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Ingredients for a Tropical Cyclone /Typhoon

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Saffir-Simpson Tropical Cyclone Scale Examples of Satellite Imagery for Potential Damages Examples of Damage for Each (STCS) Each Category (structures, infrastructure, and vegetation) Category Tropical Storm Category A STCS is a scale that relates maximum tropical cyclone Damage only to the flimsiest lean-to type structure. TS CAT B TY CAT 1 Tropical cyclone is a general term that refers to Minor damage to banana and papaya trees. surface winds to potential damage and storm surge. A tropical depressions, tropical storms, and typhoons. similar scale has been used in the Atlantic for three decades. Guard and Lander (1999) adapted the Tropical Storm Category B TS CAT A TS CAT B Atlantic scale to tropical regions and added a tropical Major damage to huts made of thatch or loosely attached storm scale. STCS considers: tropical building corrugated sheet metal or plywood; sheet metal and materials/practices; tropical vegetation/agriculture; plywood may become airborne. Minor damage to weakening effects of termites, wood rot, salt spray; buildings of light materials. Moderate damage to banana and effects of the coral reefs on storm surge. and papaya trees. Damage to banana trees Weakened, unguyed Two tropical storm categories; five typhoon categories Typhoon Category 1 wooden power poles Corrugated metal and plywood stripped from poorly can break Note: Categories are based on 1-min. average maximum constructed or termite infested structures and may become sustained winds (MSW) and it’s corresponding 1-3 airborne. Few wooden, non-reinforced power poles tilted TY CAT 2 TY CAT 3 second peak gust. and some rotten power poles broken. Less than 10% Tropical Depression Tropical Storm Faxai defoliation of trees/shrubs. Palm fronds begin to break. 30 mph Dec 2001 50 mph Tropical Storm Categories Typhoon Category 2 TY CAT 1 TY CAT 2 1) Tropical Storm Category A: “Weak Tropical Storm” Damage to wooden and tin roofs and other structures of MSW: 30-49 mph (26-43 kt) termite infested or rotted wood. Considerable damage to Peak Gust: 40-64 mph (33-56 kt) structures made of light materials. Several rotten wooden power poles snapped and many non-reinforced power 2) Tropical Storm Category B: “Severe Tropical Storm” poles tilted. Some secondary power lines down. 10-30% MSW: 50-73 mph (44-63 kt) defoliation of trees/shrubs. Peak Gust: 65-94 mph (57-81 kt) Weakened wood and tin Palms can lose crowns Typhoon Category 3 roofs can fail at about 115mph (100kt) Extensive damage to wooden structures weakened by Typhoon Categories Typhoon Lupit Typhoon Chata’an TY CAT 3 TY CAT 4 Nov 2003 75 mph July 2002 100 mph termite infestation, wet and dry wood rot, and corroded 1) Typhoon Category 1: “Minimal Typhoon” roof straps. Structures made of light material may be MSW: 74-95 mph (64-82 kt) TY CAT 3 TY CAT 4 destroyed. Some roof, window, and door damage to well- Peak Gust: 95-120 mph (82-105 kt) built, wooden and metal buildings. Air full of small flying debris. Few hollowed-spun concrete power poles broken 2) Typhoon Category 2: “Moderate Typhoon” or tilted and many non-reinforced wooden power poles MSW: 96-110 mph (83-95 kt) blown down or broken. Many secondary power lines Peak Gust: 121-139 mph (106-121 kt) down. Palm trees begin to lose crowns; 30-50% defoliation of trees/shrubs. Poorly reinforced Cars in parking lots 3) Typhoon Category 3: “Strong Typhoon Typhoon Category 4 hollow-block walls can near buildings can be MSW: 111-129 mph (96-112 kt) topple overturned Typhoon Sudal Typhoon Paka Many well-built wooden or tin homes damaged or Peak Gust: 140-164 mph (122-142 kt) Apr 2004 125 mph Dec 1997 150 mph destroyed and complete destruction of buildings made of TY CAT 4 TY CAT 4-5 4) Typhoon Category 4: “Very Strong Typhoon” light materials. Extensive damage to non-concrete roofs. MSW: 130-156 mph (113-136 kt) TY CAT 5 TY CAT 5 Eye Some reinforced hollow-spun concrete and many Peak Gust: 165-198 mph (143- 173 kt) reinforced wooden power poles blown down with numerous secondary power lines downed. Trees/shrubs 5) Typhoon Category 5: “Devastating Typhoon” 50-90% defoliated; trees begin to lose bark. MSW: 157-194 mph (137-170 kt) Peak Gust: 199-246 mph (174-216 kt) Typhoon Category 5 Total failure of non-concrete reinforced roofs. Extensive or total destruction to non-concrete residence and Ingredients needed for a Tropical Storm or Typhoon Tops of empty fuel Trees defoliated, stubby, industrial buildings. Severe damage to some solid Super Typhoon Lupit Eye of Super Typhoon concrete poles, to numerous reinforced hollow-spun storage tanks can be with bark sandblasted A pre-existing disturbance—large area of persistent, stripped away loosely organized thunderstorms. Nov 2003 165 mph Yuri Nov 1991 175 mph concrete power poles, to many steel towers and virtually all wooden poles. All secondary power lines, most Warm ocean water—temp at least 80 degrees F down The term ‘Super Typhoon”, while not an official term, primary power lines downed. Considerable glass failures to a depth of 150 ft. is commonly used to refer to typhoons with maximum due to flying debris and explosive pressure caused by sustained surface winds ≥150 mph (≥130 kt). extreme wind gusts; well constructed storm shutters fail. Light upper level winds—little or no vertical wind Trees devoid of all but largest stubby and sandblasted shear, which degrades the tropical cyclone structure. branches; up to 100% defoliation. Large airborne debris. Coastal Inundation and Wave Action Examples of Storm Surge for Each Conditions of Readiness vs Watches and Warnings Are You Prepared for a Category Set by Local Government Set by National Weather Tropical Storm Category A Service Typhoon? Storm surge is the rise in water level above the normal On windward coasts, sea level rise less than 2 ft. above normal Condition 4: damaging winds --------------------------- in open bays and inlets. Breaking waves inside bays can reach tide level due to a combination of: waves and swells possible within (w/i) 72 2-3 ft.; less than 1 ft. over reefs. Rough surf at reef margin with caused by stress from the strong winds; and, reduced Reading this will help! moderately strong along-shore (rip) currents inside reef. weight of the atmosphere pushing down on the ocean hours caused by the low pressure of the typhoon. Tropical Storm Category B Condition 3: damaging winds Watch: damaging winds On windward coasts, sea level rise of 2-4 ft. above normal in TS CAT B TS CAT B-TY CAT 1 possible w/i 48 hours possible w/i 48 hours; tropical storm or typhoon open bays and inlets. Breaking waves inside bays can reach 3-5 ft.; 1-2 ft. additional water over reefs. Waves can inundate low- lying coastal areas below 2 ft. on windward locations where Condition 2: damaging winds Warning: damaging winds reefs are narrow. Very rough surf at reef margin with strong expected w/i 24 hours expected w/i 24 hours; along-shore rip currents inside reefs. tropical storm or typhoon Typhoon Category 1 Condition 1: damaging winds --------------------------- On windward coasts, sea level rise of 4-6 ft above normal in Some near-coastal Waves breaking across expected w/i 12 hours or are open bays and inlets. Breaking waves inside bays can reach 5-7 erosion at high tide coral reef flats occurring ft; 2-3 ft. Additional water across reef. Waves may inundate low-lying coastal roads below 2-4 ft on windward locations TY CAT 1-2 TY CAT 2-3 where reefs are narrow. Minor pier damage and small craft in exposed anchorages break moorings. How to prepare for a storm Typhoon Category 2 1. Fill cars up with fuel. On windward coasts, sea level rise of 6-8 ft above normal in 2. Clean yard of potential debris. open bays and inlets. Breaking waves inside bays can reach 7-10 3. Stock up on non-perishable foods and drinking water. ft; water is about 3-5 ft. above normal across reef flats. Waves 4. Obtain batteries, flashlights, and battery-operated will inundate low lying coastal roads below 4-6 ft on windward Coastal erosion under- Coastal damage at Yap radios. locations where reefs are narrow. Some erosion of beach areas, mining inland rocks from Ty Sudal 2003 5. Secure windows; put up or close shutters. Super Typhoon Pongsona over Guam with 150-mph some moderate pier damage and some large boats torn from 6. Remove or secure window air conditioners. moorings. (130-kt) winds 7. Adjust freezer and refrigerator to high and avoid TY CAT 4 TY CAT 4 opening in order to preserve perishable foods. Typhoon Category 3 8. Attain enough fuel for lamps, stoves, and generators. On windward coasts, sea level rise of 8-12 ft above normal in open bays and inlets. Breaking waves inside bay can reach 10- 9. Fill containers with several days of water. 15 ft; water is about 5-8 ft above normal across reef flats. Waves 10. Have rags ready for slow leaks of wind driven water. may inundate low-lying coastal roads below 6-10 ft of elevation 11. Park cars in protected area. on windward locations where reefs are narrow. Considerable beach erosions and many large boats and some large ships torn Boat torn from mooring Constricted bay--Rota What to do during a storm from moorings. during Paka Dec 1997 Ty Pongsona Dec 2002 1. Stay indoors. Typhoon Category 4 TY CAT 4-5 TY CAT 4-5 2. Stay away from windows and sliding glass doors.
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