different 푏푥 +푏푦 +푏푧 ퟎ 흈풙 ퟎ 흈풚 ퟎ 흈풛 coupling between matter and antimatter Measurements: exotic E spin transition coefficients can be constrained by searching for diurnal energy + 0 E variations in comagnetometer measurements. comparisons of particle/antiparticle magnetic moments in traps coupling strength b (GeV) 3 Physics: such interactions can e.g. be induced by CPT-odd dark matter couplings Interaction Potentials – Non-Minimal SME ෪ ퟎ ퟎ Δ푉푖푛푡 = 푏푧,퐷 ퟎ ±흈풛 exotic E spin transition energy + 0 these types of interactions can only be E uncovered by explicit measurements on antimatter coupling strength b (GeV) 3 1 휕2 푚푐 2 Yukawa picture: ∆ − + 휓 = 0 푐2 휕푡2 ℏ Potentially sensitive to exchange 푔 푟 bosons, exclusively coupling to Stationary Yukawa potential: 푉 푟 = − 푒푥푝 − antimatter. 푟 푅0 Potentially sensitive to heavy ℏ Effective interaction length: 푅 = exchange bosons at strong 0 푚푐 interaction strenghts. Complementary approach to HEP The Penning Trap – Key Techniques Blueprint Measurements in Penning traps Cyclotron Motion Larmor Precession g: mag. Moment in units of B nuclear magneton e e c B L gB m 2m L simple p p difficult 휇푝ҧ 푔푝ҧ 푒푝ҧ/푚푝ҧ 휈 = = 퐿 휇푁 2 푒푝/푚푝 휈푐 휈푐,푝ҧ 푒푝ҧ/푚푝ҧ S. Ulmer, A. Mooser et al. PRL 106, S. Ulmer, A. Mooser et al. PRL 107, = 253001 (2011) 103002 (2011) 휈푐,푝 푒푝/푚푝 Determinations of the q/m ratio and g-factor reduce to measurements of frequency ratios -> in principle very simple experiments –> full control, (almost) no theoretical corrections required. Non Destructive Particle Detection (see Smorra lecture) Idea: Oscillating particle induces image currents in trap electrodes. What are we dealing with? single charge 10-16 A/mm Image current detection: Q=30000 – Requires detection systems with high sensitivity – Non destructive – long observation times – precise information about trapped particle – Real time observation of particle manipulation Example: Resistive Cooling and Peak Detection -95 Axially excited, trapped antiprotons -100 • Power dissipated in detection resistor -105 -110 • Particle is cooled resistively -115 -120 Signal (dBm) -125 -130 645300 645400 645500 645600 645700 Frequency (Hz) The Continuous Stern-Gerlach Effect Measurement based on continuous Stern Gerlach effect. Energy of magnetic dipole in Φ푀 = −(μ푝 ⋅ 퐵) magnetic field Frequency Measurement ρ2 Leading order magnetic field 2 Spin is detected and analyzed via 퐵푧 = 퐵0 + 퐵2 (푧 − ) correction 2 an axial frequency measurement This term adds a spin dependent quadratic axial potential -> Axial frequency becomes function of spin state μ푝퐵2 퐵2 Δν푧~ : = α푝 푚푝ν푧 ν푧 S. Ulmer, A. Mooser et al. PRL 106, 253001 (2011) Single Penning trap method is limited to the p.p.m. level The Penning Trap – Ingredients Some basic homework • Typical ingredients of Penning trap experiments • Stable and homogeneous superconducting solenoid • Precisely machined trap electrodes • RF electronics HCI experiment at • Ultra stable power supplies University of Mainz • Most of the high-precision experiments Sturm / Blaum / are operated under cryogenic conditions. Quint / Werth • Cryogenic operation -> good vacuum • Centre of a good magnet Paramter Value Supplies-rack of dB/dt < 10-11/h CERN’s BASE experiment B1 < mT/m (NMR shimming limit) Ulmer / Mooser / B2 < 0.5 T/m2 (NMR shimming limit) Smorra Cylindrical Trap Design Degrees of freedom for defined radius: 1.) Length of ring electrode 2.) Length of correction electrode 3.) Compensation/Ring voltage 1.) C4 = 0 2.) C6 = 0 3.) orthogonality easy to understand / simple to optimize / easy to machine Particle Loading – Matter (here protons) • In-trap creation by bombarding an appropriate target with an electron beam -84 after loading after SWIFT PROTONS -86 -88 12 + 14N+ C -90 -92 12C2+ H + -94 2 -96 Signal (dBm) -98 -100 -70 -60 -50
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basics of Ion Traps
    Basics of Ion Traps G. Werth Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Why trapping? „A single trapped particle floating forever at rest in free space would be the ideal object for precision measurements“ (H.Dehmelt) Ion traps provide the closest approximation to this ideal Pioneers of ion trapping: Hans Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul (Nobel price 1989) Trapping of charged particles by electromagnetic fields Required : 3-dimensional force towards center F = - e grad U Convenience: harmonic force F ∝∝∝ x,y,z →→→ U = ax 2 +by 2 + cz 2 Laplace equ.: ∆∆∆(eU) = 0 →→→ a,b,c can not be all positive Convenience: rotational symmetry →→→ 2 2 2 2 U = (U 0/r 0 )(x +y -2z ) Quadrupole potential Equipotentials: Hyperboloids of revolution Problem: No 3-dimensional potential minimum because of different sign of the coefficients in the quadrupole potential Solutions: • Application of r.f. voltage: dynamical trapping Paul trap • d.c. voltage + magnetic field in z-direction: Penning trap The ideal 3-dimensional Paul trap Electrode configuration for Paul traps Paul trap of 1 cm diameter (Univ. of Mainz) Wire trap with transparent electrodes (UBC Vancouver) Stability in 3 dimension when radial and axial domains overlap First stable region of a Paul trap solution of the equation of motion: ∞ u t)( = A∑c2n cos(β + 2n)(Ωt )2/ n=0 β = β ( a , q ) c 2 n = f ( a , q ) Approximate solution for a,q<<1: u(t) = A 1[ − (q )2/ cos ωt]cos Ωt ω=β/2Ω βββ2 = a + q 2/2 This is a harmonic oscillation at frequency ΩΩΩ (micromotion ) modulated by an oscillation at frequency ωωω (macromotion
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of Charged-Particle Traps
    Appendix A Early History of Charged-Particle Traps Abstract Today, we see a broad variety of particle traps and related devices for confinement and study of charged particles in various fields of science and indus- try (Werth, Charged Particle Traps, Springer, Heidelberg; Werth, Charged Particle Traps II, Springer, Heidelberg; Ghosh, Ion Traps, Oxford University Press, Oxford; Stafford, Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 13(6):589). The multitude of realisations and applications of electromagnetic confinement cannot be easily overlooked as the vari- ability of particle confinement and the vast number of experimental techniques avail- able has allowed traps and related instrumentation to enter many different fields in physics and chemistry as well as in industrial processes and applied analysis, mainly in the form of mass spectrometry (Stafford, Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 13(6):589; March and Todd, Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton). Here, we would like to give a brief account of the main historical aspects of charged-particle confinement, of the principles, technical foundations and beginnings that led to the realisation of traps and to the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Hans Georg Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul ‘for the invention of the ion trap technique’, at which point we choose to end our discussion. Mainly, we will look at the work of the people who pioneered the field and paved the way to the first working traps. These can be seen as belonging to two different families of traps, Penning traps and Paul traps, each of these families nowadays with numerous variations of the respective confinement concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transportable Antiproton Trap to Unlock the Secrets of Antimatter 4 November 2020, by Ana Lopes
    A transportable antiproton trap to unlock the secrets of antimatter 4 November 2020, by Ana Lopes antimatter, but this difference is insufficient to explain the imbalance, prompting researchers to look for other, as-yet-unseen differences between the two forms of matter. This is exactly what the teams behind BASE and other experiments located at CERN's AD hall are trying to do. BASE, in particular, investigates the properties of antiprotons, the antiparticles of protons. It first takes antiprotons produced at the AD—the only place in the world where antiprotons are created daily– and then stores them in a device called a Penning trap, which holds the particles in place with a The layout of the transportable antiproton trap that BASE combination of electric and magnetic fields. Next, is developing. The device features a first trap for BASE feeds the antiprotons one by one into a multi- injection and ejection of the antiprotons produced at Penning-trap set-up to measure two frequencies, CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator, and a second trap for from which the properties of antiprotons such as storing the antiprotons. Credit: Christian Smorra their magnetic moment can be deduced and then compared with that of protons. These frequencies are the cyclotron frequency, which describes a The BASE collaboration at CERN has bagged charged particle's oscillation in a magnetic field, more than one first in antimatter research. For and the Larmor frequency, which describes the so- example, it made the first ever more precise called precessional motion in the trap of the measurement for antimatter than for matter, it kept intrinsic spin of the particle.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,958,472 B2 Zubarev (45) Date of Patent: Oct
    USOO6958472B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,958,472 B2 Zubarev (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 25, 2005 (54) MASS SPECTROMETRY METHODS USING 4,988,869 A 1/1991 Aberth ELECTRON CAPTURE BY ONS 5,340,983 A 8/1994 Deinzer et al. 5,374,828 A 12/1994 Boumseek et al. (75) Inventor: Roman Zubarev, Uppsala (SE) 5,493,115 A * 2/1996 Deinzer et al. ............. 250/281 6,653,622 B2 * 11/2003 Franzen ............ ... 250/282 (73) Assignee: Syddansk Universitet, Odense (DK) 2003/0183760 A1 * 10/2003 Tsybin et al. ............... 250/292 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this OTHER PUBLICATIONS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 R. W. Vachet et al., “Novel Peptide Dissociation: Gas-Phase U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Intramolecular Rearrangement of Internal Amino Acid Resi (21) Appl. No.: 10/471.454 dues”, Jun. 18, 1997, pp. 5481-5488, Journal of the Ameri can Chemical Society, vol. 119, No. 24. (22) PCT Filed: Mar. 22, 2002 (86) PCT No.: PCT/DK02/00195 (Continued) S371 (c)(1), Primary Examiner John R. Lee (2), (4) Date: Apr. 2, 2004 ASSistant Examiner Zia R. Hashmi (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Harness, Dickey & Pierce, (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO02/078048 PLC PCT Pub. Date: Oct. 3, 2002 (57) ABSTRACT (65) Prior Publication Data Methods and apparatus are provided to obtain efficient US 2004/015.5180 A1 Aug. 12, 2004 Electron capture dissociation (ECD) of positive ions, par ticularly useful in the mass Spectrometric analysis of com Related U.S. Application Data plex Samples Such as of complex mixtures and large bio (60) Provisional application No.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrons in a Cryogenic Planar Penning Trap and Experimental Challenges for Quantum Processing
    EPJ manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Electrons in a cryogenic planar Penning trap and experimental challenges for quantum processing P. Bushev1;2, S. Stahl2, R. Natali4, G. Marx3, E. Stachowska5, G. Werth2, M. Hellwig1, and F. Schmidt-Kaler1 1 Quanten-Informationsverarbeitung, UniversitÄatUlm, 89069 Ulm, Germany 2 Institut fÄurPhysik, Johannes-Gutenberg-UniversitÄatMainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany 3 Ernst-Moritz-Arndt UniversitÄatGreifswald, Institut fÄurPhysik, 17489 Greifswald, Germany 4 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`adi Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy 5 Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland Received: date / Revised version: date Abstract. We report on trapping of clouds of electrons in a cryogenic planar Penning trap at T· 100 mK. We describe the experimental conditions to load, cool and detect electrons. Perspectives for the trapping of a single electron and for quantum information processing are given. PACS. 37.10.-x Atom, molecule, and ion cooling methods { 03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations 1 Introduction single electrons stored in two di®erent traps, an electric transmission line may transfer the voltage fluctuation in- In recent years, we have seen important progress in de- duced in the trap electrodes by the electron oscillations. veloping a quantum processor. Among the most advanced In the present paper we describe an experiment with a technologies are single ions in linear Paul traps. However, planar Penning trap geometry [6]. Arrays of planar traps the hard problem of scalability of these devices remains, as for single electrons might satisfy two demands in develop- we typically need to scale the system down to micrometer ing a quantum processor: scalability and long coherence and even sub-micrometer size to construct a multi-qubit times [7].
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Electron-Electron Entanglement in Penning Traps
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A 81, 022301 (2010) Towards electron-electron entanglement in Penning traps L. Lamata, D. Porras, and J. I. Cirac Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany J. Goldman and G. Gabrielse Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA (Received 5 May 2009; revised manuscript received 11 December 2009; published 4 February 2010) Entanglement of isolated elementary particles other than photons has not yet been achieved. We show how building blocks demonstrated with one trapped electron might be used to make a model system and method for entangling two electrons. Applications are then considered, including two-qubit gates and more precise quantum metrology protocols. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.022301 PACS number(s): 03.67.Bg, 06.20.Jr, 13.40.Em, 14.60.Cd I. INTRODUCTION two-qubit gate, spin-cyclotron entanglement generation, and a quantum metrology protocol with two entangled electrons. Entanglement is one of the most remarkable features In Sec. V, we examine the challenges faced when applying of quantum mechanics [1]. Two entangled systems share this protocol to existing experimental conditions. In Sec. VI, the holistic property of nonseparability—their joint state we point out possible extensions to many electrons, and we cannot be expressed as a tensor product of individual states. present our conclusions in Sec. VII. Entanglement is also at the center of the rapidly developing field of quantum information science. A variety of systems have been entangled [2], including photons, ions, atoms, II. TWO ELECTRONS IN A PENNING TRAP and superconducting qubits. However, no isolated elementary A Penning trap [5,6] for an electron (charge −e and mass particles other than photons have been entangled.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Spectrometry:Spectrometry: Formingforming Ions,Ions, Toto Identifyingidentifying Proteinsproteins Andand Theirtheir Modificationsmodifications
    MassMass spectrometry:spectrometry: formingforming ions,ions, toto identifyingidentifying proteinsproteins andand theirtheir modificationsmodifications Stephen Barnes, PhD 4-7117 [email protected] S Barnes-UAB 1/25/05 IntroductionIntroduction toto massmass spectrometryspectrometry • Class 1 - Biology and mass spectrometry – Why is mass spectrometry so important? – Short history of mass spectrometry – Ionization and measurement of ions • Class 2 - The mass spectrum – What is a mass spectrum? – Interpreting ESI and MALDI-TOF spectra – Combining peptide separation with mass spectrometry – MALDI mass fingerprinting – Tandem mass spectrometry and peptide sequencing S Barnes-UAB 1/25/05 Goals of research on proteins • To know which proteins are expressed in each cell, preferably one cell at a time • Major analytical challenges – Sensitivity - no PCR reaction for proteins – Larger number of protein forms than open reading frames – Huge dynamic range (109) – Spatial and time-dependent issues S Barnes-UAB 1/25/05 Changes at the protein level • To know how proteins are modified, information that cannot necessarily be deduced from the nucleotide sequence of individual genes. • Modification may take the form of – specific deletions (leader sequences), – enzymatically induced additions and subsequent deletions (e.g., phosphorylation and glycosylation), – intended chemical changes (e.g., alkylation of sulfhydryl groups), – and unwanted chemical changes (e.g., oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, nitration, etc.). S Barnes-UAB 1/25/05 Proteins once you have them Protein structure and protein-protein interaction – to determine how proteins assemble in solution – how they interact with each other – Transient structural and chemical changes that are part of enzyme catalysis, receptor activation and transporters S Barnes-UAB 1/25/05 So,So, whatwhat youyou needneed toto knowknow aboutabout massmass specspec • Substances have to be ionized to be detected.
    [Show full text]
  • The High-Precision Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometer PENTATRAP for Fundamental Studies
    The high-precision Penning-trap mass spectrometer PENTATRAP for fundamental studies Alexander Rischka IMPRS-PTFS Seminar OUTLINE Basics of Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry Motivation for precision mass spectrometry • Test of special relativity • Contribution to neutrino physics The PENTATRAP experiment 0 Basics of Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry Frequency to mass relation Homogeneous magnetic field B q/m 0 Frequency to mass relation Homogeneous magnetic field B q/m q, B drops at mass difference0 Confinement of the ion of interest Homogeneous magnetic field B + electrical field E U U q/m 0 Confinement of the ion of interest Homogeneous magnetic field B + quadrupolar electrical field E U U q/m 0 Movement of the confined ion Three eigenmotions modified cyclotron motion B magnetron motion axial motion 0 Brown & Gabrielse, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 233 (1986) Frequency hirachy Frequency hirachy: the cyclotron frequency is the most important one A typical 10-11 measurement needs: modified cyclotron motion: B drift < axial motion: E stability < magnetron motion: 0 Types of PTMS PI-ICR, projecting radial motions on a position sensitive detector, destructive B 0 Types of PTMS PI-ICR, projecting radial motions on a position sensitive detector, destructive B FT-ICR, fourier transform the induced image current, non destructive 0 Motivation for precision mass spectrometry Field Examples m/m E (A=100) Nuclear shell closures, shell quenching, regions of structure deformation, drip lines, halos, seperation energies physics 100 keV δV , island of stability -6 -7
    [Show full text]
  • An Open-Ring 7-Tesla Penning Trap for Laser-Based Precision Experiments
    The TRAPSENSOR Facility: an Open-Ring 7-Tesla Penning Trap for Laser-Based Precision Experiments Manuel J Guti´errez1, Joaqu´ınBerrocal1, Juan Manuel Cornejo1z, Francisco Dom´ınguez1, Jes´usJ Del Pozo1, I~nigoArrazola2, Javier Ba~nuelos1, Pablo Escobedo1x, Oliver Kaleja3;4, Lucas Lamata2, Ra´ulA Rica1;5k, Stefan Schmidt1{, Michael Block3;4;6, Enrique Solano2;7;8 and Daniel Rodr´ıguez1;5+ 1Departamento de F´ısicaAt´omica,Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain 2Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain 3Institut f¨urKernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨atMainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany 4GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany 5Centro de Investigaci´onen Tecnolog´ıasde la Informaci´ony las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain 6Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany 7IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain 8Department of Physics, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China Abstract. The Penning-trap electronic-detection technique that offers the precision and sensitivity requested in mass spectrometry for fundamental studies in nuclear and particle physics has not been proven yet to be universal. This has motivated the construction of a Penning-trap facility aiming at the implementation of a novel detection method, consisting in measuring motional frequencies of singly-charged trapped ions in strong magnetic fields, through the fluorescence photons from the arXiv:1809.09647v1 [physics.ins-det] 25 Sep 2018 2 2 40 + 4s S1=2 !4p P1=2 atomic transition in Ca . The key element of this facility is an open-ring Penning trap, built and fully characterized, which is coupled upstream to a preparation Penning trap similar to those built at Radioactive Ion Beam facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Electron Cooling of Protons in a Nested Penning Trap
    VOLUME 77, NUMBER 10 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2SEPTEMBER 1996 Electron Cooling of Protons in a Nested Penning Trap D. S. Hall and G. Gabrielse Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (Received 28 May 1996) Trapped protons cool via collisions with trapped electrons at 4 K. This first demonstration of sym- pathetic cooling by trapped species of opposite sign of charge utilizes a nested Penning trap. The demonstrated interaction of electrons and protons at very low relative velocities, where recombination is predicted to be most rapid, indicates that this may be a route towards the study of low temperature recombination. The production of cold antihydrogen is of particular interest, and electron cooling of highly stripped ions may also be possible. [S0031-9007(96)01109-X] PACS numbers: 34.80.Bm, 32.80.Pj, 52.25.Wz, 71.60.+z Interesting features of low temperature recombination low enough to avoid the annihilation of antihydrogen. (A processes have been calculated but not yet explored ex- pressure below 5 3 10217 Torr has been demonstrated in perimentally. For example, the rate for three body re- a similar apparatus [8].) combination of antiprotons (pÅ ) and positrons (e1) to form The nested Penning trap has some advantages over antihydrogen (H),Å two possible alternatives, even though in principle these alternatives permit oppositely charged species to interact pÅ 1 e1 1 e1 ! HÅ 1 e1, (1) continuously at the lowest energy that can be attained. As is predicted to increase by up to 8 orders of magni- reported recently in this journal [10], hot positive ions in tude when the temperature of interacting antiproton and a Penning trap have been simultaneously confined with positron plasmas decreases from 300 to 4.2 K [1–3].
    [Show full text]
  • M T T F Mass Spectrometry of Proteins, Peptides and Other Proteins
    MttfMass spectrometry of proteins, peptides and other analytes: principles and priilincipal meth hdods MttRMatt Ren frow January 7, 2011 Objectives of the Lecture 1. MkMake ions 2. Separate/Analyze 3. Detect ions 4. What is mass resolution and mass accuracy? What does a mass spectrometer do? 1. It measures mass better than any other technique. 2. It can give information about chemical structures. What are mass measurements good for? To identify, verify, and quantitate: metabolites, recombinant proteins, proteins isolated from natural sources, oligonucleotides, drug candidates, peptides, synthetic organic chemicals, polymers How is mass defined? Assigning numerical value to the intrinsic property of “mass” is based on using carbon-12, 12CasaC, as a reference point. One unit of mass is defined as a Dalton (Da). One Da lton is de fine d as 1/12 t he mass o f a s ing le carbon-12 atom. Thus, one 12C atom has a mass of 12.0000 Da. Isotopes +Most elements have more than one stable isotope. For example, most carbon atoms have a mass of 12 Da, but in nature, 1.1% of C atoms have an extra neutron, making their mass 13 Da. +Why do we care? Mass spec trome ters can “ see” i so tope peak s if th ei r resol uti on is high enough. If an MS instrument has resolution higggh enough to resolve these isotopes, better mass accuracy is achieved. Stable isotopes of most abundant elements of peptides Element Mass Abundance H 1.0078 99.985% 2.0141 0.015 C 12.0000 98.89 13.0034 1.11 N 14.0031 99.64 15.
    [Show full text]
  • An On-Line Penning Trap for Mass Spectrometry on Short-Lived Nuclides
    Eur. Phys. J. A 35, 1–29 (2008) THE EUROPEAN DOI 10.1140/epja/i2007-10528-9 PHYSICAL JOURNAL A Regular Article – Experimental Physics ISOLTRAP: An on-line Penning trap for mass spectrometry on short-lived nuclides M. Mukherjee1,a, D. Beck1, K. Blaum1,2,3,b, G. Bollen4, J. Dilling5, S. George1,2, F. Herfurth1, A. Herlert6,7, A. Kellerbauer3, H.-J. Kluge1,8, S. Schwarz4, L. Schweikhard7, and C. Yazidjian1 1 GSI, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany 2 Institut f¨ur Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit¨at, 55099 Mainz, Germany 3 Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, PO Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany 4 NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1321, USA 5 TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada 6 Department of Physics, CERN, 1211 Gen`eve 23, Switzerland 7 Institut f¨ur Physik, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universit¨at, 17487 Greifswald, Germany 8 Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universit¨at, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Received: 10 May 2007 / Revised: 7 December 2007 Published online: 27 February 2008 – c Societ`aItaliana di Fisica / Springer-Verlag 2008 Communicated by C. Signorini Abstract. ISOLTRAP is a Penning trap mass spectrometer for high-precision mass measurements on short-lived nuclides installed at the on-line isotope separator ISOLDE at CERN. The masses of close to 300 radionuclides have been determined up to now. The applicability of Penning trap mass spectrometry to mass measurements of exotic nuclei has been extended considerably at ISOLTRAP by improving and developing this double Penning trap mass spectrometer over the past two decades. The accurate determination of nuclear binding energies far from stability includes nuclei that are produced at rates less than 100 ions/s and with half-lives well below 100 ms.
    [Show full text]