Statistics in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences

154

STATISTICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

William Kruskal, University of Chicago

A,number of interesting problems ESTIMATION have been faced in planning the sixty - I Point estimation odd statistical articles for the forth- (D. L. Burkholder) coming International Encyclopedia of the II Confidence intervals and regions Social Sciences. An encyclopedia has (J. Pfanzagl) many functions, and users approach it EVIDENCE, STATISTICS AS LEGAL in many ways. Should articles be pri- (Hans Zeisel) marily essays about parts of statistics, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN without attempt at full coverage? I The design of experiments Should articles be handbook -like terse (William G. Cochran) summaries? How should controversial II Response surfaces (George E. P. areas, and widely differing viewpoints Box) towards statistics be treated? What III Quasi- experimental design about level of exposition? Following (Donald T. Campbell) discussion of such issues, brief des- IV Social experiments (Fred L. criptions were given of the intensive Strodtbeck) work on accuracy, clarity of exposition, EXPLANATION (Sidney Morgenbesser) etc., and of the structure of the sta- FACTOR ANALYSIS tistical topics to be treated. I Statistical aspects (A. E. Maxwell) PRELIMINARY LIST OF STATISTICS AND II Psychological applications STATISTICS - RELATED ARTICLES IN THE (Lloyd G. Humphreys) INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE FALLACIES, STATISTICAL (Irving John Good) SOCIAL SCIENCES FIDUCIAL INFERENCE (R. A. Fisher) GEOGRAPHY: Statistical Geography Topical Articles (Brian J. L. Berry) GOODNESS OF FIT (Herbert T. David) BAYESIAN INFERENCE (Harry V. Roberts) GOVERNMENT STATISTICS (Nathan Keyfitz) CAUSATION (Herbert A. Simon) GRAPHICS (Calvin F. Schmid) CENSUS (Conrad Taeuber) HYPOTHESIS TESTING (E. L. Lehmann) CLUSTERING (David Wallace) IDENTIFIABILITY, STATISTICAL COHORT ANALYSIS (Norman B. Ryder) (Olav Reiersg(l) COMPUTATION (Robert L. Ashenhurst) INDEX NUMBERS CONCENTRATION CURVES (P. C. Mahalanobis) I Theoretical aspects (Erik Ruist) CONTENT ANALYSIS (Matilda W. Riley & II Practical applications (Ethel D. Clarice S. Stoll) Hoover) COUNTED DATA (Douglas G. Chapman) III Sampling (Philip J. McCarthy) CROSS- SECTION ANALYSIS (Yair Mundlak) LATENT STRUCTURE (Albert Madansky) CYBERNETICS (M. E. Maron) LIFE TABLES (Mortimer Spiegelman) DECISION THEORY (Herman Chernoff) LIKELIHOOD (Allan Birnbaum) DISTRIBUTIONS, STATISTICAL LINEAR HYPOTHESES I Special discrete distributions I Regression (E. J. Williams) (Frank A. Haight) II Analysis of variance II Special continuous distributions (Julian C. Stanley) (Donald B. Owen) III Multiple comparisons (Peter III Approximations to distributions Nemenyi) (N. L. Johnson) MARKOV CHAINS (Patrick Billingsley) IV Mixtures of distributions MATHEMATICS (R. Duncan Luce & (Wallace R. Blischke) Patrick Suppes) ERRORS MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS I Nonsampling errors I Overview (Ralph A. Bradley) (Frederick Mosteller) II Correlation (Harold Hotelling) II Effects of errors in statistical III Discriminant functions assumptions (Robert M. Elashoff) (T. W. Anderson) 155

NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS III Concepts and indices I The field (I. Richard Savage) (Allen H. Barton) II Order statistics (Bernard G. IV Panel analysis (Lee M. Wiggins) Greenberg) V Reasons analysis (Charles III Runs (P. G. Moore) Kadushin) IV Ranking methods (Herbert A. VI Facet analysis (Louis Guttman) David) VII Applications in economics PREDICTION (Karl F. Schuessler) (James N. Morgan) PROBABILITY TABULAR PRESENTATION (James A. Davis) I Formal probability (Gottfried E. TIME SERIES Noether) I General (Gerhard Tintner) II Interpretations (Bruno de II Advanced problems (P. Whittle) Finetti) III Cycles (Herman Wold) PROGRAMMING (Richard E. Quandt) IV Seasonal adjustment (Julius PSYCHOMETRICS (Edward E. Cureton) Shiskin) QUALITY CONTROL, STATISTICAL VARIANCES, STATISTICAL STUDY OF I Acceptance sampling (H. R. Van der Vaart) (H. C. Hamaker) II Control charts (E. S. Page) Biographical Articles III Reliability and life testing (Marvin Zelen) Babbage, Charles, 1792 -1871 (Philip QUANTAL RESPONSE (Byron W. Brown, Jr.) Morrison & Emily Morrison) QUEUES (D. R. Cox) Bayes, Thomas, 1701 or 1702 -1761 RANDOM NUMBERS (Mervin E. Muller) (G. A. Barnard) RANK --SIZE RELATIONS (Anatol Rapoport) Benini, Rodolfo, 1862 -1956 (Klaus - RESPONSE SETS (Samuel Messick) Peter Heiss) SAMPLE SURVEYS Bernoulli Family, The (Joachim Otto I The field (W. Edwards Deming) Fleckenstein) II Nonprobability sampling Bienaymg, Jules, 1796 -1878 (Alan Stuart) (Daniel Dugug) SCALING (Warren S. Torgerson) Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von, 1868 -1931 SCREENING AND SELECTION (C. W. Dunnett) (E. J. Gumbel) SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS (P. Armitage) De Moivre, Abraham, 1667 -1754 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION ESTIMATION (Hilary L. Seal) (Lawrence Klein) Fisher, R. A., 1890 -1962 (Maurice STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, SPECIAL PROBLEMS Bartlett) OF Galton, Francis, 1822 -1911 (Florence N. I Outliers (F. J. Anscombe) David) II Transformation of data Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 1777 -1855 (F. J. Anscombe) (Churchill Eisenhart) III Grouped observations Gini, Corrado, 1884 - (N. F. Gjeddeback) (Tommaso Salvemini) IV Truncation and censorship Girshick, Meyer A., 1908 -1955 (Lincoln E. Moses) (Albert H. Bowker) STATISTICS Gosset, William Sealy, 1876 -1937 I The field (William H. Kruskal) (J. 0. Irwin) II The history of statistical Graunt, John, 1620 -1674 (B. Benjamin) method (M. G. Kendall) Kelley, Truman L., 1884 -1961 STATISTICS, DESCRIPTIVE (David V. Tiedeman) I Location and dispersion Keynes, John Maynard, 1883 -1946 (Hans Kellerer) I Contributions to economics II Association (Robert H. Somers) (Roy Harrod) SUFFICIENCY (J. L. Hodges, Jr.) II Contributions to statistics SURVEY ANALYSIS (Dennis V. Lindley) I Methods of survey analysis Kórósi, Jozsef, 1844 -1906 (Hanan C. Selvin) (D. L. Thirring) II The analysis of attribute data Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 1749 -1827 (Paul F. Lazarsfeld) (Maurice Fréchet) 156

Lexis, Wilhelm, 1837 -1914 (R. K. Bauer) Süssmilch, Johann Peter, 1707 -1767 Lotka, Alfred J., 1880 -1949 (I. Esenwein- Rothe) (Joseph J. Spengler) Von Mises, Richard, 1883 -1953 Pearson, Karl, 1857 -1936 (Helen M. (Hilda Geiringer) Walker) Von Neumann, John, 1903 -1957 Petty, William, 1623 -1687 (Oskar Morgenstern) (Phyllis Deane) Wald, Abraham, 1902 -1950 Poisson, Siméon Denis, 1781 -1840 (Harold A. Freeman) (Robert Féron) Wiener, Norbert, 1894 -1964 (M. E. Maron) Quetelet, Adolphe, 1796 -1874 Wilks, S. S., 1907 -1964 (Paul F. Lazarsfeld) (Frederick Mosteller) Spearman, C. E., 1863 -1945 (Raymond B. Willcox, Walter F., 1861 -1964 Cattell) (Frank Notestein) Stouffer, Samuel A., 1900 -1960 Yule, G. Udny, 1871 -1951 (M. Brewster Smith) (M. G. Kendall)