DOCSLIB.ORG

Cardiospermum Halicacabum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cardiospermum Halicacabum FITOTHERAPY APPLICATIONS DANILO CARLONI Pharmacist, herbalist, S.I.Fit. (Italian Society of Phytotherapy), SMB Italia (Italian Biotherapy Medical Society) Farmacia Manocchi, P.zza Roma 13, 60019 Senigallia, Italy Cardiospermum halicacabum for the treatment of dermatitis Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae family: a plant with a cortison-like action as a valid alternative to traditional dermatological applications Cardiospermum halicacabum is a tropical plant with interesting potential, making it a strong candidate to Abstractbecome a useful remedy in treating local dermatitis. Nowadays, inflammatory diseases of the skin are having increasingly serious implications: global incidence is more and more widespread and is, unfortunately, increasing. The problem of atopic syndromes is a clear example. The main pharmacological treatments prescribed in medicine foresee the use of cortisone and antihistamine preparations. These therapies, if applied to large areas of the skin and for prolonged periods, can cause adverse reactions, including on a systemic level, which may also occur when these drugs are administered orally. That is why it is important to evaluate the efficacy of natural remedies, such as Cardiospermum halicacabum, which, thanks to its components, is able to control the problem of dermatitis without causing the relative collateral effects, even at paediatric level. THE SKIN based on cortisone or antihistamine drugs, either via topical or general use; in most cases this approach is effi cacious, he skin, this large involucrum that encloses the entire but has some adverse reactions. Moreover, the problem body, is the most important intermediary between us of dermatitis, due to its relapsing nature, needs prolonged Tand the external world. medical care, therefore, the long term prescription of The skin acts as a barrier against pathogenic cortisone drugs should be carefully considered. Even if microorganisms, as well as against environmental pollution; application is limited to local use, these drugs can cause it protects the internal organs from sudden changes in the same adverse reactions as detected after systemic temperature and it has perfectly organized defence therapy: in certain types of atopic dermatitis the areas of mechanisms. cutaneous application are so extensive that the absorption In an adult, the skin, on average, has a surface area of of the active principles can be signifi cant enough to induce 2 m2 and can weigh from 3-5 kg. It is certainly the organ important systemic effects, especially and dangerously in that is most often exposed to the risk of trauma, infection the paediatric domain. (3) and disease and is constantly stressed and conditioned by For these reasons, evaluating the possibility of using a exposure to solar radiation. (1) remedy of natural origin, allowing the problem of dermatitis It is evident that if cutaneous homeostasis should be to be faced in an effi cacious and safe way and for somehow compromised, the protective functions of the prolonged periods, is an ethical choice. skin could be modifi ed and decreased; thus triggering an infl ammatory effect, classifi ed as dermatitis, which with all the correlated symptoms can lead to staphylococcal and THE PLANT AND ITS CONSTITUENTS streptococcal infections, but also fungi and viruses. (2) Traditional pharmacological therapy, normally with the The phytotherapic approach to dermatitis can benefi t from aim of opposing the dermatitis clinical picture, is generally the properties of an exotic plant native to India and widely 32 Household and Personal Care Today - Vol. 7 nr. 4 October/December 2012 used in Ayurveda: Cardiospermum halicacabum, which compounds are divided into 4 groups, all different, but belongs to the Sapindaceae family. all made of a base structure of long chain fatty acids The name “cardiospermum” derives from the peculiar esterified with a hydroxy isoprenoid or dihydroxy-nitrile appearance of the seeds, which are black, with a light group. heart-shaped spot. The term “halicacabum” comes from The most commonly used pharmaceutical preparations in the Greek for salt-cellar, alluding to the shape of the modern phytotherapy only refer to the green and flowery capsule that contains the seeds. components of the aerial parts and not to the seeds. In the Tamil language, Cardiospermum halicacabum The components of Cardiospermum seem to express is called “Modakathon”, which means “remedy for their anti-inflammatory action with a cortisone-like debilitating pain”, underlining the use that traditional Indian mechanism, in particular by modulating the activation medicine has been making of this plant for centuries: the of phospholipase A2 while maintaining the stability of treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory rheumatism. cell membranes. This effect is due to the presence of phytosterols, which are known to be structurally similar to cholesterol and, for this reason, present a certain affinity for lipids in the epidermis and cell membranes. Phytosterols also perform a homeostatic cutaneous and anti-aging action. According to several authors, phytosterols could stimulate fibroblast activity, thus promoting granulation of damaged areas and tissue to repair the typical damage caused by scratching which is so frequent in the case of dermatitis. Moreover, the cortisone-like action of the phytosterols allows for good control of pruritus symptoms, an activity which is potentiated by the presence of tannins in the Cardiospermum phytocomplex, known to have an astringent and haemostatic effect when applied locally. Picture 1. Cardiospermum halicacabum. Additionally tannins are able to inhibit hyaluronidases; an enzyme which takes part in the inflammatory process, since it degrades hyaluronic acid and at the same time The plant belongs to a tropical climber species, promotes histamine release. (17) widespread in India, but also very well-known and The plant contains a good quantity of triterpene cultivated in South America and Africa. saponines, the local effects of which have not yet In North America Cardiospermum halicacabum is known been clearly defined. Nevertheless, this category of by the name “balloon vine”, or balloon plant, alluding to substances has already shown important activity against the fact that the plant is a climber and produces globular inflammation; one significant example is that of liquorice capsules similar to small balloons. flavonoids (12). It can reach, and sometimes exceed, a height of 3m. Its intense green leaves are 5-6cm long, petiolate, compound, imparipinnate and lanceolate in shape with TESTING AND ACTIVITY a notched edge. Its flowers are small and white with 3-5 petals, held on a long peduncle. It produces a globular Thanks to the peculiar formulation of its phytocomplex, shaped capsule that is divided internally into three cells. Cardiospermum halicacabum has been always Each cell contains one seed, as large as a pepper grain, appreciated by popular medicine for its analgesic black in colour with a characteristic white heart-shaped and anti-inflammatory properties. These therapeutical spot. indications raised strong interest in the academic world Cardiospermum plants grow at altitudes of up to 1500m. and nowadays have been evaluated and confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies. The characteristics of the Cardiospermum halicacabum In the first studies done, results showed that the phytocomplex highlight a series of components that alcoholic extract of the aerial parts produces sedative are strong candidates in expressing a significant anti- and painkilling effects. When administrated via the inflammatory action, even at cutaneous level. intraperitoneal route in mice, it expressed a marked The main active components of the plant are extracted depressive effect on the Central Nervous System; once from the flowering aerial parts. They include a substantial again, similar administration in mice demonstrated group of saponins such as glycosidic triterpenes (4), analgesic action in the heat radiation test. The analgesic hydrolysable tannins (5), traces of alkaloids, quebrachitol, and anti-inflammatory properties of Cardiospermum a particular alcohol with a base structure that can be halicacabum have also been confirmed in the traced to that of inositol, several flavonoids, amongst “granuloma pouch test” conducted on rats. It showed which apigenin and luteolin, pentacyclic triterpenes an action comparable to that of phenylbutazone (13) such as glutinone, beta-amirenone, beta-amyrin (6), and the same result has been seen in the carrageenan- and especially plant sterols, such as beta-sitosterol, induced swelling test (14). campesterol, stigmasterol (7,8,9,10,11,12). An interesting study conducted by Sadique and Oil is extracted from the seeds (33%) and contains a collaborators, compared the effects of Cardiospermum significant quantity of cyanolipids (13-55%). These rare halicacabum to those of hydrocortisone for the control Household and Personal Care Today - Vol. 7 nr. 4 October/December 2012 33 of artificially induced inflammation in laboratory animals. Cardiospermum halicacabum, these levels were not Also in this case the plant highlighted marked anti- subjected to any decrease and were maintained at the inflammatory activity, although this was lower than the same level as the control group (15). drug, the mechanism was similar to that of the steroid. These results are confirmed by an additional study A multicentric observational study, in which 833 individuals, conducted by P. Pratheeshkumar and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Properties of the Medicinal Plant Cardiospermum Halicacabum L: New Evidence and Future Perspectives
    European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2019; 23: 7135-7143 Antimicrobial properties of the medicinal plant Cardiospermum halicacabum L: new evidence and future perspectives R. GAZIANO1, E. CAMPIONE2, F. IACOVELLI3, E.S. PISTOIA1, D. MARINO1, M. MILANI4, P. DI FRANCESCO1, F. PICA1, L. BIANCHI2, A. ORLANDI5, S. MARSICO6, M. FALCONI3, S. AQUARO6 1Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy 2Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy 3Department of Biology, Structural Bioinformatics Group, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy 4Department Cantabria Labs Difa Cooper, Caronno Pertusella, Varese, Italy 5Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy 6Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, Rende, Cosenza, Italy Roberta Gaziano and Elena Campione contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors Key Words: Abstract. – The emergence and rapid spread of multidrug-resistance in human pathogenic C. halicacabum, Antimicrobial, T. rubrum, Hsp90, microorganisms urgently require the develop- Molecular modeling, Antifungal therapeutic strate- ment of novel therapeutic strategies for the gies. treatment of infectious diseases. From this per- spective, the antimicrobial properties of the nat- ural plant-derived products may represent an Introduction important alternative therapeutic option to syn- thetic drugs. Among medicinal plants, the Car- diospermum halicacabum L. (C. halicacabum), The increasing resistance of the microorgan- belonging to Sapindaceae family, could be a isms towards conventional antimicrobial agents very promising candidate for its antimicrobial has led to serious health problems in recent years activity against a wide range of microorganisms, and even more it is be expected in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiospernum Halicacabum
    The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/664/99-FINAL August 1999 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM SUMMARY REPORT 1. Cardiospermum halicacabum (synonym: Cardiospermum microcarpum) is a plant of the family Sapindaceae. Cardiospermum is a climbing plant widespread distributed in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, often found as a weed along roads and rivers. The mother tincture is prepared according to the homeopathic pharmacopoeias by ethanolic extraction of the fresh flowering aerial parts of Cardiospermum halicacabum. The whole plant Cardiospermum halicacabum contains saponins, traces of alkaloids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, apigenin and phytosterols (e.g. stigmasterol). The seeds contain approximately 33% of fatty acids and of these fatty acids about 55% are cyano lipids. The major cyano lipid (49%) is a diester having two fatty acid moieties esterified with 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethyl-prop-2ene-1-ol followed by a diester derived from 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethyl-prop-2-ene-3-ol (6%). Of the fatty acids, 11-eicosenic acid is with 42% the major one (42%), other chief components of the oil are oleic acid (22%), arachidic acid (10%), linolenic acid (8%), palmitic acid (3%) and stearic acid (2%). In the leaves larger amounts of saponins and alkaloids were found, also (+)-pinitol, apigenin, luteolin and chrysoeriol. The occurrence of esterified fatty acids, pentacyclic triterpenoids various phytosterols and hydrocyanic acid releasing cyano lipids in the mother tincture was confirmed, although at much lower concentrations than in the whole fresh plant. Alkaloids have not been detected in the homeopathic mother tincture. The mother tincture contains a relatively higher amount of flavonoids than the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding of Cardiospermum Halicacabum Using Trnh
    OPEN ACCESS Freely available online Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics Research Article DNA Barcoding of Cardiospermum halicacabum using trnH- psbA and Analysis of its Anti-inflammatory Potential Pavithra Srinivasan, Ivo Romauld*,Vivek Pazhamalai Department of Bio-Engineering, School of Engineering, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Pallavaram, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT Cardiospermum halicacabum is a highly medicinal value plant used in the traditional medicine for long time and well known for anti-inflammatory activity, widely known as weed in all over India and used to treat rheumatism, nervous diseases, demulcent in orchitis and in dropsy. It exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti- vasodepressant activity, which is transient in nature. The present study was extracted the sample by polar solvent (ethanol), analyzed for phytochemical screening. The anti-inflammatory activity the sample was studied in HRBC (Human red blood cell stabilization) assay.The DNA of the Cardiospermum halicacabum was isolated and both quality and quantity of the DNA was checked. The isolated DNA was amplified in PCR by using the gene trnH-psbA and the DNA was sequenced. Phylogenetic tree for Cardiospermum halicacabum was constructed and the DNA barcode was generated. Keywords: Cardiospermum halicacabum; Anti-inflammatory activity; trnH-psbA; Phylogenetic tree; Barcode generation INTRODUCTION in 2004 and established in 2007 [5]. The barcoded DNA used in the reference library for rapid identification of low taxonomy level DNA barcoding taxa with specific short DNA sequence. By using the barcoding The purpose of sequencing a DNA to know the base pair variations system, the pathogens and the species were identified in the fields and deposited in the barcode database and it is termed as DNA of medicine and bio-industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical And
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS & DRUG ANALYSIS VOL.6 ISSUE 3, 2018; 371 – 376 ; http://ijpda.com ; ISSN: 2348-8948 Introduction Review Article Plants have been used in medicines since time im- Review Of memorial. India has a rich heritage of using medi- cinal plants in traditional medicines, as in the Ethnobotanical, Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems besides fol- klore practices. Currently, 80% of the world popu- Phytochemical And lation depends on plant-derived medicine for the first line of primary health care for human allevia- Pharmacological Profile tion.Keeping in mind that herbal medicines are gaining growing interest because of their cost ef- Of Cardiospermum fective and eco-friendly attributes, this is an urgent need to meet the ever growing demand of medi- halicacabum Linn . cinal plants in the researcher, farmers, conserva- Amit S. Sharma, Satish A. Bhalerao* tionist, and policy makers to manage the use our natural resources wisely. The review on Cardios- Plant Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of permum halicacabum Linn. is in light of it. Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai-400007, Affiliated Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. is commonly to University of Mumbai, M.S., India known as “Balloon vine or Kanphuti” from family Date Received: 28th February 2018; Date accepted: Sapindaceae is an annual or perennial climber, 9th March 2018; Date Published: 12 th March 2018 widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia Abstract and Africa, and often found throughout India. Car- diospermum halicacabum Linn. has been used in Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. belonging to fami- Ayurveda and folk medicine for a long time in the ly Sapindaceae is an herbaceous plant, extensively treatment of rheumatism, lumbago, nervous dis- dispersed in tropical and subtropical areas of eases, as a demulcent in orchitis and in dropsy.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Beneficial and Remedial Aspects of Cardiospermum Halicacabum L
    Vol. 7(48), pp. 3026-3033, 29 December, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJPP2013.3719 African Journal of Pharmacy and ISSN 1996-0816 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP Pharmacology Review Review of beneficial and remedial aspects of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Syed Atif Raza1, Shahzad Hussain2, Humayun Riaz3* and Sidra Mahmood4 1School of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3Department of pharmacy, Sargodha University, Sargodha, Pakistan. 4Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University. Islamabad, Pakistan. Accepted 3 December, 2013 Eco-friendly and bio-friendly plant based commodities have recently been given consideration for the avoidance and treatment of various human infections including microbial diseases throughout the world. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. belonging to family Sapindaceae is a herbaceous plant, extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical areas of world. It grows in plains of Africa, America, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The herb is pubertal or glabrous, yearly or perpetually having a slim twig that climbs by tendrillar hooks. Leaves are ternate bicomponent and leaflets acuminate at top. The roots, leaves and seeds of herb are employed as herbal medication.The presence of flavones, aglycones, triterpenoids, glycosides, variety of fatty acids and volatile esters are confirmed by phytochemical screening. Secondary metabolites present include alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, saponins lignin, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. β-arachidic acid, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, chrysoeriol-7-Oglucuronide and 80 luteolin-7-O-glucuronide along with two crystalline compounds beta-sitosterol and beta-D-glycoside. Acetic acid, 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11,dimethyl-3- methylene-(E)-, phenol, 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylmethylcarbamate, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, 1,14- Tetradecanediol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, phytol, pseudoephedrine, 2-propenamide were also recognized in ethanolic extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiospermum Grandiflorum Global
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Cardiospermum grandiflorum Cardiospermum grandiflorum System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Sapindales Sapindaceae Common name Balloon vine (English), Grand balloon vine (English), Showy balloonvine (English) Synonym Cardiospermum barbicule , Cardiospermum hirsutum , Similar species Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cayratia clematidea, Clematis glycinoides, Clematis aristata Summary Balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) is an invasive tendril climber growing in damp situations, often near river banks. It forms dense but localised infestations and competes with, and smothers, indigenous plant species. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) is a vigorous, vine-like climber with a spread of 6m or more; hairy leaves and stems; white or yellow flowers grouped together in clusters - pleasant smelling with two tendrils at the base of each cluster; fruits form a large round capsule; seeds are round, changing from green to black when ripe, with an oblong white spot (hilum). Reproduces only by seed WESSA (2006). Please follow this link to view images of balloon vine, its habit, flowers and seeds. Lifecycle Stages Germination of the seed on introduced habitats can occur at any time during the year. Seed longevity is estimated to be around 2 years (Vivian-Smith et al., 2002). However, the exact plant and seed longevity is yet to be confirmed. Further research is currently being undertaken in order to determine various aspects of the plant ecology. Uses Various parts of balloon vine (Cardiospermum grandiflorum) can be extracted to provide medicinal applications. For example, the derivatives of the root of the plant has been shown to offer laxative, emetic and diuretic effects.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • In-Virto Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinally Important Plant-Cardiospermum Helicacabum Linn
    International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, Jan 2015; 4(1):10-14 ISSN: 2278-6074 Research Article In-virto Antimicrobial activity of Medicinally Important Plant-Cardiospermum helicacabum Linn. against Pathogenic Bacteria 1 1 2 1 *V. Krishna Murthy Naik , K. Sudhakar Babu , J. Latha , M. Swarna Kumari 1. Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, A.P, India. 2. Department of Bio-technology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University College of Engineering & Technology, S.K.University, Anantapuramu – 515003, A.P, India. ABSTRACT The present studies designed as In vitro antimicrobial activity of the whole plant of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. The traditional Indian system of medicine has a very long term history of usage in a number of diseases and disorders, but lacks recorded safety and efficacy data. However the main cause for their scientific neglect is multi constituent mainstay and the mechanism of action being unclear. Development of standardized, safe and effective herbal formulations with proven scientific evidence can also provide an economical alternative in several disease areas. Herbs have been used as a source of drugs to combat diseases since time immemorial. The effectiveness, easy availability, low cost and non- toxic nature popularized herbal remedies. In spite of the dramatic development of synthetic drugs and antibiotics as the major therapeutic agents, herbs continue to provide basic raw material for some of the most important drugs. Its roots are used for medicinal purposes. In this study Methanol and acetone leaf & root extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn were investigated for in vitro antibacterial property by agar disc diffusion method. The crude extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn, the acetone and Methanol root extract showed good antimicrobial activity against the Salmonella typhi & Proteus mirabilis.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Distribution and Identification of Fin-Winged Fruits
    Bot. Rev. (2010) 76:1–82 DOI 10.1007/s12229-010-9041-0 Phylogenetic Distribution and Identification of Fin-winged Fruits Steven R. Manchester1,2 & Elizabeth L. O’Leary1 1 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA 2 Author for Correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] Published online: 9 March 2010 # The New York Botanical Garden 2010 Abstract Fin-winged fruits have two or more wings aligned with the longitudinal axis like the feathers of an arrow, as exemplified by Combretum, Halesia,andPtelea. Such fruits vary in dispersal mode from those in which the fruit itself is the ultimate disseminule, to schizocarps dispersing two or more mericarps, to capsules releasing multiple seeds. At least 45 families and more than 140 genera are known to possess fin-winged fruits. We present an inventory of these taxa and describe their morphological characters as an aid for the identification and phylogenetic assessment of fossil and extant genera. Such fruits are most prevalent among Eudicots, but occur occasionally in Magnoliids (Hernandiaceae: Illigera) and Monocots (Burmannia, Dioscorea, Herreria). Although convergent in general form, fin-winged fruits of different genera can be distinguished by details of the wing number, texture, shape and venation, along with characters of persistent floral parts and dehiscence mode. Families having genera with fin-winged fruits and epigynous perianth include Aizoaceae, Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Burmanniaceae, Combre- taceae, Cucurbitaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Haloragaceae, Lecythidiaceae, Lophopyxida- ceae, Loranthaceae, and Styracaceae. Families with genera having fin-winged fruits and hypogynous perianth include Achariaceae, Brassicaceae, Burseraceae, Celastra- ceae, Cunoniaceae, Cyrillaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Melianthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygalaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae sl, Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae, Trigoniaceae, and Zygophyllaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiospermum Grandiflorum
    European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes EPPO Prioritization Process for Invasive Alien Plants 13-18617 rev Cardiospermum grandiflorum Cardiospermum grandiflorum, © http://www.kloofconservancy.org.za/ The prioritization process assessment for Cardiospermum grandiflorum has been elaborated by the EPPO Secretariat and was reviewed by the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Plants in 2013. Section A Prioritization process scheme for the elaboration of diffferent lists of invasive alien plants (pests or potential pests) for the area under assessment Init1 - Enter the name of the pest Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz Init2 - Indicate the taxonomic position and synonyms Sapindaceae Init3 - Clearly define the PRA area The EPPO region (see map at http://www.eppo.int/ABOUT_EPPO/images/clickable_map.htm). Init4 - Provide the reasons for performing this assessment, and report any risk analysis available for the assessed species. Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Sapindaceae) is a perenial climbing vine originating from tropical Africa and Central and South America. It is used as an ornamental plant. C. grandiflorum smothers other plants in riparian habitats and forests, and is considered invasive in South Africa and Australia. In the EPPO region, it is established in Canary Islands (ES), Malta, Sicily (IT), and Madeira (PT). Considering the invasive behaviour of this species and its woldwide distribution, the Mediterranean countries may be at risk. 1 A.1 - Is the plant species known to be alien in all, or a significant part, of the area under assessment? Yes The species originates from Africa and Central and South America and is alien in the whole EPPO region.
    [Show full text]
  • EPPO Datasheet: Cardiospermum Grandiflorum
    EPPO Datasheet: Cardiospermum grandiflorum Last updated: 2020-04-23 IDENTITY Preferred name: Cardiospermum grandiflorum Authority: Swartz Taxonomic position: Plantae: Magnoliophyta: Angiospermae: Malvids: Sapindales: Sapindaceae: Sapindoideae Common names: balloon vine, grand balloon vine, heart pea, heart seed, showy balloon vine view more common names online... EPPO Categorization: A2 list view more categorizations online... EU Categorization: IAS of Union concern more photos... EPPO Code: CRIGR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION History of introduction and spread C. grandiflorum has a wide Neotropical native range from Southern Mexico to Brazil and the Caribbean (the type specimen is from Jamaica). All Central and South American countries are considered part of the species’ native range distribution. Distributions in the US represent non-native naturalized populations of the species. There is also a single record from Los Angeles, California (Gildenhuys et al., 2013). The species has been introduced intentionally to many regions of the world as a popular ornamental plant. The species is widespread and highly invasive in subtropical regions in Australia and South Africa. Some consider parts of Asia as the native range of the species but it is not listed anywhere in the region except Sri Lanka, where it is considered introduced (CABI, 2016). The introduction of C. grandiflorum into South Africa as an ornamental plant occurred around 100 years ago (Simelane et al., 2011). The species rapidly spread and is now considered invasive in five of the country’s nine provinces, of which the Kwazulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape provinces are the most severely affected (Henderson, 2001; Simelane et al., 2011). Little information is available about the species’ introduction history into other non- native ranges in Southern Africa (e.g.
    [Show full text]