Ekonomporträttet: Herman Wold (1908–1992)

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Ekonomporträttet: Herman Wold (1908–1992) RAGNAR BENTZEL Ekonomporträttet: Herman Wold (1908–1992) Herman Wold måste sägas vara en av Sveriges mest inflytelserika ekonomer i modern tid. Han gjorde banbrytande insatser inom en rad centrala områden, främst vad gäller statistik, ekonometri och konsumtionsteori, och många av hans skrifter är fortfarande standard- referenser i den internationella litteraturen. Herman Wold fick aldrig det Nobelpris och efter studentexamen påbörjade han som han så hett eftertraktade. Själv var sina universitetsstudier i Stockholm. Där han övertygad om att han förr eller senare ägnade han sig åt matematik och matema- skulle få ett sådant pris och det var en tisk statistik under ledning av Harald svår besvikelse för honom att han aldrig Cramér. Han disputerade för doktorsgra- förunnades denna utmärkelse. Besvikel- den 1938, vilket renderade honom en do- sen blev inte mindre när hans vetenskap- centur vid Stockholms Högskola. lige ”motståndare” Tryggve Haavelmo Wold gjorde en snabb karriär och ut- prisbelönades år 1989. nämndes till professor i statistik vid Det är många som anser att Wold av Uppsala Universitet år 1942. Den tjänsten Vetenskapsakademien behandlades lite behöll han fram till 1970, då han flyttade snålt och att han borde blivit prisbelönad, till Göteborgs Universitet.1 Där stannade eventuellt tillsammans med Haavelmo han till sin pensionering fem år senare. och/eller någon annan. Kanske är den kri- Som pensionär återvände han till Uppsala tiken berättigad, kanske inte. Klart är Universitet. Han avled 1992. dock, att Wolds vetenskapliga meriter var av en sådan dignitet, att ett pris till honom Avhandlingen vore fullt tänkbart, men konkurrensen var hård. Doktorsavhandlingen från 1938, A Study Icke desto mindre kunde han se till- in the Analysis of Stationary Time Series, baka på en lysande akademisk karriär. var ett arbete av hög internationell klass. Han föddes i Norge år 1908. Som norr- Den innehåller bland mycket annat två man blev han dock inte gammal; familjen vid den tiden nya, viktiga, teorem. Det Wold emigrerade nämligen till Sverige ena av dessa visar villkoren för stationari- fyra år därefter. Sin elementära skolut- tet i vissa stokastiska processer. Det andra bildning fick Herman i Skara läroverk teoremet säger att en stationär stokastisk process kan dekomponeras i ett löpande medeltal av stokastiska variabler samt en RAGNAR BENTZEL är professor summa av tidigare bestämda (predetermi- emeritus i nationalekonomi vid nerade) variabler. Uppsala Universitet. Han har i sin forskning bland annat ägnat sig åt ekonometri, ekonomisk tillväxt och 1 Anledningen till Wolds övergång till Göte- strukturfrågor. borg är höljd i djupt dunkel. Många frågade honom därom, men alla fick olika svar. Ekonomisk Debatt 1997, årg 25, nr 8 473 Ragnar Bentzel Wolds nu nämnda teorem är grundläg- grabilitetsvillkoret är uppfyllt samt vidare gande för teorin för stokastiska processer att de teorier som inte förutsätter existen- och de citeras alltjämt ofta. Kanske är det sen av en nyttofunktion ledde till mot- till och med Wolds allra mest betydande sägelser, om inte detta villkor är uppfyllt.3 vetenskapliga insats. Desto märkligare är I ett nyutkommet arbete av A. Beardon det att Wold själv, som annars gärna tala- och G. Mehta (Econometrica, 1994) visas de om sina arbeten, nästan aldrig nämnde f ö att Wolds bevis är betydligt generella- dessa teorem. re än vad som tidigare framgått av littera- turen. Konsumtionsteori Rekursiva system Av jordbruksdepartementet fick Wold vid trettiotalets slut i uppdrag att undersöka År 1943 publicerade Tryggve Haavelmo pris- och inkomstelasticiteter for jordbru- ett arbete som kom att få en väldig ge- kets basprodukter. Detta resulterade i en nomslagskraft på ekonometrisk forsk- skrift, Efterfrågan på jordbruksprodukter ning. Hans tes var att minsta kvadratme- och dessas känslighet för pris- och in- toden, som tidigare varit standard vid pa- komstförändringar (SOU 1940:16). Wold rameteruppskattningar, gav felaktigt re- tillämpade där dåtidens standardmetod, sultat i de fall då det förelåg interdepen- multipel regression. Några teoretiska eller dens mellan de i ekvationen förekomman- metodologiska nyheter var det därvid de variablerna. För att undvika denna typ knappast tal om mer än möjligen sam- av bias måste man behandla två eller flera mankopplingen av analysresultaten base- ekvationer simultant. Haavelmo införde rade på budgetdata och tidsseriedata. samtidigt ett mer renodlat sannolikhets- Detta arbete väckte emellertid Wolds teoretiskt betraktelsesätt än vad man tidi- intresse för konsumtionsteorin och åren gare tillämpat genom att explicit införa 1943 och 1944 publicerade han en serie stokastiska restvariabler i ekvationerna på tre skrifter med titeln ”A Synthesis of och lägga de för uppskattningsförfarandet Pure Demand Analysis I – III” (Skandina- nödvändiga antagandena på dessa varia- visk Aktuarietidskrift 1943 och 1944). bler. Detta är en strikt och elegant axiomatisk Haavelmos förfarande anammades framställning av neoklassisk konsum- snabbt av forskarvärlden och vidareut- tionsteori och är utan tvivel ett betydande vecklades speciellt av den till Cowles pionjärarbete i flera avseenden. Redan den koncentrerade, strikt matematiska, framställningen var en nyhet för dåtidens 2 Det förefaller troligt att Wolds val av axio- nationalekonomer; den frankom ju 3 à 4 matisk form inspirerats av Kolmogoroffs av år före Samuelsons Foundations.2 Wold mycket beundrade, axiomatiska fram- De tre skrifterna från 1943 och 1944 ställning av sannolikhetsteorin. är, som framgår av titlarna, en syntes av 3 Integrabilitetsvillkorets innebörd kan ut- tidigare konsumtionsteoretiska arbeten av tryckas på olika sätt. Matematiskt betyder det en rad forskare såsom Volterna, Pareto, att en linjär differentialekvation av första ord- Hicks och Allen. De innehåller därjämte ningen skall kunna integreras, vilket inom flera viktiga vetenskapliga nyheter. konsumtionsteorin innebär att den differential- ekvation som beskriver ett preferensfält skall Främst bör kanske nämnas beviset för kunna integreras till en ordinal nyttofunktion. existensen av en kontinuerlig nyttofunk- Villkoret kan också ses som ett krav på att ett tion i ett preferensfält samt bevisen för att givet system av efterfrågefunktioner, skall de ovan nämnda forskarnas ansatser är kunna härledas från en ordinal nyttofunktion ekvivalenta under förutsättning att inte- via nyttomaximering. 474 Ekonomisk Debatt 1997, årg 25, nr 8 Ekonomporträttet: Herman Wold (1908–1992) Commission knutna forskarstaben, inklu- Huvudparten av boken innehåller emel- sive Tjalling Koopmans, Jacob Marshak lertid åtskilliga vetenskapliga nyheter. och Lawrence Klein. Man utgick därvid Det var i ”Demand analysis” som Wold från antagandet att jämvikt råder och att först gav en sammanhängande redogörel- därför efterfrågan är lika med utbudet, se för sin inställning till kausaliteten i förväntade värden lika med realiserade, ekonomiska ekvationer och till sin negati- etc. Det är i själva verket sådana jäm- va inställning till interdependenta system. viktsantaganden som förorsakar den in- Han hade ingenting till övers för sådana, terdependens mellan variablerna, som var han kunde inte acceptera de dubbelrikta- själva kärnpunkten i Haavelmos ansats. de orsakssambanden. Sådana var för ho- Konstigt nog var det ingen av pionjä- nom en styggelse. Om variabeln x be- rerna för detta nya betraktelsesätt, som stämdes av variabeln y så var det, enligt tog upp de två grundläggande frågorna hans sätt att se saken, inte logiskt möjligt vad det är för egenskaper hos ett ekva- att variabeln y samtidigt kunde bestäm- tionssystem, som förorsakar interdepen- mas av variabeln x. Han menade att man dens och hur dessa egenskaper klaffar uteslutande skulle laborera med kausala med de utnyttjade statistiska materialet. enkelriktade ekvationer och s k rekursiva Dessa frågor restes först av Wold och en system. av hans elever, vars namn min blygsam- Bokens konsumtionsteoretiska delar är, het förbjuder mig att ens antyda, som i en som nyss påpekats, till stor del en repeti- gemensam skrift visade att sådan interde- tion av det som stått i Wolds tre tidigare pendens inte uppstod i s k rekursiva sys- skrifter ”A synthesis I–III”. Framställ- tem av kausala relationer (Skandinavisk ningen där innehåller dock en mängd ny- Aktuarietidskrift 1946). I sådana system heter, såsom exempelvis de pedagogiskt förekommer inga dubbelriktade samband; skickliga diskussionerna om Giffens pa- de endogena variablerna bestäms succes- radox och integrabilitetsvillkoret. sivt samtidigt som restvariablerna är I bokens kapitel om stokastiska proces- okorrelerade med varandra och oberoen- ser fastnar man för den eleganta illustra- de av de bestämmande variablerna i sam- tionen till fyra av sannolikhetsteorins ma ekvation. I matematiskt språk betyder klassiska teorier: De stora talens lag, det detta att matrisen för de endogena, icke centrala gränsteoremet, den starka lagen laggade variablerna är triangulär och att om stora tal samt lagen om den itererade restvariablerna bildar en diagonalmatris. logaritmen. Man finner också ett viktigt teorem som säger att varje flerdimensio- Demand Analysis nell tidsserie kan betraktas som genererad av ett system av differensekvationer av År 1952 publicerade Wold sitt ”magnum rekursiv typ (detta är en utvidgning av opus” Demand Analysis, en bok som blev doktorsavhandlingens dekomponeringste- internationellt mycket uppmärksammad orem). och kan betecknas som ett standardverk Bland övriga nyheter i boken impone- på området.
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