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Centenary of Pentecostalism in Ghana (1917–2017): a Case Study of Christ Apostolic Church International

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Centenary of Pentecostalism in Ghana (1917–2017): a Case Study of Christ Apostolic Church International HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 8 Original Research Centenary of Pentecostalism in Ghana (1917–2017): A case study of Christ Apostolic Church International Author: Centenary celebrations in every organisation are approached with joy and reflection of the past, 1 Peter White present, impact on society and planning for the years ahead. The Christ Apostolic Church Affiliation: International (CACI), which is acknowledged by Ghanaian Pentecostals as the mother of 1Department of Science Pentecostalism, celebrated its Centenary of Pentecostalism in 2017. Having come this far and being of Religion and Missiology, acknowledged as the pioneer of classical Pentecostalism in Ghana, it is very important that issues Faculty of Theology and concerning the church, its leadership and impact on society are discussed and properly recorded Religion, University of Pretoria, South Africa for future reference. Although some Ghanaian Pentecostal scholars did their best to document some aspects of history of CACI, their focus was limited to the early history of the church and the Research Project Registration: ministry of Apostle Peter Newman Anim. This article contributes to the existing missional and Project Leader: N. Niemandt historical literature on CACI by bringing on board some of the historical gaps. This article also Project Number: 04317734 discusses the miraculous dispensation in CACI, their leadership and administrative structure, Description: their growth and challenges as well as their religio-social and economic impact in Ghana. Dr White is participating in the research project, ‘Ecodomy’, directed by Prof. Dr Nelus Niemandt, Introduction Department of Science of The Christ Apostolic Church International (CACI) takes pride in being the church that spearheaded Religion and Missiology, Faculty of Theology and the Pentecostal phenomenon in Ghana in the Classical Pentecostal Churches. The church is also Religion, University of accorded the recognition of being the first church in Ghana to have a similar experience of fire Pretoria. descending upon their church building at Asamankese on 23 May 1923 as it happened in Acts 1:1–3 (CACI 2016:2, 12; 2017a:8–9). Corresponding author: Peter White, [email protected] Although some Ghanaian Pentecostal scholars, such as Debrunner (1967), Larbi (2001), Asamoah- Gyadu (2005) and Omenyo (2006), did their best to document some aspects of history of CACI, Dates: their focus was limited to the early history of the church and the ministry of Apostle Peter Received: 16 July 2018 Newman Anim. This article contributes to the existing missional and historical literature on CACI Accepted: 05 Nov. 2018 Published: 31 Jan. 2019 by bringing on board some of the historical gaps in the work of the above scholars. The article also discusses the miraculous dispensation in CACI, its leadership and administrative structure, its How to cite this article: growth and challenges as well as its religio-social and economic impact in Ghana. White, P., 2019, ‘Centenary of Pentecostalism in Ghana (1917–2017): A case study The study used literature study, historical method and observations as tools for data gathering, of Christ Apostolic Church and the issues were discussed thematically. International’,HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 75(4), a5185. https://doi. Brief background of Apostle Newman Peter Anim org/10.4102/hts.v75i4.5185 Apostle Newman Peter Anim (father of Ghanaian Pentecostalism), formally known as Kwaku Copyright: Anim Mensah (also known as Kwaku Manasseh), was born on 04 February 1890 to Mr Simon © 2019. The Authors. Appiagyei and Madam Annah Lartebea of Boso in the Eastern Region of Ghana. He was the third Licensee: AOSIS. This work of six children. is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. Newman had his lower primary education at the Basel Mission School at Boso in the Eastern region of Ghana from standards 1–3. He then continued his upper primary education at Anum Basel Mission from standard 4 to standard 7, finishing in 1908 (CACI 2017a:7). In 1911 he joined his brother at Amonokrom (Akuapem) and assisted him in his carpentry workshop. Later in the same year, he left for Pakro to work with the Basel Mission Factory as a weighing clerk. He left this job in 1912 because of ill health and later in 1914 became a bricklayer. Newman finally left for Boso in 1916 and married Madam Dora Sakyibea the same year. Their Read online: marriage was blessed with four daughters, three of whom died in rapid succession during their Scan this QR code with your infancy. Madam Dora Sakyibea died in 1920 after a short illness, and the remaining daughter died smart phone or mobile device not long afterwards. Newman then married Madam Esther Osimpo and out of that wedlock was to read online. Note: HTS 75th Anniversary Maake Masango Dedication. http://www.hts.org.za Open Access Page 2 of 8 Original Research born Moses Appea-Anim, his only son and surviving child. Asare and several converts were won. The healing and Madam Esther Anim also died in 1967 (CACI 2017a:8). evangelistic activities of Anim attracted the attention of the then traditional chief of Asamankese, Nana Kwaku Amoah. Prior to Apostle Anim’s Pentecostal orientation, he was a Consequently, he offered them a parcel of land upon which Presbyterian but later resigned from the church because of they constructed their first new church building. The first the influence he had from The Sword of the Spirit magazine, church building of CACI was built in 1923 at Asamankese in which was in circulation in Ghana. This magazine was edited the Eastern Region of Ghana. On 25 May 1923, the Holy Spirit by Pastor James Ambrose Clark, founder of the Faith revealed himself on top of the new church building in Tabernacle ministry, Philadelphia (CACI Adult Sunday the form of fire during a 5-week revival at Asamankese. By School Manual 2016:15). The insight gained from the reading 1923 Anim’s movement had witnessed considerable growth of The Sword of the Spirit magazine informed Apostle Anim’s (CACI Adult Sunday School Manual 2016:11). decision for the formation of the Unity Prayer Group in 1917, which later became the CACI (CACI 2017a:8). In 1930, Apostle Anim stopped affiliating with the Faith Tabernacle because they did not believe in the speaking of On the advice of his mentor Pastor Clark of the Faith tongues. He therefore sought for affiliation with the Apostolic Tabernacle Church, Anim submitted himself for water Faith founded by Pastor Florence Louise Crawford to know baptism by immersion on 03 December 1923. The baptism more about baptism of the Holy Spirit and the gift of speaking was administered by elder I.L. Bennet, one of his associates. in tongues (CACI Adult Sunday School Manual 2016:12). The Anim then added the name ‘Newman’ to his name to signify name of Anim’s church was then changed from the Faith his new life found in Jesus Christ. Apostle Anim then Tabernacle Church to the Apostolic Church. continued his ministry until 1957 when he was forced into premature retirement as the head and spiritual leader of the A major event that increased the publicity of Anim’s church. He was later reinstated in 1960 as spiritual leader and organisation was the outbreak of the phenomenon referred Executive President of the CACI. Apostle Anim passed on to to as Holy Spirit outpouring in 1932. Stephen Owiredu, glory in 1984 (CACI 2017a:8–10). a member of Anim’s group, went into the bush at his Brekumanso village farm, which is near Asamankese, to pray The Christ Apostolic Church for one of his twin babies who was sick. It was during International the prayers that he had the extraordinary experience that Pentecostals refer to as the baptism of the Holy Spirit. When The Christ Apostolic Church as known today started in this news got to Anim at Asamankese, he and two brothers, 1917 as the Unity Prayer Group and was later called the Faith Danso and Abokyi, and two sisters, Comfort Nyakoah and Tabernacle Church because of the initial affiliation of Anim’s Oparebea, went to the village. A prayer meeting was held at prayer group to the Faith Tabernacle ministry, Philadelphia. the village during which the two sons of Owiredu and the Although The Faith Tabernacle was not a Pentecostal two sisters, who accompanied Anim, also experienced organisation, it had a strong emphasis on faith healing and baptism of the Holy Spirit (Shaw-Taylor 2014:4). holiness (CACI Adult Sunday School Manual 2016:12). Apostle Peter Newman Anim and his group are credited In 1936, Pastor Vivian Wellings, the then Missionary Secretary with the origins of classical Pentecostalism in Ghana (Larbi of the church in Bradford, visited the infant Apostolic Church 2001:32–33). Five years prior to the arrival of the first at Asamankese. On his return to Bradford, England, he Pentecostal missionary from Europe in September 1932, Peter recommended that a resident missionary should be sent to Anim and his Tabernacle Church were believed to have Asamankese because the new church was growing at a fast experienced baptism in the Holy Spirit. This experience is rate. On 02 March 1937, Pastor James McKeown arrived in now being referred to as the ‘Dispensation of the Holy Spirit what was then known as the Gold Coast to take up the mantle in Ghana’ (Atiemo 1993:21–22; Debrunner 1967:324). as the first resident missionary and direct associate of Apostle Anim (Debrunner 1967:324; Omenyo 2006:94–95). The first generation of CACI members started the church as a prayer group. Prayer meetings were first held in Madam Pastor James McKeown was taken ill with malaria. A Dansoaa’s house, and again in elder Asare Kwabena’s house controversy broke out over his being taken to the Ridge at Asamankese in the Eastern region of Ghana.
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