Allergic and Asthmatic Reactions to Alcoholic Drinks
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Addiction Biology (2003) 8, 3 – 11 INVITED REVIEW Allergic and asthmatic reactions to alcoholic drinks HASSAN VALLY1,2,3 & PHILIP J. THOMPSON3 1Communicable Disease Control Branch, Department of Health, Western Australia, 2National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia and 3Asthma and Allergy Research Institute Inc. and the Cooperative Research Centre for Asthma, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia Abstract Alcoholic drinks are capable of triggering a wide range of allergic and allergic-like responses, including rhinitis, itching, facial swelling, headache, cough and asthma. Limited epidemiological data suggests that many individuals are affected and that sensitivities occur to a variety of drinks, including wine, beer and spirits. In surveys of asthmatics, over 40% reported the triggering of allergic or allergic-like symptoms following alcoholic drink consumption and 30 – 35% reported worsening of their asthma. Sensitivity to ethanol itself can play a role in triggering adverse responses, particularly in Asians, which is due mainly to a reduced capacity to metabolize acetaldehyde. In Caucasians, specific non-alcohol components are the main cause of sensitivities to alcoholic drinks. Allergic sensitivities to specific components of beer, spirits and distilled liquors have been described. Wine is clearly the most commonly reported trigger for adverse responses. Sensitivities to wine appear to be due mainly to pharmacological intolerances to specific components, such as biogenic amines and the sulphite additives. Histamine in wine has been associated with the triggering of a wide spectrum of adverse symptoms, including sneezing, rhinitis, itching, flushing, headache and asthma. The sulphite additives in wine have been associated with triggering asthmatic responses. Clinical studies have confirmed sensitivities to the sulphites in wine in limited numbers of individuals, but the extent to which the sulphites contribute to wine sensitivity overall is not clear. The aetiology of wine-induced asthmatic responses may be complex and may involve several co-factors. Introduction common in those of Asian extraction as well as Although many of the adverse health effects certain populations such as American Indians, associated with alcoholic drink consumption are Eskimos and Mexicans, and is much rarer among well documented,1–3 relatively little is known other ethnic groups.4,5 Alcoholic drinks are, about allergic and allergic-like responses to these however, extremely complex, consisting of many drinks. Sensitivity to alcohol itself (ethanol) has hundreds of components in addition to ethanol. been found to play a role in inducing these types These components play an important role in of reactions; however, this appears to be more determining the flavour and character of these Correspondence to: Hassan Vally, c/o Asthma and Allergy Research Institute Inc, Ground Floor, E Block, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia. Tel: (618) 9346 3198; Fax: (618) 9346 4159; E-mail: [email protected] Received for publication 21st August 2001. Accepted 23rd October 2002. ISSN 1355–6215 print/ISSN 1369-1600 online/03/010003-09 # Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs Taylor & Francis Ltd DOI: 10.1080/1355621031000069828 4 Hassan Vally & Philip J. Thompson drinks6,7 and some of these components have also reported sensitivities to alcoholic drinks, indicat- been linked with the triggering of adverse ing a diverse range of symptoms including responses. For example, sulphite additives and hayfever, cough, facial swelling, itching, eczema histamine have been implicated in sensitivity to and headache as well as asthma.8 Asthma was wine, while allergy to grains and yeast have been once again the most commonly reported symp- suggested as a cause of sensitivity to beer. tom, with 33.1% reporting the triggering of Asthmatics seem to be particularly affected by asthma following alcoholic drink consumption. sensitivities to alcoholic drinks, and in some Asthmatic responses to alcoholic drinks were, in asthmatics these reactions may be severe and the main, rapid in onset ( 5 1hour) and of mild to even life-threatening.8,9 This review discusses our moderate severity, although many individuals current understanding of adverse responses to reported reactions that they considered to be alcoholic drinks that fit the broad definition of severe or very severe. being allergic or allergic-like in nature. Wine was clearly the most commonly reported trigger for asthmatic responses in the survey of community-based asthma patients, with 30.3% Epidemiological studies addressing reporting sensitivities to this drink.8 While there sensitivities to alcoholic drinks were many individuals specifically sensitive to Only three epidemiological studies have ad- either red or white wines, most individuals dressed alcoholic drink sensitivities specifi- reported sensitivities to both, suggesting that a cally.8,10,11 In the first of these, Ayres & Clark10 component present in significant levels in both surveyed a cohort of 168 asthmatics, consisting these wine types was important in triggering primarily of those attending outpatient chest asthma. More detailed analyses of this cohort clinics at four hospitals in the United Kingdom. indicated an association between sensitivity to Those surveyed were asked specifically about the sulphite additive-containing foods and sensitivity triggering of asthma following consumption of to wine, implicating the sulphites in wine as alcoholic drinks. In this study, 32.1% of patients playing an important role in wine-induced reported wheeze associated with alcoholic drink asthma. Although several investigators have consumption, with sensitivities to a variety of suggested that sulphite additives may be impor- drinks being reported. Wine and beer were the tant triggers for wine-induced asthma,14 – 16 to most commonly reported triggers for asthma, our knowledge this is the only epidemiological with 30.1% of wine drinkers and 22.6% of beer study that has demonstrated an association drinkers reporting sensitivities. Interestingly, an between sulphite sensitivity and wine sensitivity. improvement in asthma symptoms following An association between wine-induced asthma alcoholic drink consumption was also reported and aspirin-intolerant asthma was also demon- in a subgroup of patients. This effect was mainly strated, suggesting a common underlying me- associated with the consumption of spirits, and chanism for these sensitivities, or a possible role was attributed to the ethanol content of these for salicylates present in wine in wine-induced drinks, as ethanol has been shown to have a asthmatic responses. bronchodilatory effect.12,13 A similarly high frequency of alcoholic drink sensitivity was reported in two recent surveys of Mechanisms of alcoholic drink sensitivities Australian asthmatics in which both allergic and Sensitivities to ethanol asthmatic responses to these drinks were ad- Ethanol and immune system-mediated effects. dressed.8,11 In a survey of 150 consecutive Although it has been suggested that the immu- hospital-based patients, 48.0% indicated that nological recognition of ethanol may be respon- they had previously experienced an allergic, sible for sensitivities to alcoholic drinks in some allergic-like or asthmatic reaction following the individuals, this does not appear to be common. consumption of alcoholic drinks.11 A total of Due to its size, ethanol is unlikely to act directly 35.3% of those surveyed indicated that alcoholic as an allergen by cross-linking IgE molecules on drinks worsened their asthma, with 30.7% mast cells, and it has been suggested that this reporting asthmatic responses to wine. In a survey molecule may conjugate with protein, forming a of 366 asthmatics recruited from a community- hapten, allowing it to be recognized by anti- based asthma group, 42.6% of respondents body.17 Interestingly, it has also been suggested Allergic and asthmatic reactions to alcoholic drinks 5 that by-products of ethanol metabolism such as aldehyde does not seem to induce bronchocon- acetaldehyde and acetic acid are capable of striction in healthy subjects, and bronchial forming protein adducts which may play a role responsiveness to methacholine seems to corre- in alcoholic drink sensitivities in certain indivi- late with bronchial responsiveness to acetalde- duals.18 – 22 The binding of various metabolites of hyde in asthmatic subjects, suggesting that non- ethanol to proteins and the formation of im- specific bronchial hyperreactivity is a necessary munogenic adducts is now implicated as playing requirement for acetaldehyde-induced broncho- an important role in some of the more recognized constriction in asthmatics intolerant to alcohol.44 adverse effects associated with chronic alcohol Individuals intolerant to alcohol appear to have consumption such as liver disease.23,24 an impairment in the enzyme that converts Ethanol does, however, appear to play a more acetaldehyde to acetic acid.39 The reduced direct role in modulating immune function. In activity of this enzyme, acetaldehyde dehydro- particular, ethanol has been shown to have a genase (ALDH), results in these individuals number of immunosuppressive effects, including being unable to metabolize acetaldehyde quickly downregulation of cytokine production,25 sup- and effectively, and hence levels of this toxic pression of lymphocyte activity,26,27 inhibition of chemical are increased in intolerant